以石墨烯为碳源的硬质合金制备与性能

以N-甲基吡咯烷酮分散的石墨烯代替常规的冶金炭黑作为碳源,采用短流程原位还原碳化反应制备出纳米晶WC-Co复合粉末。采用放电等离子烧结系统对复合粉末进行快速烧结致密化。结果表明,石墨烯作为碳源可显著降低原位还原碳化反应温度,复合粉末粒径细小且分布均匀。得到的超细晶硬质合金块体材料平均晶粒尺寸约为290 nm,HV_(30)硬度值为13.877±0.131 GPa,断裂韧性KIC值为8.3±0.1 MPa·m~(1/2)。通过HRTEM观测表明,试样中WC/WC晶界、WC/Co相界、WC/C相界具有很高的匹配度。     

纳米晶WC-6Co复合粉合成及特性研究

使用喷雾转化、煅烧和原位还原碳化技术制备了纳米晶WC-6Co复合粉末。通过XRD研究相组成发现,经过喷雾转化处理后粉末为无定形相、经煅烧后的粉末为WO3与Co3O4相、经还原碳化工艺后的物相是WC与Co相;由于Co对碳化过程的催化作用,将煅烧后的粉末置于氢气气氛中加热至900度还原碳化1个小时,即可将粉末碳化完全,制备出WC与Co相共存的纯净复合粉。文章还研究了还原碳化温度（700-900 ℃）对粉末相组成的影响,并通过SEM和HRTEM观察粉末形貌与微观组织。结果表明：制备的粉末具有球形结构,WC晶粒约0.36 μm,亚晶尺寸约为56 nm,说明WC晶粒是多晶体。同时发现粉末中的WC单颗粒被Co相互粘结在一起,且在WC与WC颗粒的接触部位发现存在烧结颈。文章还讨论了复合粉球形结构的形成过程和机理。     

纳米晶WC-6Co复合粉合成及特性研究（英文）

使用喷雾转化、煅烧和原位还原碳化技术制备了纳米晶WC-6Co复合粉末。通过XRD研究相组成发现,经过喷雾转化处理后粉末为无定形相、经煅烧后的粉末为WO_3与Co_3O_4相、经还原碳化工艺后的物相是WC与Co相;由于Co对碳化过程的催化作用,将煅烧后的粉末置于氢气气氛中加热至900℃还原碳化1 h,即可将粉末碳化完全,制备出WC与Co相共存的纯净复合粉。研究了还原碳化温度(700～900℃)对粉末相组成的影响,并通过SEM和HRTEM观察粉末形貌与微观组织。结果表明:制备的粉末具有球形结构,WC晶粒约0.36μm,亚晶尺寸约为56 nm,说明WC晶粒是多晶体。同时发现粉末中的WC单颗粒被Co相互粘结在一起,且在WC与WC颗粒的接触部位发现存在烧结颈。还讨论了复合粉球形结构的形成过程和机理。     

WC-Co硬质合金特征晶面分布的研究

采用不同温度进行原位还原碳化反应制备纳米粒径的WC-Co复合粉末,进而利用放电等离子烧结技术进行快速致密化,制备得到致密的纳米晶硬质合金块体材料。系统的检测分析表明,低温下反应制备的以缺碳相为主相的复合粉经烧结致密化后块体试样存在WC晶粒高度取向分布的特征,其中,(0001)面在垂直于压力方向上面积分数达到40%,在平行于压力方向上(0001)面的面积分数仅为10.72%。与之对比,在高温反应制备的复合粉末烧结制备的块体试样中,没有出现特征晶面分布的各向异性。     

两步碳化制备纳米WC粉末及其合金性能

研究了两步碳化工艺对氢还原/碳化制备的纳米WC粉末及其WC-Co合金性能的影响。结果表明,WC粉末的晶粒聚集和异常粗大颗粒主要是由于碳化初期钨颗粒因烧结合并增粗,而钨粉碳化不完全主要是由于碳化后期的温度偏低,利用先低温碳化后高温碳化的两步碳化工艺不仅能够有效抑制纳米颗粒烧结合并增粗,而且可以使钨粉充分碳化,得到颗粒细小、均匀,W2C含量极少的WC粉末;采用1120℃碳化加1180℃碳化的两步碳化工艺制备出的138 nm的WC粉末,W2C含量少于0.5%(质量分数),以其为原料制备的WC-Co烧结体显微组织结构均匀,为超细晶硬质合金,综合性能优良,洛氏硬度HRA高达93.7,抗弯强度高达4380 MPa。     

原位合成复合粉制备超细WC-Co硬质合金

以偏钨酸铵、可溶钴盐、可溶碳源为原料,经喷雾转化、煅烧、低温还原碳化制备超细晶WC-Co复合粉;采用同样成分配比及工艺,在煅烧后增加短时球磨工艺,制备出另一种超细晶WC-Co复合粉;分别以2种复合粉为原料,用放电等离子直接烧结制备超细WC-Co硬质合金。采用SEM、XRD、钴磁仪、矫顽磁力计、维氏硬度计等对复合粉形貌、合金显微组织与性能进行表征分析。结果表明,未短时球磨的粉末呈现出球形结构,WC颗粒被Co相粘结在一起,可观察到烧结颈并有异常长大晶粒,经过短时球磨工序制备的粉末为分散颗粒,2种粉末中Co相同时以fcc与hcp的结构存在,粉末WC晶粒尺寸约为0.26μm;未短时球磨的粉末制备的合金存在少量孔隙,致密度较低,有异常长大晶粒。短时球磨能有效提高粉末颗粒的分散性,减少烧结体中的显微组织缺陷,制备的合金综合性能得到提高。     

碳氢协同还原-碳化法制备纳米WC粉的工艺及机理研究

针对传统还原-碳化工艺中WC粉颗粒的长大问题,采用碳氢协同还原-碳化法制备纳米级球形WC粉,研究前驱体配碳比和反应温度对WC粉性能的影响。结果表明,WC的碳含量与前驱体的配碳比密切相关,最佳配碳比（即n(C)/n(W)值）为3.6。W向WC的转变具有结构遗传性,WC的平均粒径与还原温度和碳化温度密切相关。随着还原温度由680 ℃升高至800 ℃,还原水蒸气与碳反应生成CO和H2,显著降低体系中水蒸气的分压,从而抑制中间产物W颗粒的挥发-沉积长大,WC的平均粒径随还原温度升高而减小。碳化过程中的高温促进WC颗粒的晶界迁移和纳米W颗粒之间的烧结合并长大,WC的平均粒径随碳化温度的升高而增大。n(C)/n(W)为3.6的前驱体粉末经800 ℃还原和1100 ℃碳化后,得到平均粒径为87.3 nm的球形WC粉。     

碳氢协同还原-碳化法制备纳米WC粉的工艺及机理

针对传统还原-碳化工艺中WC粉颗粒长大的问题,采用碳氢协同还原-碳化法制备纳米级球形WC粉,研究了前驱体配碳比和反应温度对WC粉性能的影响。结果表明,WC粉的碳含量与前驱体的配碳比密切相关,最佳配碳比(即n(C)/n(W)值)为3.6。W转变为WC具有结构遗传性,WC粉的平均粒径与还原温度和碳化温度密切相关。随着还原温度由680℃升高至800℃,还原水蒸气与碳反应生成CO和H_2,显著降低体系中水蒸气的分压,从而抑制中间产物W颗粒的挥发-沉积长大,WC粉的平均粒径随还原温度升高而减小。碳化过程中的高温促进WC颗粒的晶界迁移和纳米W颗粒之间的烧结合并长大,WC粉的平均粒径随碳化温度的升高而增大。n(C)/n(W)为3.6的前驱体粉末经800℃还原和1100℃碳化后,得到平均粒径为87.3 nm的球形WC粉。     

VC添加量对纳米晶硬质合金的制备及性能影响

以钨钴氧化物、炭黑和VC为原料,采用原位还原碳化法制备WC-Co复合粉末,将复合粉末进行放电等离子烧结致密化制备WC-Co硬质合金块体材料。研究了不同VC添加量的复合粉末和块体材料的相组成、显微组织和性能,结果表明:VC的添加量对复合粉末的相组成、合金的晶粒尺寸和性能具有重要的影响,原料中添加2.0%VC(质量分数)时可获得平均晶粒尺寸为101 nm,相组成仅为WC和Co且具有高硬度和良好韧性的硬质合金块体材料。     

碳化帆颗粒尺寸对纳米晶硬质合金组织和性能的影响

利用原位还原碳化反应制备纳米尺度的WC-Co复合粉体,应用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备出纳米晶WC-Co硬质合金块体材料。分析了晶粒长大抑制剂碳化钒(VC)颗粒尺寸对纳米晶硬质合金的显微组织、晶粒尺寸及分布和力学性能的影响。结果表明:当VC的粒径减小到100 nm以下时,利用快速烧结技术可制备得到平均晶粒尺寸约为70 nm的致密WC-Co硬质合金块体材料,其物相纯净,晶粒尺寸分布均匀,维氏硬度为19.84 GPa,断裂韧性达到12.10 MPa·m1/2。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.