不同温度时效Ni-20Cr-18W-1Mo合金晶界偏聚及力学性能研究（英文）

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、电子探针(EPMA)和高温力学试验机等手段,研究了不同时效温度(200~800℃)对Ni-20Cr-18W-1Mo高温合金的元素晶界偏聚和力学性能的影响。结果表明,硫、磷元素的晶界偏聚临界时间随时效温度升高而缩短;时效温度对元素在晶界和晶内的成分分布有显著的影响;实验合金的抗拉强度和延伸率随时效温度升高而降低。分析发现,硫、磷元素在晶界中的含量随时效温度升高而增大直至两者分别在650和400℃时达到峰值,是合金在200~600℃区间力学性能降低的重要原因。     

高温合金GH4169(Inconel 718)中磷晶界偏聚特性的实验研究

采用Auger电子能谱仪测量了镍基高温合金GH4169中磷(P)的晶界偏聚量.结果表明,经1020与1200 ℃固溶处理后在720 ℃时效2 h的样品,P的晶界偏聚浓度分别是0.344%与0.412%(原子分数).晶界偏聚浓度随固溶处理温度的升高而升高.基于这一实验结果,确定了P在该合金中的非平衡晶界偏聚特性.     

热处理对Al-Cu-Mn铸造铝合金组织和性能的影响

研究了固溶温度、时效时间、时效温度对Al-Cu-Mn铸造铝合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,合金经过530℃×14 h固溶处理后,晶界残留相最少;时效温度为170℃时,合金的硬度(HBW)随时效时间延长先增大后减小,在6h时达到峰值(145);在不同温度下时效6 h后,合金的抗拉强度、硬度(HBW)随时效温度的上升先增大后减小,均在170℃时达到峰值,为480 MPa和145,伸长率随时效温度的升高而迅速下降。     

热压缩变形对Ni-20Cr-18W-1Mo高温合金碳化物析出行为的影响（英文）

采用热模拟试验机、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段,研究热压缩变形对Ni-20Cr-18W-1Mo高温合金的元素晶界偏聚和M_6C碳化物析出的影响。结果表明,热压缩变形后M_6C碳化物含量明显增加;成分分析显示晶界中的M_6C碳化物含有高含量的钨元素。同时,经过10%变形后晶界中的二次碳化物尺寸为3~5μm,而经过900和1000°C时效未变形的合金中晶界二次碳化物尺寸小于1μm。根据热力学计算结果,γ基体相和碳化物的吉布斯自由能随变形温度升高而降低,富钨的M_6C比富铬的M_(23)C_6稳定。与实验结果比较发现,压应力加速了钨元素在晶界区域的偏聚速率,进一步增加了富钨的M_6C在晶界中的析出速率。     

2A14铝合金挤压棒材的热处理工艺

采用显微硬度测试、电导率测试、拉伸力学性能测试以及透射电镜观察,研究时效温度和时效时间对2A14大规格铝合金棒材力学性能和电导率的影响规律。结果表明:在相同的时效时间下,合金电导率随时效温度升高而逐渐升高;在相同的时效温度下,合金电导率随时效时间的延长而逐渐升高。固溶态2A14合金中存在与Al6Mn晶体结构相近的Al12(MnCu)3Si2粒子,此Al12(MnCu)3Si2粒子在合金再结晶过程中影响晶界迁移,抑制晶粒在固溶过程中的长大效应;时效后,合金中主要的强化相为S'相,但在140℃(或低于400℃)时效12 h的合金中,强化相数量较少,合金性能与固溶态接近;经160℃、12 h时效后,合金具有较好的综合力学性能,其抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为509 MPa和452 MPa,伸长率为10.1%;在180℃、12 h时效条件下处理后,合金中的S'相会明显粗化,屈服强度和抗拉强度大幅下降,伸长率升高,表现出明显的过时效特征。     

固溶温度对激光立体成形GH4169高温合金组织和性能的影响

研究激光立体成形GH4169高温合金固溶处理后的组织,分析了固溶过程中合金元素的均匀化,并对材料显微硬度的变化做了讨论。结果表明,随固溶温度的升高,材料的晶界越来越清晰,经1000-1170 °C固溶处理1 h后材料发生再结晶,当固溶处理温度高于1100 °C,有大量孪晶出现,晶粒相比沉积态显著细化,晶粒尺寸约200 μm。合金元素的均匀化在1100 °C保温1 h后基本完成。显微硬度测试结果显示,材料的显微硬度值随固溶温度的升高而降低,在固溶温度低于1100 °C时减小趋势较快,高于1100 °C时减小趋势减缓。显微硬度的变化与材料中g ′和g "相及d相的形态和数量有关。1100 °C是激光立体成形GH4169合金比较合适的固溶处理温度下限。     

Ni-Cr钢中P的非平衡晶界偏聚现象

采用Auger电子能谱仪分析了经过1000℃淬火后600℃时效过程的Ni-Cr钢中元素磷的晶界偏聚浓度,得到晶界P的偏聚浓度随时效时间变化的动力学曲线。结果表明,Ni-Cr钢在600℃时效60 min时,P的晶界偏聚浓度出现极大峰值,与平衡晶界偏聚模型不符。利用溶质的非平衡晶界偏聚模型进行分析,证实这是由于钢中P的非平衡偏聚临界时间现象引起的。     

淬火、时效温度对TC4钛合金组织和力学性能的影响

通过对TCA钛合金进行两相区淬火+时效处理,观察分析了不同工艺处理后的显微组织,并进行了拉伸、冲击试验,探讨淬火、时效温度对其组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,合金的显微组织随淬火温度和时效温度升高粗化.合金强度随淬火温度升高先增加后降低,合金的塑性、冲击韧性随淬火温度升高不断降低;在相同淬火温度下,合金的强度随时效温度升高而降低,合金的塑性、冲击韧性随时效温度的升高先增加后降低.     

时效处理对GH3625合金管材组织及性能的影响

采用OM、SEM、EDS能谱分析、万能拉伸试验机等手段,研究不同温度的时效处理对退火态GH3625合金管材组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着时效温度的升高,晶界逐渐发生宽化,晶界碳化物的长大较为明显;800℃时效时,随时效时间的延长,晶界处析出的碳化物颗粒越来越密集,但是碳化物颗粒的尺寸并未发生明显变化,同时晶界和孪晶界还析出了少量由晶界向晶内延伸的针状δ相;时效处理后GH3625合金管材的晶粒组织仍为等轴晶粒,而时效过程中晶界析出相(碳化物、针状δ相)将会显著影响晶粒生长速率;800℃时效初期碳化物的形成减弱了固溶强化效应,时效后期δ相的析出起到一定的弥散强化作用,从而使合金的强度先降低后升高。     

GH2136合金高温持久性不合格的原因

一批尺寸为?200 mm×1 630 mm的GH2136合金锻件热处理后高温持久性没有达到要求。对不合格的锻件进行了力学性能检测、化学成分分析、断口分析、金相检验和能谱分析。结果表明：GH2136合金锻件高温持久时间偏短主要是晶界因磷元素的偏聚而弱化所致。     

Effect of T6-treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of forged Al-4.4Cu-0.7Mg-0.6Si alloy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hardness tests and tensile tests were performed to investigate the effect of aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of forged Al-4.4Cu-0.7Mg-0.6Si alloy. The results show that the alloy exhibits splendid mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile strength of 504 MPa and an elongation of 10.1% after aging at 170 °C for 16 h. With tensile testing temperature increasing to 150 °C, the strength of the alloy declines slightly to 483 MPa. Then, the strength drops quickly when temperature reaches over 200 °C. The high strength of the alloy in peak-aged condition is caused by a considerable amount of θ′ and AlMgSiCu (Q) precipitates. The relatively stable mechanical properties tested below 150 °C are mainly ascribed to the stability of θ′ precipitates. The growth of θ′ and Q precipitates and the generation of θ phase lead to a rapid drop of the strength when temperature is over 150 °C.     

Thermal stability evaluation of nanostructured Al6061 alloy produced by cryorolling

Grain growth of nanostructured Al6061 produced by cryorolling and aging process was investigated during isothermal heat treatment in 100–500 °C temperature range. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations demonstrate that after cryorolling and aging at 130 °C for 30 h, the microstructure contains 61 nm grains with dispersed 50–150 nm precipitates and 0.248% lattice strain. In addition, an increase in tensile strength up to 362 MPa because of formation of fine strengthening precipitation and nano-sized grains was observed. Thermal stability investigation within 100–500 °C temperature range showed release of lattice strain, dissolution of precipitates and grain growth. According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Mg₂Si precipitates disappeared after annealing at temperatures higher than 300 °C. According to the results, due to the limited grain growth up to 200 °C, there would be little decrease in mechanical properties, but within 300–500 °C range, the grain growth, dissolution of strengthening precipitates and decrease in mechanical properties are remarkable. The activation energies for grain growth were calculated to be 203.3 kJ/mol for annealing at 100–200 °C and 166.34 kJ/mol for annealing at 300–500 °C. The effect of precipitation dissolution on Al lattice parameter, displacement of Al6061 (111) XRD peak and Portevin–LeChatelier (PLC) effect on stress–strain curves is also discussed.     

Microstructure and high-temperature mechanical properties of near net shaped Ti−45Al−7Nb−0.3W alloy by hot isostatic pressing process

Near net shaped Ti−45Al−7Nb−0.3W alloy (at.%) parts were manufactured by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The microstructure and high-temperature mechanical properties of the alloy were investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that at a temperature of 700 °C, the peak yield stress (YS) and ultimate tensile stress (UTS) of alloy are 534 and 575 MPa, respectively, and the alloy shows satisfactory comprehensive mechanical properties at 850 °C. The alloy exhibits superplastic characteristics at 1000 °C with an initial strain rate of 5×10⁻⁵ s⁻¹. When the tensile temperature is below 750 °C, the deformation mechanisms are dislocation movements and mechanical twinning. Increasing the tensile temperature above 800 °C, grain boundary sliding and grain rotation occur more frequently due to the accumulation of dislocations at grain boundary.     

Influences of aging temperature and time on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6005A aluminum alloy extrusions

The influences of aging time and aging temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated on the 6005A aluminum alloy extrusions. Artificial aging was performed on the alloy extrusions. The aging times were 4, 8 and 12 h, and the aging temperatures were 150, 175 and 200 °C. The results show that the morphologies of the coarse Al(Fe,Cr)Si particles formed in the extrusion process are evolved from granular to rod-like particles with the increase of the aging temperature or the aging time. The volume fraction of the submicron precipitates reaches the maximum value at the aging temperature of 175 °C. AlFeSi particles in size of 1-3 μm are precipitated at the grain boundaries at the aging temperature of 200 °C. The room temperature mechanical properties of the extrusions are more sensitive to the aging temperature than to the aging time. The optimum and stable mechanical properties are achieved when the aging procedure 175 °C, 4-8 h has been performed on the extrusions. The tensile strength and the yield strength in the longitudinal direction of the aged extrusions are more than 300 MPa and 270 MPa, respectively.     

Influence of tempering temperature on both the microstructural evolution and elemental distribution in AISI 4340 steels

In the present study, the influence of tempering temperature on the microstructural evolution and prior austenite grain boundary segregation of AISI 4340 steels was investigated by transmission electron microscope and atom probe. The transmission electron microscopy results showed a variation in the microstructure and the morphology of carbides with a change in tempering temperature. Additionally, the chemical compositions of the prior austenite grain boundaries and carbides were quantified by atom probe tomography. An increase in the tempering temperature led to a decrease in the amount of carbon segregated at the prior austenite grain boundary from 7.9 to 1.3 at.%. It was found that a higher tempering temperature can accelerate the diffusion of carbon from the prior austenite grain boundary into carbide. However, phosphorus atoms were segregated mainly at the prior austenite grain boundary in steel tempered at 400°C (up to 0.18 at.%). It was found that formation of film-like carbide and phosphorus segregation along the prior austenite grain boundary is the main cause of embrittlement in steel tempered at 400°C.     

固溶处理和人工时效对Al-Cu合金显微组织和力学性能的影响(英文)

对Al-Cu合金进行析出强化和人工时效处理以获得优异的力学性能,如高的强度、好的韧性。其热处理工艺条件为:510～530℃固溶处理2h;60℃水淬;160～190℃人工时效2～8h。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析、透射电镜和拉伸实验对经固溶和人工时效处理的Al-Cu合金的组织和力学性能进行表征。固溶处理实验结果表明,Al-Cu合金的力学性能随着固溶处理温度的升高先增加,然后降低。这是由于Al-Cu合金的残余相逐渐溶解进入基体中,从而导致析出相的数量和再结晶晶粒尺寸不断增加。相较于固溶处理温度,固溶处理时间对Al-Cu合金的影响较小。人工时效处理实验结果表明,合金经180℃时效8h,可以获得最大的拉伸强度。合金的最大拉伸强度和屈服强度随着时效时间的延长和温度的升高而升高。     

High temperature mechanical properties and microstructure of die forged Al−5.87Zn−2.07Mg−2.42Cu alloy

The high temperature mechanical properties (250 °C) and microstructure of a die-forged Al−5.87Zn− 2.07Mg−2.42Cu alloy after T6 heat treatment were investigated. High temperature tensile tests show that as the temperature increases from room temperature to 250 °C, the ultimate tensile strength of the alloy decreases from 638 to 304 MPa, and the elongation rises from 13.6% to 20.4%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) were applied for microstructure characterization, which indicates that the increase of tensile temperature can lead to the coarsening of precipitates, drop of dislocation density, and increase of dynamic recovery. After tensile testing at 250 °C, a sub-grain structure composed of a high fraction of small-angle grain boundary is formed.     

Microstructure and elevated-temperature tensile properties of differential pressure sand cast Mg-4Y-3Nd-0.5Zr alloy

The microstructures of an Mg-4Y-3Nd-0.5Zr alloy by differential pressure casting were investigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and its tensile deformation behavior was measured using a Gleeble1500 D themo-simulation machine in the temperature range of 200 to 400 °C at initial strain rates of 5×10-4 to 10-1 s-1. Results show that the as-cast microstructure consists of primary α-Mg phase and bone-shaped Mg5 RE eutectic phase distributed along the grain boundary. The eutectic phase is dissolved into the matrix after solution treatment and subsequently precipitates during peak aging. Tensile deformation tests show that the strain rate has little effect on stress under 300 °C. Tensile stress decreases with an increase in temperature and the higher strain rate leads to an increase in stress above 300 °C. The fracture mechanism exhibits a mixed quasi-cleavage fracture at 200 °C, while the fracture above 300 °C is a ductile fracture. The dimples are melted at 400 °C with the lowest strain rate of 10-4 s-1.     

Effects of under-aging treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of squeeze-cast Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy

The effects of under-aging treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy produced by squeeze casting were investigated using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and hardness and tensile testing. The results showed that most of secondary phases were dissolved into α(Al) matrix while no significant grain growth happened under the condition of solution treatment at 470 °C for 4 h. Due to the strengthening effect of GP zones, for alloys treated by under-aging process, the increase of aging time and aging temperature improved the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS), but decreased the elongation (δ) to some extent. By utilizing appropriate aging time and temperature, the best combination of strength and ductility could be obtained to fulfill the design requirements of automobile components.     

低温挤压制备高塑细晶Zn-6Al合金

研究了不同挤压温度（350和200 ℃）对反挤压Zn-6Al合金室温拉伸性能的影响。利用扫描电镜、电子背散射技术以及电子万能试验机对Zn-Al合金的微观组织和力学性能进行了详细的研究。结果表明,由于具有细晶组织、高的施密特因子和无层片状组织,随着挤压温度从350 ℃降低至200 ℃,在应变速率为10^-3 s^-1时,反挤压Zn-6Al合金的伸长率从98%提高至198%。