焊接热循环和变形历史相关的A7N01-T6本构关系

建立了与焊接热循环温度和热变形历史相关的铝合金本构关系,利用MSC.MARC二次开发接口和Fortran语言,以塑性变形有限元计算增量理论为基础,开发了适用于焊接过程的材料本构关系用户子程序.采用弹塑性(混合硬化)和蠕变性质(应变软化)描述低温应变硬化特征和高温动态回复及再结晶引起的应变软化特征,不同温度的本构关系形式一致而参数不同.结果表明,焊件的残余应力和应变结果与理论结果吻合良好.与采用理想弹塑性本构关系相比,采用新开发的本构关系,高温应变软化和低温应变硬化导致等效残余应力基本不变,纵向残余压缩塑性应变较大,相应的焊接残余变形也较大.     

Influence of Material Model on Prediction Accuracy of Welding Residual Stress in an Austenitic Stainless Steel Multi-pass Butt-Welded Joint

Both experimental method and numerical simulation technology were employed to investigate welding residual stress distribution in a SUS304 steel multi-pass butt-welded joint in the current study. The main objective is to clarify the influence of strain hardening model and the yield strength of weld metal on prediction accuracy of welding residual stress. In the experiment, a SUS304 steel butt-welded joint with 17 passes was fabricated, and the welding residual stresses on both the upper and bottom surfaces of the middle cross section were measured. Meanwhile, based on ABAQUS Code, an advanced computational approach considering different plastic models as well as annealing effect was developed to simulate welding residual stress. In the simulations, the perfect plastic model, the isotropic strain hardening model, the kinematic strain hardening model and the mixed isotropic-kinematic strain hardening model were employed to calculate the welding residual stress distributions in the multi-pass butt-welded joint. In all plastic models with the consideration of strain hardening, the annealing effect was also taken into account. In addition, the influence of the yield strength of weld metal on the simulation result of residual stress was also investigated numerically. The conclusions drawn by this work will be helpful in predicting welding residual stresses of austenitic stainless steel welded structures used in nuclear power plants.     

The effect of hardening laws and thermal softening on modeling residual stresses in FSW of aluminum alloy 2024-T3

In the present paper, a numerical model consisting of a heat transfer analysis based on the Thermal Pseudo Mechanical (TPM) model for heat generation, and a sequentially coupled quasi-static stress analysis with a built-in metallurgical softening model was implemented in ABAQUS. Both isotropic and kinematic rules of hardening were used in order to study the effect of the hardening law on the residual stresses as well as on the final yield stress. This numerical model was then applied in two different cases. Firstly, a very simple 1D Satoh test was modeled. Different combinations of either isotropic or kinematic hardening together with the metallurgical softening model were applied in order to give a first impression of the tendencies in residual stresses in friction stir welds when choosing different hardening and softening behaviors. Secondly, real friction stir butt welding of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 were simulated and compared with experimentally obtained results for both temperatures and residual stresses (using the slitting method). The comparisons showed good agreement regarding temperatures whereas the residual stress comparisons indicated different sensitivities for the cold and hot welding conditions toward the choice of hardening rules and especially whether including the softening model or not.     

温度和应变率对低银无铅焊料力学行为的影响

在不同工况下,采用电子万能材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆装置(SHPB)对低银无铅焊料Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu分别进行准静态和动态实验,分析了应变率和温度对Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu动态力学性能的影响。结果表明:低银焊料Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu的应力-应变曲线具有温度软化效应与应变率硬化效应。在不同的温度范围内,应变率硬化效应与温度软化效应对低银焊料Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu的塑性变形的影响是不同的。基于Johnson-Cook模型对实验数据进行拟合、修正得到低温和中高温下Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu的动态本构关系,并且与实验数据进行比较,两者在材料的塑性平台区表现出高度的一致性。     

材料硬化模型对316L不锈钢焊接残余应力的影响

316L奥氏体不锈钢具有较强的应变硬化特征,建立合适的硬化模型可以更加准确地预测焊接残余应力.建立一种新型的非线性混合硬化模型,基于SYSWELD软件,采用间接耦合的三维热弹塑性有限元法模拟316L奥氏体不锈钢三道槽焊缝的残余应力.结果表明,材料的硬化模型对焊接残余应力的预测具有重要的影响,随着热循环次数的增加,硬化模型的影响越明显;与实际测量结果比较,随动硬化模型低估了焊接残余应力,等向硬化模型高估了残余应力,采用非线性混合硬化模型可以更加准确地模拟焊接残余应力.     

焊接应力变形原理若干问题的探讨(二)

提出焊接残余应力形成和消除原理:焊接残余应力不是压缩塑性应变引起的,而是由于焊缝和近缝区金属在"力学熔点"及以下温度冷却收缩受阻产生的;消除焊接残余应力不是产生拉伸塑性应变以减少、抵消和补偿压缩塑性应变,而是将残余弹性应变转变为塑性应变;消除焊接残余应力并不是必须去除固有应变,部分去除或完全不去除固有应变也能完全消除残余应力.提出随焊后热精确控制应力变形焊接法,既可实现无应力焊接和无应力无变形焊接,也可实现适当压应力无变形焊接和较大压应力微变形焊接;并对传统方法与有限元法进行了分析比较.     

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Residual Stresses in the Circumferential Butt GTAW of Incoloy 800H Pipes

The residual stresses developed during the circumferential butt gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process of Incoloy 800H pipes were simulated using the finite element method. A decoupled thermostructural model was developed in three dimensions. The element birth and death technique was used for the addition of filler material in the weld pool. The Goldak double ellipsoidal model was used to simulate the distribution of arc heat during welding. The plastic behavior of the material was described by Von Mises yield function and the bilinear kinematics hardening was assumed. To validate the thermostructural model, both temperature and residual stress distributions within the pipes were measured using thermocouples and strain gages, respectively. Good agreements were found between the experimental and simulation results. The model was then used to predict distribution of residual stresses during the GTAW of Incoloy 800H pipes and to study effects of process parameters on the residual stresses.     

关于焊接残余应力形成机制的探讨

分析了关于焊接残余应力形成过程描述的传统观点的局限性和不足,指出材料力学的“截面法”不能用于分析横向残余应力分量。认为在不考虑材科相变的前提下,焊缝金属冷却时收缩受制也是导致焊接残余应力产生的重要原因。虽然残余压缩应变和残余收缩应变在导致焊接残余应力产生的作用方面是等价的,但其机理却有本质的不同,区别二者有利于研究和开发新的焊接残余应力调控技术。对固有应变理论进行了分析和补充,认为应统一到拉伸塑性应变上。用钢板上堆敷锡钎焊焊道的方法,在母材温升值低于塑性应变所需温差的条件下,由盲孔法测得了板上大范围分布的高值残余应力,且因焊道和母材的线膨胀系数差异较大,其应变测试值与环境温度有关。     

铸态ER8车轮钢的热变形行为及本构模型研究

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,在变形温度为900～1250℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s-1的条件下对铸态ER8车轮钢进行热压缩试验,得到真应力-真应变曲线.结果发现:其真应力-真应变曲线符合动态再结晶型软化机制,变形初始阶段,材料发生硬化,真应力快速增加,随着变形的继续,材料发生动态回复,加工硬化速率...     

New technique to control welding buckling distortion and residual stress with non-contact electromagnetic impact

Abstract

A new technique using non-contact electromagnetic forces has been proposed for controlling welding buckling distortion and residual stresses in welded thin plates. The experimental results show that the method can successfully eliminate the buckling distortion and reduce the residual stresses. Three-dimensional finite element modelling has been developed to study the evolution of the stress and strain throughout the welding and electromagnetic impacts. The predicted welding distortion and residual stresses are in good agreement with the experimental results. The numerical analyses show that the reduction in distortion and stress is a result of the change of the plastic strain field in the weld region: electromagnetic impacts reduce longitudinal compressive plastic strain in the local region near the weld, and even produce the tensile plastic strain. Moreover, it is found that the residual stress can promote the changes of the longitudinal plastic strain state under electromagnetic impact.     

焊接残余应力形成机制与消除原理若干问题的讨论

针对目前存在的一些对焊接残余应力形成机制和消除原理传统理论的质疑和不同观点，采用两端拘束杆件和长板各焊接的一维简化模型，分析比较了经受加热与冷却热循环以及直接从高温冷却下来时的应变历史和残余应力产生的机制。结果表明，前者存在残余压缩塑性应变，后者存在残余热收缩应变。两者对产生残余应力的作用完全是等价的，为了统一概念，建议引入固有应变理论。固有应变包括焊接过程中产生的塑性应变，热应变和相变应变，残余应力是在固有应变源作用下构件自动平衡的结果，消除焊接残余应力必须去除固有应变源，此外对若干容易混淆的问题进行了讨论。     

关于焊接应力应变问题的再探讨

由于认为焊缝存在加热过程和忽视熔化现象的存在,导致传统观点认为的焊缝存在压缩塑性应变的错误.传统观点尚不能解释液化裂纹出现于熔合线处和裂纹很短的现象,用作者给出的高温应变分布图可很好解释.消除焊接残余应力并不是一定要去除固有应变源,有时不去除固有应变源仍可消除残余应力.消除残余应力的过程实质上都是将残余弹性应变转变为塑性应变的过程.     

网格尺寸对别克轿车副车架总成焊接变形预测精度的影响

焊接时焊缝及其附近因热膨胀受到周围温度较低金属的拘束，产生大量的压缩塑性应变（简称残余塑变），残余塑变的大小和分布决定了最终的残余应力和变形。副车架的焊接变形对汽车底盘的制造精度和质量有重要的影响。本文用残余塑变法对别克轿车副车架焊接总成时，连接前梁、后梁、左梁和右梁的21条焊缝焊接以后的变形规律进行了有限元建模与分析。计算采用了两种大小的有限元网格尺寸，结果表明，对副车架焊接变形分析，焊缝附近大小为15mm的网格尺寸是合理的。所得焊接变形的有关数据可供焊接工艺设计时的预留变形量、工艺参数以及夹具设计等参考，从而保证底盘件的焊接精度和质量。     

动态冲击条件下Ti-15Mo时效钛合金的变形机制

通过固溶时效处理Ti-15Mo合金获得片层组织,采用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）研究应变速率对变形机制产生的影响,结合绝热温升、显微组织和硬度分析表明：由于位错与第二相的相互作用,导致流变应力曲线发生波动。提高应变速率,一方面造成应变速率强化;另一方面促进绝热升温软化。合金温度达到379K时,热软化效应超过应变硬化效应,变形方式由均匀塑性变形变为绝热剪切变形。绝热剪切带的宽度随切应变的增加而增大,通过亚晶旋转再结晶机制产生等轴晶粒。再结晶的界面强化导致组织硬度由高到低为：混合组织>条状组织>基体组织。时效处理抑制应力诱发孪生（TWIP）效应,造成合金较低的应变硬化能力,劣化材料的动态力学性能。     

焊接残余应力求解的边界元数学模型

焊接残余应力和变形之间存在着确定关系,二者可通过焊接过程中产生的非协调应变联系起来,文中以焊接初应变为基础,利用边界元的直接法,推导出了通过焊接变形求解二维焊接残余应力的数学模型.给定焊缝中初应变的初值,根据焊接构件边界上已知的位移信息,可由边界积分方程求出边界上所有未知的位移分量和表面力分量.在边界位移已知的条件下,应用该模型可对焊接构件内部残余应力进行求解.构件边界上的应力可由弹性体的边界应力和边界面力的关系,通过物理方程和几何方程求出.通过计算实例,验证了模型的可行性.     

Constitutive equation with residual hardening effect for modeling the ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding process

ABSTRACT

A modified acoustic-plastic constitutive model characterising both acoustic softening and residual hardening effects on aluminium alloys is developed and applied into a computational fluid dynamic model for the ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding (UVeFSW) process. The flow stress and material flow field in UVeFSW are quantitatively analysed. The effect of acoustic residual hardening on the streamlines density at rear advancing side is examined by comparing with that based on the model considering just acoustic softening. The numerical simulation results are experimentally validated, and it is found that the modified constitutive equation improves the prediction accuracy of the flow stress and material flow field in UVeFSW.     

焊接塑性应变演变过程——低碳钢、不锈钢及钛合金塑性应变演变特点及规律

采用数值模拟方法对低碳钢、不锈钢及钛合金3种材料薄板电弧焊接塑性应变演变过程进行了分析.结果表明,在焊接过程中,焊缝及近缝区内无论是纵向塑性应变还是横向塑性应变均为压缩塑性应变,熔池凝固及高温区冷却产生的拉伸卸载不足以完全抵消加热过程产生的压缩塑性应变,最终残留在焊缝及近缝区内的塑性应变仍保持压缩状态,压缩塑性区的宽度明显宽于材料"力学熔化"区宽度.     

A mechanism of formation of a single section of a vacuum discontinuous coating

A welding distortion prediction method based on the inherent strain concept is presented. In the proposed method, welding distortion of large-welded structures could be estimated by elastic analysis using the result of thermal-elastic–plastic analysis and the result of smaller welded joints or components. Thermal-elastic–plastic analysis is performed to calculate residual plastic strain distribution, which is the input data for the elastic analysis of welding distortion. The obtained residual plastic strain distribution is mapped to non-deformed finite element models to calculate welding distortion by elastic analysis. The mapping procedure is done in different ways for welding start/end parts and the rest of the weld length in order to take into consideration the unsteady strain distribution at the start/end of welds. For start/end parts, strain distribution used is identical with thermal-elastic–plastic analysis. For the part except start/end parts, strain distribution obtained by thermal-elastic–plastic analysis is extracted from the centre of weld length and is extruded along the welding direction.

The proposed method was applied to the welding distortion prediction of joints with weld length of 900 and 1200 mm based on the thermal-elastic–plastic analysis result of a joint with weld length 600 mm. The estimated results were in good agreement with the thermal-elastic–plastic analysis results of models of corresponding weld length to show the validity of the proposed method.     

铝合金薄板焊件纵向塑性应变场的数值模拟

利用弹塑性有限元分析软件对普通焊件的纵向塑性应变场进行了模拟.结果表明,对于尺寸为200 mm×100 mm ×2 mm的2A12T4铝合金薄板填丝对接焊件,其焊缝部位只存在纵向拉伸塑性应变;在靠近焊缝的区域,既存在纵向压缩塑性应变,也存在纵向拉伸塑性应变;在焊缝长度方向纵向残余塑性应变的分布不均匀,在靠近起弧端和收弧端的区域呈现复杂的分布特征.焊接过程中温度场的变化和热源旁侧金属受力状况的不同是近缝区金属纵向塑性应变不均匀分布的原因.     

关于焊接残余应力消除原理的探讨

介绍了机械拉伸法、温差拉伸法、滚压法和低应力无变形焊接技术消除应和原理的传统观点,认为焊接时焊接时生压缩塑性变形,消除应力的原理在于用拉伸塑性变形抵消、补偿压缩塑性变形。本文提出新的应力应变发展过程,提出焊缝不存在压缩塑性变形,一直受拉伸、熔合线附近处于脆性温度时承受较大的纵向拉伸应变,随着远离熔合线,应变陡降。焊缝消除应力的原理在于用塑性应变减少甚至找消弹性应变,在一般情况下是用拉伸塑性应变减少