基于改进最小噪声分离变换的特征提取与分类

在最小噪声分离变换的基础上,引入核方法,采用小波核函数代替传统核函数对最小噪声分离变换予以改进。小波核函数的多分辨率分析特性可进一步提高算法的非线性映射能力。相关向量机高光谱图像分类是一种较新的高光谱图像分类方法,将新型核最小噪声分离变换方法与相关向量机相结合,对高光谱影像数据进行分类实验。仿真实验结果表明,基于小波核最小噪声分离变换的方法体现了高光谱影像的非线性特征,将所提出的方法应用于HYDICE系统在Washington DC Mall上空拍摄的数据,与对照算法相比,分类精度可提高3%~8%,并可有效地提高小样本区域的分类精度。     

基于核最小噪声分离变换的高光谱遥感影像多类SVM分类

高光谱遥感影像具有高维非线性、数据冗余多、训练样本难以获得等特点。在线性最小噪声分离变换MNF(Minimum Noise Fraction)的基础上,引入核方法,提出核最小噪声分离变换KMNF(Kernel Minimum Noise Fraction)高光谱遥感影像非线性特征提取方法。在KMNF特征提取后的影像上利用多类SVM进行高光谱影像分类,分析数据维数、样本个数对分类结果的影响,并与传统的最小距离分类方法进行对比。发现最小距离分类法存在维数灾难现象,当达到一定的特征维数之后,多类SVM分类方法受维数影响较小,具有一定的抗噪声能力,在一定程度上避免了维数灾难现象;利用多类SVM进行分类时,随着样本数目的减少,合理设置有关参数,高光谱图像的分类能够维持在较高精度;而传统的最小距离分类法当样本数量较小时,效果很差,这说明了SVM小样本分类的优势。     

基于核最小噪声分离变换的高光谱遥感影像特征提取研究

高光谱遥感影像具有高维非线性的特点,线性特征提取方法容易造成信息丢失和失真。在最小噪声分离变换(MNF)线性特征提取算法的基础上,引入核方法,提出核最小噪声分离变换(KMNF)高光谱遥感影像非线性特征提取方法。KMNF通过核函数,将样本映射到高维特征空间,在特征空间中运算线性MNF,实现原始空间中的非线性KMNF算法。进行基于KMNF的高光谱影像特征提取实验,分析样本个数对KMNF特征提取的效果,发现样本数量对KMNF特征提取的结果影响很小,较少的样本数即可达到较多样本时特征提取的效果。对比KMNF与MNF特征提取的效果,分析它们降维的效率与保留的信息量,发现KMNF总体降维效率与MNF相当,且体现出高光谱图像的非线性特征;在KMNF和MNF特征提取的基础上,利用SVM进行高光谱图像分类,KMNF+SVM的分类精度优于MNF+SVM。     

一种改进高光谱图像噪声评估的MNF变换算法

在光谱维变换法是高光谱图像特征提取和数据挖掘的重要工具,而最大噪声分数(MNF)变换更是应用于高光谱图像分类和混合像元分解当中最为常用的光谱维变换法之一.由于部分样本光谱特征可能被局部波段噪声淹没,在同类地物十分聚集的情况下,首先对高光谱图像做MNF变换处理会比做主成分(PC)变换处理的分类结果更优.但通过实验证明,如果不同类别地物混杂在一起,混杂程度对MNF变换结果的分类精度有着显著影响.随后文中从理论上阐明该影响存在的原因,并针对高光谱图像中地物混杂的情况,提出了一种改进噪声协方差矩阵(NCM)评估的MNF变换算法,并通过后续模拟数据和真实数据实验证明该变换法相对于经典MNF变换,特征提取效果明显改善,分类精度均有所提高.     

基于改进RX算法的高光谱异常检测

针对RX算法中局部背景协方差矩阵估计的局限性,提出一种改进的RX (I-RX)异常检测算法。基于奇异值分解(SVD),将高光谱图像投影到背景的正交子空间上,获得仅包含噪声和异常的残留图像。在此基础上,通过计算各样本的空间秩深度将残留图像划分为噪声背景和潜在异常两个样本集,利用噪声背景集估计整幅图像的背景协方差矩阵,并将潜在异常集作为测试样本进行异常检测。对模拟数据和真实高光谱数据进行了实验仿真,ROC曲线表明,在相同的虚警概率下,I-RX算法的检测概率相较于RX平均提高了2倍左右。     

基于KMNF和BP神经网络的高光谱遥感影像分类

为了对高维非线性的高光谱影像进行降维及信息提取,提出了高光谱影像核最小噪声分离变换(kernel minimum noise fraction,KMNF)特征提取后利用BP神经网络分类的方法.以高光谱影像KMNF特征提取后的前几个特征分量作为BP神经网络的输入,进行BP神经网络分类,并与单独的高光谱影像BP神经网络分类进行比较.美国内华达州CUPRITE矿区AVIRIS数据的实验结果表明,基于KMNF和BP神经网络的高光谱影像分类较单独BP神经网络分类总体精度及时间性能均得到提高.     

基于独立成分分析的高光谱图像有损压缩方法

提出一种结合小波变换和独立成分分析(ICA)的高光谱图像有损压缩方法。采用最大似然估计与最大噪声分离相结合的方法对原始高光谱数据进行维数估计。依据维数估计的结果在光谱方向上采用 ICA,在空间上运用离散小波变换。对于变换后的系数,使用多级树集合分裂算法和算术编码分别进行量化编码和熵编码。在机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪220波段高光谱数据上的实验结果表明,该算法可以在获得较高压缩率的同时,保留高光谱图像的光谱特性。     

一种改进PCA与IHS融合的高光谱图像异常检测算法

高光谱图像空间分辨率不足容易导致异常检测虚警率过高,针对此提出了一种新的异常检测算法。算法首先利用主成分分析PCA对低分辨率高光谱图像进行主成分提取,然后对所提取的主成分和高分辨率图像分别进行IHS变换,分别得到各自的强度分量。运用IHS变换的可逆性,将高光谱数据新的强度分量与原色度分量H和饱和度分量S进行IHS逆变换,得到空间信息增强的高光谱图像数据,最后使用改进的KwRX算法对空间信息增强的高光谱图像数据进行异常检测。仿真实验表明,与KRX算法、PCA-KRX算法相比,本算法在检测目标像素数和虚警个数上都有较大的改善,说明了本算法的的有效性和可行性。     

一种改进的超宽条带噪声消除算法

针对高光谱遥感图像中的超宽条带噪声干扰现象,在深入研究高光谱图像特点和条带噪声产生机理的基础上,提出了一种新的基于最小序列值、小波变换和矩匹配相结合的滤波算法（OWM算法）。该算法主要包括灰度对比度处理、最小序列值处理、小波变换系数归零处理和矩匹配处理等四个步骤。用实际的高光谱图像进行了一系列的验证比较实验,获得了好的实验效果。实验结果表明OWM算法不仅能够有效滤除高光谱图像中的超宽条带噪声,而且还具有较好的普适性。     

基于非局部相似及加权截断核范数的高光谱图像去噪

受仪器噪声干扰,高光谱图像(Hyperspectral Image, HSI)往往会受到高斯噪声的破坏,严重影响图像后续处理的精度,因此图像去噪是一项重要的预处理工作。此外,由于高光谱数据维度极高,因此算法效率成为模型应用能力的重要指标。为实现高效HSI去噪,文中首先将高维高光谱图像投影到低维光谱子空间上,从中学习一个正交基矩阵,然后结合高光谱的空间非局部相似性与全局光谱低秩性对低维子空间进行去噪,最后将复原后的低维图像与正交基结合恢复成原始数据维度。其中,非局部去噪过程要先通过图像的非局部相似性以邻域匹配方法寻找相似张量块组成具有强低秩属性的张量群组。针对各张量群组,文章联合加权核范数与截断核范数各自的优势,提出加权截断核范数作为低秩约束正则项,能更好地逼近本质秩属性。进一步,为快速获取模型的最优解,提出改进的近端加速梯度(Accelerated Proximal Gradient, APG)算法对低秩项进行优化求解。通过两组高光谱图像和一组多光谱图像对所提算法进行实验验证,结果表明,所提方法在视觉效果和时间效率上取得了良好的平衡,综合性能明显优于其他基于非局部去噪的对比算法。     

Fast anomaly detection in hyperspectral images with RX method on heterogeneous clusters

Remotely sensed hyperspectral sensors provide image data containing rich information in both the spatial and the spectral domain, and this information can be used to address detection tasks in many applications. One of the most widely used and successful algorithms for anomaly detection in hyperspectral images is the RX algorithm. Despite its wide acceptance and high computational complexity when applied to real hyperspectral scenes, few approaches have been developed for parallel implementation of this algorithm. In this paper, we evaluate the suitability of using a hybrid parallel implementation with a high-dimensional hyperspectral scene. A general strategy to automatically map parallel hybrid anomaly detection algorithms for hyperspectral image analysis has been developed. Parallel RX has been tested on an heterogeneous cluster using this routine. The considered approach is quantitatively evaluated using hyperspectral data collected by the NASA’s Airborne Visible Infra-Red Imaging Spectrometer system over the World Trade Center in New York, 5 days after the terrorist attacks. The numerical effectiveness of the algorithms is evaluated by means of their capacity to automatically detect the thermal hot spot of fires (anomalies). The speedups achieved show that a cluster of multi-core nodes can highly accelerate the RX algorithm.     

Linear and kernel methods for multivariate change detection

The iteratively reweighted multivariate alteration detection (IR-MAD) algorithm may be used both for unsupervised change detection in multi- and hyperspectral remote sensing imagery and for automatic radiometric normalization of multitemporal image sequences. Principal components analysis (PCA), as well as maximum autocorrelation factor (MAF) and minimum noise fraction (MNF) analyses of IR-MAD images, both linear and kernel-based (nonlinear), may further enhance change signals relative to no-change background. IDL (Interactive Data Language) implementations of IR-MAD, automatic radiometric normalization, and kernel PCA/MAF/MNF transformations are presented that function as transparent and fully integrated extensions of the ENVI remote sensing image analysis environment. The train/test approach to kernel PCA is evaluated against a Hebbian learning procedure. Matlab code is also available that allows fast data exploration and experimentation with smaller datasets. New, multiresolution versions of IR-MAD that accelerate convergence and that further reduce no-change background noise are introduced. Computationally expensive matrix diagonalization and kernel image projections are programmed to run on massively parallel CUDA-enabled graphics processors, when available, giving an order of magnitude enhancement in computational speed. The software is available from the authors' Web sites.     

Random selection-based adaptive saliency-weighted RXD anomaly detection for hyperspectral imagery

With recent advances in hyperspectral imaging sensors, subtle and concealed targets that cannot be detected by multispectral imagery can be identified. The most widely used anomaly detection method is based on the Reed–Xiaoli (RX) algorithm. This unsupervised technique is preferable to supervised methods because it requires no a priori information for target detection. However, two major problems limit the performance of the RX detector (RXD). First, the background covariance matrix cannot be properly modelled because the complex background contains anomalous pixels and the images contain noise. Second, most RX-like methods use spectral information provided by data samples but ignore the spatial information of local pixels. Based on this observation, this article extends the concept of the weighted RX to develop a new approach called an adaptive saliency-weighted RXD (ASW-RXD) approach that integrates spectral and spatial image information into an RXD to improve anomaly detection performance at the pixel level. We recast the background covariance matrix and the mean vector of the RX function by multiplying them by a joint weight that in fuses spectral and local spatial information into each pixel. To better estimate the purity of the background, pixels are randomly selected from the image to represent background statistics. Experiments on two hyperspectral images showed that the proposed random selection-based ASW RXD (RSASW-RXD) approach can detect anomalies of various sizes, ranging from a few pixels to the sub-pixel level. It also yielded good performance compared with other benchmark methods.     

多核与众核上MNF并行算法与性能优化

高光谱遥感影像降维最大噪声分数变换(maximum noise fraction rotation,简称MNF rotation)方法运算量大,耗时长.基于多核CPU与众核MIC(many integrated cores)平台,研究MNF算法的并行方案和性能优化.通过热点分析,针对滤波、协方差矩阵运算和MNF变换等热点,提出相应并行方案和多种优化策略,量化分析优化效果,设计MKL(math kernel library)库函数实现方案并测评其性能;设计并实现基于多核CPU的C-MNF和基于CPU/MIC的M-MNF并行算法.实验结果显示,C-MNF算法在多核CPU取得的加速比为58.9~106.4,而基于CPU/MIC异构系统的M-MNF算法性能最好,加速比最高可达137倍.     

RX architectures for real-time anomaly detection in hyperspectral images

In the field of hyperspectral image processing, anomaly detection (AD) is a deeply investigated task whose goal is to find objects in the image that are anomalous with respect to the background. In many operational scenarios, detection, classification and identification of anomalous spectral pixels have to be performed in real time to quickly furnish information for decision-making. In this framework, many studies concern the design of computationally efficient AD algorithms for hyperspectral images in order to assure real-time or nearly real-time processing. In this work, a sub-class of anomaly detection algorithms is considered, i.e., those algorithms aimed at detecting small rare objects that are anomalous with respect to their local background. Among such techniques, one of the most established is the Reed–Xiaoli (RX) algorithm, which is based on a local Gaussian assumption for background clutter and locally estimates its parameters by means of the pixels inside a window around the pixel under test (PUT). In the literature, the RX decision rule has been employed to develop computationally efficient algorithms tested in real-time systems. Initially, a recursive block-based parameter estimation procedure was adopted that makes the RX processing and the detection performance differ from those of the original RX. More recently, an update strategy has been proposed which relies on a line-by-line processing without altering the RX detection statistic. In this work, the above-mentioned RX real-time oriented techniques have been improved using a linear algebra-based strategy to efficiently update the inverse covariance matrix thus avoiding its computation and inversion for each pixel of the hyperspectral image. The proposed strategy has been deeply discussed pointing out the benefits introduced on the two analyzed architectures in terms of overall number of elementary operations required. The results show the benefits of the new strategy with respect to the original architectures.     

图像矩阵上的广义最大噪声分离算法

主成分分析（PCA）是模式识别中一种重要的变换工具,在图像处理的特征提取和降维方面有广泛的应用。然而,由于二维图像数据需要进行向量化处理,导致高维向量的产生和像素空间位置丢失。广义主成分分析（GPCA）则是基于图像矩阵的主成分分析推广算法,它不改变像素间的空间位置关系,而且计算量也显著降低。但主成分分析和广义主成分分析都没有考虑到实际图像中存在的噪声干扰。最大噪声分离（MNF）则是一种面向噪声干扰的变换方法,与主成分分析基于方差的最大化不同,最大噪声分离是基于信噪比的最大化。与GPCA的推广类似,在图像二维矩阵上推广最大噪声分离方法,提出一种广义最大噪声分离（GMNF）算法。该变换方法在保证重构时信噪比最大的同时,也具有不改变像素空间位置、计算量小的优点。在人脸和红外图像上的仿真实验结果验证了所提算法的有效性。     

GPU implementation of RX detection using spectral derivative features

Hyperspectral image (HSI), which can record abundance information of a pixel, has shown huge potential on many applications such as image classification, target and anomaly detection and so on. Nowadays, anomaly detection has attracted more attention because there is no limitation of spectral library. A standard approach for anomaly detection is the method developed by Reed and Xiaoli, called RX algorithm. However, the data volume is getting bigger with the developing of imaging technology. A problem that ensues is the rapid increase of computation complexity and this will lead a time-consumed application. In addition, there will be noise in HSI with the influence of illumination and atmospheric. In this paper, we realize an implementation of RX algorithm on NVIDIA GeForce 1060 GPU with the utilization of derivative features. On one hand, the GPU parallel implementation reach the purpose of real-time processing and it also eliminates the storage burden of on-board processing. On the other hand, the derivative features have better performance on salient features detection and noise restraint. Thus, it can further promote the detection performance of RXD. In our experiments, three real HSI datasets were tested to verify the effect of GPU parallel implementation. The experiment results had indicated that the utilization of derivative features can promote the detection performance. Compared with serial computation, the parallel implementation achieves a great reduction on processing time.     

Maximized subspace model for hyperspectral anomaly detection

An important application in remote sensing using hyperspectral imaging system is the detection of anomalies in a large background in real-time. A basic anomaly detector for hyperspectral imagery that performs reasonaly well is the RX detector. In practice, the subspace RX (SSRX) detector which deletes the clutter subspace has been known to perform better than the RX detector. In this paper an anomaly detector that can do better than the SSRX detector without having to delete the clutter subspace is developed. The anomaly detector partials out the effect of the clutter subspace by predicting the background using a linear combination of the clutter subspace. The Mahalanobis distance of the resulting residual is defined as the anomaly detector. The coefficients of the linear combination are chosen to maximize a criterion based on squared correlation. The experimental results are obtained by implementing the anomaly detector as a global anomaly detector in unsupervised mode with background statistics computed from hyperspectral data cubes with wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared range. The results show that the anomaly detector has a better performance than the SSRX detector. In conclusion, the anomaly detector that is based on partialling out can achieve better performance than the conventional anomaly detectors.