流速扰动聚焦超声下纳米颗粒聚集的研究

为了将超声颗粒操纵技术应用于血管中纳米药物颗粒聚集,笔者针对液体流速因素的影响和纳米颗粒由于纳米效应存在的自发团聚现象,基于压电方程、声-结构边界耦合方程、动量方程,利用COMSOL有限元软件建立了流速扰动聚焦超声下颗粒聚集的理论计算模型。通过仿真计算和实验结果对比分析,得到了聚焦超声聚集纳米颗粒的原因、纳米颗粒团簇介入解释理论以及流速干扰情况下局部流速变化的影响规律,证明了封闭管道中液体里的纳米颗粒可以通过聚焦超声的方式聚集,且该超声在流速小于1.92 mm/s的情况下仍对纳米颗粒团簇具有一定束缚能力,为未来靶向药物治疗提供一个新的方法和途径。     

纳米流体悬浮液稳定性的最新研究进展

纳米颗粒种类、粒径、基液性质、分散剂种类和用量、pH值和超声振动等因素对纳米流体的悬浮稳定性都有不同程度的影响,并且它们不是单独发挥作用,而是存在着一定的联系和相互作用。本文综述纳米流体悬浮液稳定性最新研究进展,系统分析其作用机理,总结了几种常见纳米流体处于最佳稳定效果时各影响因素的取值,并展望了纳米流体应用于水合物蓄冷材料的应用前景。     

纳米流体应用于机械加工领域的研究进展

纳米流体是由基础液和纳米粒子组成的一种两相悬浮液,具有优良的热传导性能和摩擦学性能,在切削加工领域具有良好的应用前景。介绍了纳米流体的制备方法和相关性能,综述了纳米流体在车、铣、磨等切削加工方法中的典型应用案例,讨论了加工过程中纳米颗粒的切削加工机理以及在实际应用中的关键技术问题,展望了纳米流体的应用于切削加工的发展趋势,探讨了解决相关问题的思路。总结发现,与传统切削液相比,纳米流体在切削加工过程中可以显著降低切削区域温度和切削力;另外,由于纳米颗粒在切削区域的滚动、修补和抛光等效应,还能降低刀具磨损和提高工件的表面质量。     

考虑质量扩散的瘤内磁流体分布对磁热疗影响研究

通过比较磁纳米颗粒在体内的理想均匀分布和真实实验分布,研究了不同纳米流体分布对治疗温度的影响,其中真 实分布来源于实验结果经本文所提出方法处理后的图像分布。 同时,还进一步研究了纳米流体扩散行为对浓度分布的影 响,以及研究了温度依赖性的血液灌注率和传统定值灌注率对治疗温度分布影响的差异。 本研究基于热等效应剂量的角 度,通过 43℃ 下的累积等效分钟数来评估磁流体热疗的治疗效果,该方法与治疗温度分布直接相关。 模拟结果表明,在考虑 单个磁性纳米颗粒临界功率耗散的情况下,纳米流体扩散对肿瘤区域内纳米流体分布的均匀度具有积极的影响,而对最终 治疗温度的影响则较小。     

Al_2O_3纳米流体用于散热器的换热特性研究

采用试验方法研究了60nm的氧化铝-水/乙二醇纳米流体在温度为70℃、80℃和90℃时在换热器中的对流换热特性以及压降特性.结果表明,这种纳米流体能提高对流换热系数21%,增加压降69%.     

纳米Si3N4与TiC7N3混合悬浮液性质研究

通过Zeta电势分析仪测定了纳米TiC7N3和Si3N4悬浮液在不同pH值下的颗粒表面电势,分析了两种异相颗粒间的静电引力与斥力的作用。结果表明：在不加分散剂的条件下,只靠调节pH值改变颗粒表面电位和电势能的方法,无法阻止异相悬浮液颗粒的凝聚;向两种悬浮液中加入阴离子型聚电解质PMAA-NH4,使悬浮液的pH=9．6,可以有效减小异相颗粒的团聚,获得均匀的纳米Si3N4与TiC7N3混合悬浮液。     

高速大长径比搅拌轴微纳米磁流体密封性能研究

为了更好地解决高速大长径比搅拌轴密封可靠性的问题,根据微纳米磁性流体密封原理,设计了搅拌轴微纳米磁性流体密封结构,可解决因轴高速旋转摆动带来的密封难题.通过理论计算和实验研究表明所设计的高速大长径比搅拌轴微纳米磁性流体密封结构是可靠的.     

极压条件下水基纳米液压液抗磨减摩特性

采用分子模拟方法,研究不同压力、剪切速度、纳米颗粒浓度、温度条件下水基纳米液压液在动力学模型中的流动特性、承载能力和抗磨减摩特性。结果表明:纳米流体承载能力随纳米颗粒浓度的增加而增大;随着负载的增加,基础流体和纳米流体均会发生固化现象,但是纳米流体的过渡压力大于基础流体;壁面间摩擦力在一定范围内会随着纳米颗粒浓度的增大而减小,但过大的纳米颗粒浓度将导致摩擦加剧;纳米流体温度过高将导致壁面间摩擦力急剧升高;水基纳米液压液抗磨减摩机理主要在于纳米颗粒将滑动摩擦转化为滚动摩擦。     

TiO_2纳米颗粒在单晶硅表面的吸附

为了实现亚纳米级超光滑表面的加工,建立了紫外光诱导纳米颗粒胶体射流加工系统,同时研究了加工过程中纳米颗粒与工件表面间的相互作用机理。首先,对实验所用锐钛矿TiO_2纳米颗粒及单晶硅工件表面进行表征测量。然后,用第一性原理的平面波赝势计算方法研究了纳米颗粒胶体射流加工中TiO_2分子团簇在单晶硅表面化学吸附的表面构型结构及其体系能量。最后,开展了TiO_2纳米颗粒及单晶硅工件表面间的吸附实验。实验结果表明:胶体中的OH基团在TiO_2团簇表面及单晶硅表面分别发生化学吸附,在TiO_2纳米颗粒及单晶硅表面吸附过程中形成了新的Ti-O-Si键及化学吸附的H_2O分子。红外光谱实验结果显示:TiO_2纳米颗粒与单晶硅界面间存在新生成的Ti-O-Si键。这种界面间的相互作用证实了紫外光诱导纳米颗粒胶体射流抛光过程可实现材料去除的化学作用机理。     

凹槽微通道铜-水纳米流体传热与流动分析

对铜-水纳米流体在圆弧型凹槽微通道中的传热与流动特性进行了分析。比较了不同体积分数的铜-水纳米流体在深宽比分别为0.3和0.5的凹槽微通道中的温度和速度分布,分析了体积分数和凹槽深宽比对凹槽微通道中铜-水纳米流体的传热系数和流体输运动力因子的影响。凹槽强化了微通道对流传热,与平板型微通道相比,铜-水纳米流体在圆弧型凹槽微通通内呈现出不同的传热特性。纳米流体体积分数、流体输运动力因子和凹槽深宽比对凹槽强化微通道传热影响较大。分析结果与已有的实验结果符合较好。     

Particle Contamination on a Thermal Flying-Height Control Slider

Particle contamination on a slider in a hard disk drive (HDD) affects the HDD’s reliability. With the introduction of the thermal flying-height control (TFC) slider, the temperature in the head–disk interface (HDI) becomes non-uniform, which induces a temperature-gradient dependent force on particles moving in the HDI. The present article investigates the effect of this force, the so called thermophoretic force, on a particle’s motion in the HDI as well as its effect on particle contamination on the TFC slider. By numerical simulation of the particle’s trajectory together with an analytical analysis, we show that the thermophoretic force is always negligible compared to the Saffman lift force, which points to a direction parallel to the thermophoretic force. We conclude that the current particle contamination simulator without any thermophoretic forces included would not be significantly altered by the inclusion of these forces.     

Effect of Structural-Phase Composition on Magnetic Properties of Iron Powders Ground in Carbonaceous Medium Doped with Surface-Active Substance

In the process of intense grinding of iron powders in heptane with addition of oleic acid, the particles' dimensions reduce, their shapes change, and the particles are saturated with carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms, which diffuse to the regions of mosaic block boundaries and form weakly ordered clusters and iron-based phases. The coercive force increases from 8.5 to 92 A/cm as a result of grinding. In the process of anneal, ordered phases Fe₃C and Fe₃O₄ are produced from disordered clusters and phases, which leads to an increase in the coercive force to 220 A/cm.     

Design and capabilities of an experimental setup based on magnetron sputtering for formation and deposition of size-selected metal clusters on ultra-clean surfaces

The design and performance of an experimental setup utilizing a magnetron sputtering source for production of beams of ionized size-selected clusters for deposition in ultra-high vacuum is described. For the case of copper cluster formation the influence of different source parameters is studied and analyzed. Size-selected clusters are deposited on substrates and the efficiency of an electrostatic quadrupole mass selector is tested. Height analysis using atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrates relative standard size deviations of 7%-10% for the particles of various sizes between 6 nm and 19 nm. Combined analysis by AFM and transmission electron microscopy reveals that the clusters preserve almost spherical shape after the deposition on amorphous carbon substrates. Supported nanoparticles of a few nanometres in diameter have crystalline structure with a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice.     

平行于电场的磁场对磁力电解复合抛光的影响

在传统的磁力电解复合抛光中,外加磁场的方向与电场方向垂直。通过给电解抛光外加一个平行于电场的磁场,对带电离子的运动状况进行分析,建立了带电离子运动的数学模型。并求出了带电粒子的速度方程和轨迹方程,分析了磁场在磁力电解复合抛光中的作用。由于所加磁场的作用,减小了电化学反应的浓差极化,加速了电化学反应速度和效率。通过实验,验证了该模型的合理性和对磁场功能分析的正确性。     

Determining the position of an ionizing particle in a system of silicon microstrip detectors

Essentially all aspects of determining the particle hit position by a combination of signals in adjacent readout channels are considered. Different methods for finding a cluster and discriminating between real clusters produced by incident particles and false clusters due to noise fluctuations are analyzed. The main algorithms for finding the particle position inside a cluster at different angles of incidence are described. A new algorithm that involves the angle of incidence, measured by the external tracking system or determined from the internal structure of a cluster, is proposed. By optimizing the methods for finding a cluster and the algorithms of its analysis, it is possible to improve the spatial resolution of the detector by 20–40%.     

Adhesion Force Measurements of Polymer Particles by Detachment Field Method

The adhesion force distributions of polymer particles to aluminum substrates were measured by the detachment field method. Polymer particles with conducting surface treatment were used for the measurements.Further the conventional detachment field method was modified to be applicable to the adhesion force measurements of a single particle. The adhesion force of the polymer particles increased with an increase in relative humidity. The surface roughness of the substrate influenced the adhesion forces of particles significantly. The influence of the CF4 plasma treatment of the polymer particles and thin layer coating of the substrate surface on the adhesion forces of the polymer particles was also studied, and factors affecting adhesion forces of polymer particles are discussed.     

Foreword: the Cosslett festschrift (Ellis Cosslett).

A method for the detection and characterization of clusters of particles observed in section with the electron microscope is presented. Cluster analysis is performed by the division method described by Berthet et al. (1976). Starting from a single cluster, profiles from each electron micrograph are successively classified in sets containing an increasing number of clusters. The decrease in the mean free distance, Λ, between profiles in the clusters, is used for terminating the subdivision procedure. The function relating the mean free distance with the number of clusters is evaluated in each subdivision set. The actual number of clusters is selected on the basis of the slope of that function, at a point where Λ has a value close to the average profile diameter. The method assumes a convex shape for the clusters; the salient feature is that it provides a physical delineation of clusters in the section. Hence, an evaluation of some characteristics of clusters in the three-dimensional sample may be obtained by using standard stereological procedures. Characterization of the volume to which the individual particles of a population are eventually restricted can as a result be performed. Practical problems in the acquisition of the data needed for cluster analysis are discussed and a system using for that purpose a Quantimet 720 image analyser in a basic configuration, connected on line with a PDP 11/10 minicomputer, is presented. Application of the method is illustrated by the analysis of lysosomes in cultured hepatoma (HTC) cells, at the end of mitosis and during the S phase. Cluster analysis shows that in mitotic cells, lysosomes are confined within 3·7% of the total cellular volume, while in cells actively synthesizing DNA they are grouped in clusters representing 5·7% of the cellular volume. Moreover, the average number of particles per cluster falls from a minimum of thirteen at mitosis to only six at the S phase.     

Study on solid lubricant properties of carbon onions produced by heat treatment of diamond clusters or particles

Tribological properties of carbon onions prepared by heat treatment of diamond clusters or particles are presented. Diamond clusters used as the source material are heated with an infrared radiation furnace to 1730 °C in argon at atmospheric pressure. As a result of heating at 1730 °C for 1 min, diamond clusters are transformed into carbon onions. High resolution TEM observation is employed to confirm the formation of carbon onions that have near-spherical and multi-layered concentric structure. The particle size of these carbon onions ranges from 5 to 10 nm that corresponds to the original size of the diamond clusters. This preparation technique is also applied to diamond particles less than 0.5 μm in diameter to produce larger carbon onions. Tribological properties of the carbon onions are examined by ball-on-disc type friction testing using a silicon wafer and a steel ball. Carbon onions, which are spread on the silicon wafer without adhesive, exhibit stable friction coefficients lower than 0.1 both in air and in vacuum at room temperature. The wear rates of steel balls sliding on the silicon wafer on which carbon onions are distributed are much lower than wear rates for sliding on a wafer over which graphite powder is spread. Moreover, it is found that the larger carbon onions prepared from diamond particles show low friction property on the rough surface of silicon discs.     

高氮钢激光-电弧复合焊接熔池表面流动行为

焊接熔池流动行为是影响焊缝成形和接头质量的关键因素之一,其特征难以直接获取。试验采用ZrO₂颗粒作为示踪粒子,利用高速相机观察示踪粒子运动轨迹,开展高氮钢激光-电弧复合热源焊接熔池表面流动行为的研究。研究结果表明：单独激光焊接时,其熔池的流动主要受匙孔尺寸变化的影响;单独电弧焊接时,其熔池的流动则主要受电弧压力和熔滴进入熔池时所产生的冲击力的影响;而激光-电弧复合焊接时,其熔池的流动既受电弧压力和熔滴进入熔池时所产生的冲击力的影响,同时,匙孔的存在也会影响其熔池的流动。在激光-电弧复合焊接过程中,示踪粒子的直线移动距离随着焊接电流和电弧电压的增加而增加;而激光功率的改变对其直线移动距离的影响并不显著。研究结果揭示了不同焊接工艺及其参数对高氮钢焊接熔池表面流动行为的影响规律,为高氮钢焊接工艺的选择提供了理论依据。     

Cluster identification in AA5754 aluminium sheets using mathematical morphology analysis

Quantitative image analysis of particle distribution in the microstructure of continuous cast (CC) and direct chill cast (DC) AA5754 aluminium alloy sheets have been conducted. This information can be used as an input for modelling mechanical deformation and instability in these materials. The quantitative analysis reveals that there are significant differences in the microstructure of the two materials even though the total content of second‐phase particles is statistically similar. Qualitative observation shows the second‐phase particles to be arranged in the form of streaks parallel to the rolling direction in the CC sheets and in a uniform random manner in the DC sheets. The main difference in the geometric microstructure of the CC and DC material is the spatial arrangement of the second‐phase particles. A new mathematical technique called proximity analysis is developed to identify clusters and group of particles belonging to a cluster. Quantification through proximity analysis reveals that the particle clusters in CC sheet are in the form of long clusters (streaks) parallel to the rolling direction and are significantly longer than those in DC sheets (with the largest cluster in CC being four times larger than DC), and also have anisotropic angular orientation parallel to the rolling direction. The lower value of fracture strain observed in the CC sheets compared to DC sheets is attributed to a combination of large sizes of clusters and their preferential alignment along the rolling direction in the CC microstructure.