Localized air-conditioning with occupancy control in an open office

Conditioning and ventilating open office spaces requires innovations as new buildings aim to be more intelligent, energy efficient and healthy. This paper explores the possibility of using a localized airflow to divide an open cubicle office into zones without partition walls. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was used to simulate localized airflow in a cubicle office and both the energy and the indoor air quality concerns were addressed. The findings suggest that (1) localized airflow is plausible for zoning purposes, (2) localized airflow can result in both temperature and pollutant concentration segregations, (3) temperature segregations provide possible energy savings if coupled with occupancy-based HVAC control, and finally (4) limited air mixing between zones provide a novel way for better ventilation and indoor contaminant control.     

Lighting preferences in office spaces concerning the indoor thermal environment

The accurate prediction of the visual comfort zone in an indoor environment is difficult as it depends on many parameters. This is especially the case for large compact urban areas in which the density and shadow from neighboring buildings can limit the accessible daylighting in indoor spaces. This paper investigates the satisfaction range for illuminance regarding indoor air temperature in office buildings and the significant parameters affecting this range in six office buildings in Tehran, Iran. Lighting comfort has been evaluated by a subjective survey (509 total responses) and field measurement. The questionnaires were filled out in 146 and 109 rooms in summer and winter, respectively. The results show that the illuminance should not be less than 550 lx, while illuminance between 600 and 650 lx provides the highest satisfaction level. The satisfaction with lighting level is affected by individual parameters such as age, type of activity, and environmental parameters such as window orientation, external obscurations, and season. A relationship was observed between lighting level satisfaction and thermal condition acceptance, and the overall comfort depends more on thermal conditions than the lighting level.     

Occupancy implications of spatial,indoor-environmental,and organizational features of office spaces

The quality of office spaces has been said to have a significant effect on the health, comfort, satisfaction, and productivity of office workers. Numerous studies and projects aim at documenting the postulated impact of office space quality on occupancy factors. Nonetheless, there is a need for further systematic research efforts and reliable empirical data in this area. This paper presents a study of a number of architectural offices in Vienna, Austria. Data pertaining to certain spatial and indoor-climatic features of these offices was collected via observation and snap-shot measurements. Simultaneously, an occupancy evaluation was performed via interviews with professionals who work in these offices. The observations and evaluations addressed the relationship between the workplace and the outdoor environment, the layout and refurbishment of the workplace, the technical infrastructure of the workplace, the communication patterns in the workplace, and the thermal, visual, and acoustical indoor climate. The “subjective” evaluations were compared with the “objective” measures of workplace architecture and indoor climate.     

室外环境对露天幕墙检测的影响

当幕墙检测装置处于露天时,复杂多变的室外环境、恶劣的天气对检测结果和安全方面会造成一定的影响。本文主要对这些影响因素进行分析,并提出相应的对策。     

一般办公环境粉尘污染特征分析

对典型办公室内的粉尘颗粒分布特征及室内外颗粒浓度比值进行了实验研究,结果表明,室内外的粉尘以小颗粒为主,1.0～3.0μm粒径的颗粒分别占室内、外总悬浮颗粒物TSP质量的46.70%和45.06%;所有测试房间室内外TSP的I/O比值为0.61～0.72,PM10的I/O比值为0.64～0.74;I/O比值随粒径的增大而减小,变化范围为0.406～0.995,但与纯自然通风条件下不同,变化趋势为较小粒径时下降迅速,之后趋于平缓。     

对开放式大面积办公场所防火设计的探讨

提出了开放式大面积办公场所的概念，针对大面积办公场所提出了对建筑物耐火等级、安全出口及疏散走道、防火门、内部装修、排烟系统及事故照明的要求。     

A nodal model for displacement ventilation and chilled ceiling systems in office spaces

A nodal model has been developed to represent room heat transfer in displacement ventilation and chilled ceiling systems. The model uses precalculated air flow rates to predict the air-temperature distribution and the division of the cooling load between the ventilation air and the chilled ceiling. The air movements in the plumes and the rest of the room are represented separately using a network of 10 air nodes. The values of the capacity rate parameters are calculated by solving the heat and mass balance equations for each node using measured temperatures as inputs. Correlations between parameter values for a range of cooling loads and supply air flow rates are presented.     

Assessment of wellbeing in an indoor office environment

Relationships between indoor building conditions and wellbeing of occupants are complex; many indoor stressors can exert their effects additively or through complex interactions. It has been shown that exposure to these stressors can cause both short-term and long-term effects. Relevant relations between measurements of chemical and physical indoor environmental parameters and effects have been difficult to make. To increase the chance on successful assessment of cause-effect relationships in future indoor environmental quality (IEQ) investigations, there seems to be a need to improve procedures applied to gather the relevant information. From different fields of expertise knowledge was retrieved on how and why people respond to external stressors, which factors, parameters or indicators can be used to explain these responses and how to assess those. No consensus exists on which physical, physiological, psychological or social indicators should be applied to explain these responses. However, several existing techniques are available and promising innovative techniques are being developed, of which the applicability needs to be explored. The review results in a better overview of which factors are important to consider in future studies.     

银行营业办公楼阻燃电缆的选用

对中国银行忻州市分行营业办公楼电气设计中电缆阻燃类别的选用进行了分析,对几个应该值得注意的问题进行了研究,包括阻燃电缆的属性、类别及选用方法等,以确保公共建筑的安全。     

Assessment of the sound field in an open plan office

The calculated attenuation curve for an open office using a multi-image model has been shown to agree well with the attenuation curves measured in that office. The measured attenuation curves for no furniture in the office undulate out to distances of approximately 10m from the source and tend to stay close to the 6dB per distance doubling attenuation line beyond 10m from the source. The introduction of furniture and screens was found to have little influence on the attenuation curve.     

Assessment of the sound field in an open plan office

The calculated attenuation curve for an open office using a multi-image model has been shown to agree well with the attenuation curves measured in that office. The measured attenuation curves for no furniture in the office undulate out to distances of approximately 10m from the source and tend to stay close to the 6dB per distance doubling attenuation line beyond 10m from the source. The introduction of furniture and screens was found to have little influence on the attenuation curve.     

新型露天场所照明灯光——伦茨堡码头的散步区

环境设计中的一个流行趋势是既具有功能性又是露天场所设计中必需部分的照明灯光的使用。现在有些结构构件也配有表面灯具安装单元，容易安装．且给予个性化设计极大的空间。一个全新的例子就是德国北部伦茨堡著名的Obereiderhafen港口河区域。     

Surface dust contamination and perceived indoor environment in office buildings

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of cleaning on indoor environment quality. Surface dust contamination and occupants' perception of the work environment factors and symptoms were the parameters studied. Six multi-floor office buildings were selected. Dust contamination on surfaces was sampled with gelatine foils and quantified using a BM-Dustdetector. Occupants' perceptions of the environment were assessed with modified MM-40 questionnaires. The results indicated that each building had its own surface dust contamination profile. Weekly cleaning maintained the surface dust contamination at the highest acceptable level for indoor environments. The occupants and their activities have a major effect on the level of dust particle contamination on desks. The correlation between the perceived surface dust contamination and the level of satisfaction with cleaning was as expected. Furthermore, surface dust contamination appeared not to be associated with work-related symptoms. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results provide information about current program for contractors and clients, e.g. appropriate cleaning intervals of different surfaces, and the influence of disorder on result. After the evaluation of surface dust contamination levels, it will be possible for cleaning companies to focus on the most important surfaces to clean in order to enhance the quality of the indoor environment in office buildings. This should lead to future development work, which will require cooperation between contractors, clients, and research scientists. In office environments where high cleanliness is required, objective measurements (with instruments) are needed in addition to subjective measurements (the perceptions of occupants). It is essential to evaluate the efficiency of cleaning programs regularly with effective and appropriate quality-monitoring methods.     

Measurements of room air distribution in a ventilated office environment

Results of measurements of the room air flow properties in an office space environment (4.74 m × 4.87 m × 2.87 m) with and without partitions (acoustical screens) are presented. The measurements included air flow pattern, air speed, and turbulence intensity. The profiles of the mean speed and the turbulence kinetic energy at the supply air opening are also presented. The data show the effect of using acoustical screens (with various heights and a gap between the floor and the bottom of the screen) on the air flow pattern and the air flow properties within the room. These data are intended for use in the evaluation of the existing numerical and scale models, and to aid in furthering the understanding of the behaviour of room ventilation airflows.     

城市街口开放空间环境规划设计的生态理念

基于对城市 建筑与环境和谐度的考虑,该文借助城市气候和城市可持续发展理论的研究成果,从改善城市生态环境的角度出发,对街口开放空的景观及交通环境进行了系统的分析,提出了街口开放空间的生态设计理念。     

城市滨江开放空间中的步行空间设计初探

对城市滨江开放空间中的步行空间的功能、尺度、方向三个方面进行分析,从行为学的角度论述了滨江开放空间中步行空间的设计要点,以完善该步行空间的设计,充分发挥步行空间的功能。     

上海市7幢办公楼室内环境品质评价

对上海市7幢高层办公楼同时进行了室内热环境、空气品质、视环境和听觉环境的现场测试和满意度调查，分析和比较了客观测试和主观调查的结果，对这7幢办公楼的室内环境品质进行了综合评价。     

A global approach of indoor environment in an air-conditioned office room

This study presents a multi-criteria method used for analysing the quality of an air-conditioned indoor environment. Indoor air flow induced by an actual Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning system was experimentally studied under various conditions. The attention was focused on thermal comfort, acoustical comfort and indoor air distribution by considering spatial statistic studies of comfort indices. The compounded electric power of fan, compressor and pumps was measured in order to get information about energy consumption. A first analysis of these parameters showed that indoor comfort cannot be described by a general law. Thus, to reach the objective of a global approach of comfort by a spatial statistical study of the various discomforts, a multi-criteria analysis based on ELECTRE II method adapted to the comfort of air-conditioned indoor environment was applied. In this way the operating rules for coherent air conditioning systems can be defined, with a requirement for quality of indoor environment.     

复杂环境下地铁车站施工工法选择

以乌鲁木齐地铁某站为例,在考虑工程地质及水文地质、交通疏解、工程自身风险、环境风险、工程实施难度、总体工筹等多因素条件下,综合比选了复杂环境条件下车站的施工工法,为本地区今后类似地铁车站工程积累了经验。     

我国北方办公建筑能耗特点及节能设计措施

通过对我国北方气候特点的分析,结合办公建筑使用特点,总结出我国北方办公建筑的能耗特点,并分析了当前我国北方办公建筑节能方面存在的问题,针对问题从规划建筑设计、建筑节能技术、合同能源管理几个方面讨论了适宜我国北方办公建筑节能的措施,以减少办公建筑能耗,推进社会持续发展。