Delay-sensitive routing in multi-rate MANETs

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile hosts, which can communicate by the aid of intermediate mobile hosts without utilizing a fixed infrastructure and centralized administration. Many MANET standards, such as 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g, can be operated at various rates for Quality-of-Service (QoS) constrained multimedia communication to more efficiently use the limited resources of MANETs. Since the radio channel is shared among neighbors in MANETs, calculating one-hop delays and determining delay-sensitive routes using the IEEE 802.11 MAC are still two challenging problems. In this paper, we first exploit the busy/idle ratio of the shared channel to estimate one-hop delay based on varied data rates. Then by the aid of the estimated delay, a multi-rate routing protocol is proposed for selecting data rates and determining a route for admitting a flow with a requested delay. In MANETs, when a host is transmitting data packets, its neighbors are blocked (i.e., forbidden to send packets) since it shares the radio channel with its neighbors. We adopt the strategy by selecting the combination of data rates and a route in order to minimize the total blocking time to all hosts of the network for maximizing the network’s capacity, which is the number of flows admitted by the network. Simulation results show that the proposed method obtains a more precise one-hop delay than a very recent work, and the proposed protocol admits more flows than an existing protocol.     

一种改进的无线自组网QoS路由协议--EQAODV

提出了一种新的QoS路由保障协议,该协议是在按需距离矢量路由（AODV）协议的基础上引入QoS保障机制扩展而成。它将带宽作为QoS路由保障的先决条件,延时和分组丢失率作为优化的目标,更好地保障了无线自组网的服务质量。仿真结果表明,该协议能较大地改善网络的性能,在QoS保障上优于AODV协议。     

移动自组网多路径QoS路由协议

多路径路由能有效地增加网络的吞吐量以及平衡网络负载,结合移动自组网特点,提出了一种适合移动自组网的多路径QoS路由协议,该协议使用“软状态”方式进行资源预留,并在路由维护过程中使用了局部重构技术,有效地降低了协议的路由开销。模拟结果进一步表明,在动态的网络环境下,该多路径QoS协议能够有效地实现网络负载均衡,提高网络资源利用率,为移动自组网提供可靠而高效的传输性能。     

An anonymous distributed routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks

This paper proposes an efficient anonymous routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). This protocol considers symmetric and asymmetric links during the wireless communication of MANETs. A MANET is one type of self-organized wireless network that can be formed by several wireless devices such as laptops, tablet PCs, and smartphones. Different wireless transmission ranges of different mobile devices lead to a special communication condition called an asymmetric link. Most research on this topic focuses on providing security and anonymity for the symmetric link without considering the asymmetric link. This paper proposes a novel distributed routing protocol beyond the symmetric and asymmetric links. This protocol guarantees the security, anonymity, and high reliability of an established route by avoiding unreliable intermediate nodes. The routes generated by the proposed protocol are shorter than previous research. The proposed protocol enhances MANET performance in assuring security and anonymity.     

QoS routing with traffic distribution in mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) follow a unique organizational and behavioral logic. MANETs’ characteristics such as their dynamic topology coupled with the characteristics of the wireless communication medium make Quality of Service provisioning a difficult challenge. This paper presents a new approach based on a mobile routing backbone for supporting Quality of Service (QoS) in MANETs. In real-life MANETs, nodes will possess different communication capabilities and processing characteristics. Hence, we aim to identify those nodes whose capabilities and characteristics will enable them to take part in the mobile routing backbone and efficiently participate in the routing process. Moreover, the route discovery mechanism we developed for the mobile routing backbone dynamically distributes traffic within the network according to current network traffic levels and nodes’ processing loads. Simulation results show that our solution improves network throughput and packet delivery ratio by directing traffic through lowly congested regions of the network that are rich in resources. Moreover, our protocol incurs lower communication overheads than AODV (ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol) when searching for routes in the network.     

End-to-end support for statistical quality of service in heterogeneous mobile ad hoc networks

In heterogeneous mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), different types of mobile devices with diverse capabilities may coexist in the same network. The heterogeneity of MANETs makes end-to-end support for quality of service (QoS) guarantees more difficult than in other types of networks, not to mention the limited bandwidth and frequent topology changes of these networks. Since QoS routing is the first step toward achieving end-to-end QoS guarantees in heterogeneous MANETs, we propose a QoS routing protocol for heterogeneous MANETs. The proposed protocol, called virtual grid architecture protocol (VGAP), uses a cross-layer approach in order to provide end-to-end statistical QoS guarantees. VGAP operates on a fixed virtual rectilinear architecture (virtual grid), which is obtained using location information obtained from global positioning system (GPS). The virtual grid consists of a few, but possibly more powerful, mobile nodes known as ClusterHeads (CHs) that are elected periodically. CHs discover multiple QoS routes on the virtual grid using an extended version of the open shortest path first (OSPF) routing protocol and an extended version of WFQ scheduling policy that takes into account the wireless channel state. Moreover, VGAP utilizes a simple power control algorithm at the physical layer that provides efficient energy savings in this heterogeneous setting. Simulation experiments show that VGAP has a good performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end packet delay, call blocking probability, and network scalability.     

Standardisation advancements in the area of routing for mobile ad-hoc networks

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are self-organized and fully distributed networks that rely on the collaboration of participating devices to route data from source to destination. The MANET paradigm is expected to enable ubiquitous mobile communication and thus the proliferation of pervasive applications. The MANET Working Group (WG) of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for standardizing an appropriate Internet Protocol (IP) based routing protocol functionality for both static (mesh) and dynamic (mobile) wireless ad hoc network topologies. In this paper, we provide a background on the possibility to use MANETs for enabling future pervasive internet and innovative ubiquitous services. We also describe the work achieved by the MANET WG thus far on the area of secure unicast and multicast routing for MANETs. We also examine non-IETF work on this area, chiefly based on adaptive and hybrid routing. The paper then presents comparative performance evaluations of discussed routing protocols. It is mainly observed that there is a need for adaptive hybrid routing approaches in order to support future innovative and pervasive applications. Consequently, we present our conclusions.     

支持移动自组网的柔性链路状态路由协议

在移动自组网(MANET)中,服务质量(QoS)路由的目标是要确定一种具有足够可用移动节点的有效路由路径来满足源点的需求,而且被选择的多点中继(MPR)节点是处在通过路由协议计算产生的最优路由路径上。为了能在较短时间内稳定地寻找到从源点到终点带有最大带宽和最小时延的最优QoS路由路径,提出一种新的柔性链路状态QoS路由协议FLSQR。该协议使用了一种新的链路状态方法——每个节点缓存中存储一张效用决策表(EDT)用作路由计算。FLSQR根据EDT中的效用距离(ED)使用MPR1和MPR2选项来选择最优和次优路由路径,进而通过提出的度量模型选择最优带宽和时延的路径。实验结果显示,FLSQR协议在MANET中的最优路由路径发现方面比OLSR和QOLSR-MPR协议性能更好。     

A stable weight-based on-demand routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of a set of mobile hosts that can communicate with each other without the assistance of base stations. In MANETs, the high mobility of mobile nodes is a major reason for link failures. In this paper, we propose a stable weight-based on-demand routing protocol (SWORP) for MANETs. The proposed scheme uses the weight-based route strategy to select a stable route in order to enhance system performance. The weight of a route is decided by three factors: the route expiration time, the error count, and the hop count. Route discovery usually first finds multiple routes from the source node to the destination node. Then the path with the largest weight value for routing is selected. Simulation results show that the proposed SWORP outperforms DSR, AODV, and AODV-RFC, especially in a high mobility environment.     

MANET中一种基于单向链路的QoS路由协议

MANET是由一系列动态节点主机临时组成的多跳性无线网络。由于其拓扑的动态性,传统路由协议不再适应本网络。为降低控制开销,满足QoS需求,并考虑到隐藏终端等问题,论文提出了一种基于单向链路的QoS路由协议QRUL。该协议采用按需方式查找路由,并通过选取满足QoS条件(链路带宽和传输延时)的最短传输路径来实现。仿真结果表明该协议具有良好的网络性能,能有效支持多媒体信息传输。     

QMRPRNS: Design of QoS multicast routing protocol using reliable node selection scheme for MANETs

A mobile Ad-Hoc networks (MANETs) is a continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-less network of wireless mobile devices. In which multicast is one of the efficient way of communication. Currently, several research have been conducted to design multicast routing protocols for wireless mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). Multicasting is a technique that allow to send the same message to a group of destinations simultaneously. However, it faces several challenges against its implementation in ad-hoc network due to its dynamic nature, lack of bandwidth, short battery lifetime of the mobile devices. The multicast routing protocol MAODV have several constraints as mentioned above. Hence to address these constraints a reliable neighbour nodes selection scheme has been integrated over MAODV. This paper attempt a Quality of Service (QoS) based multicast routing protocol using reliable neighbour nodes selection scheme (QMRPRNS) for same. The simulation has been conducted to compare the performance of the proposed scheme against some existing multicast routing protocols which shows significant improvement over EMAODV and MAODV.     

移动Ad hoc网络安全路由协议研究

移动Ad hoc网络是由一组移动终端组成的无线多跳自治系统,具有无中心、自组织、多跳路由、动态拓扑结构等特点。尽管有带宽受限等缺点,但无线Ad hoc网络具备灵活机动、组网迅速的优势,在军事通信、民用通信和各种临时通信中具有广阔的应用前景。近来其路由技术、QoS、安全性问题,尤其是路由协议的安全成为研究的热点。介绍了针对其路由协议的攻击,重点分析比较了典型的移动Ad hoc网络安全路由协议,最后指出下一步研究的方向。     

大规模移动自主网络中基于簇的QoS多路径路由

在移动自主网络中,提供服务质量支持是一个核心研究问题.大量研究表明,在移动自主网络中提供服务质量保障具有很大的挑战性.提出一个基于簇的QoS多路径路由协议(CQMRP),通过一种可扩展、灵活的方式为移动自主网络提供服务质量保证.在这个策略中,每个节点只维持局部路由信息而不是整个网络的全局状态信息.它支持多个服务质量约束.采用OPNET模拟器对协议性能进行了评估,结果表明,这个协议能够为移动自主网络提供一个可靠的多路径服务质量保证.     

MANET路由中的链路测量及QoS协议实现

MANET的节点资源受限等特点给QoS路由设计提出了诸多挑战。在研究无线网络流量特性的基础上,提出了基于自相似特性的链路测量及QoS路由协议（Link Prediction based on self-similarity and QoS Routing Protocol,LPQRP）。LPQRP协议使用小波分析方法估计自相似特性唯一参数Hurst值,并利用Hurst值对网络性能进行估计,以测量结果作为QoS路由约束条件,以此方式优化了路由选择,提高了测量精度,有效提高了路由QoS保证。给出了LPQRP协议的设计过程,提出抖动因子等机制进一步完善了LPQRP协议。仿真结果显示,LPQRP协议能很好地适应MANET特性,有效优化数据传输路径,均衡网络资源,提高了网络的健壮性,减少了资源损耗。     

MANET中基于遗传算法的QoS多播路由协议

随着多媒体业务的普及,如何为MANET多播路由提供QoS保障成为研究热点。提出了一种带宽和时延受限的QoS多播路由协议,它利用遗传算法搜索满足QoS要求的最优多播树。仿真结果表明该协议收敛速度快,寻径成功率高,它为移动网络中具有QoS保障的多播通信提供了一种有效途径。     

无线Ad Hoc网络中改进的DYMO路由协议研究

DYMO（Dynamic MANET On-Demand）是Ad Hoc 网络中一种反应式按需路由协议,本质上属于单径路由协议,而多径路由能更好地提高网络性能。首先分析了DYMO协议的优点及存在的问题,在此基础上将DYMO和多径路由结合起来,提出了一种改进的DYMO路由协议I-DYMO,利用多条链路不相交路径来发送数据,并将之与源路由结合起来。仿真结果表明该协议提高了分组投递率并降低了端到端平均时延,在动态移动环境下具有较好的稳定性。     

一种用于移动自组控制网络的QoS路由

为更好地将移动自组网络用于网络控制系统（NCS）,结合NCS的网络特性,提出了一种基于链路信号质量的QoS路由算法。主要QoS机制包括根据接收信号强度选择较稳定的路由;用Hello报文广播节点的预留带宽;中间节点为所有受影响的数据流修复路由、目的节点向源节点广播路由修复报文进行路由修复。NS2仿真表明当节点移动性强时,该QoS路由算法可有效减少网络的平均端到端时延和丢包率,提高控制系统稳定性。     

基于UWB技术的无线移动多媒体QoS路由协议

随着UWB技术的出现,无线移动多媒体业务在自组网中的应用成为可能。为了满足无线移动多媒体传输的需要,设计了一种新的针对多媒体业务的QoS路由协议,给出了协议的详细描述。由于该协议充分利用了UWB技术的速率和距离互换特性,考虑了传输速率、时延和链路拥塞程度3个QoS参数,并借鉴无线移动自组网基本路由协议DSR和AODV,因此不仅能够获得满足业务要求的路由,且能提前预测链路的中断,以便及时切换替代路由。与目前已提出的基于UWB技术的路由协议相比,该协议更适合于无线移动多媒体业务的传输。     

MANET环境下AODV协议的研究和改进

MANET网络就是移动Ad—Hoc网络，它是由若干节点所组成的一个移动自治系统，在一个无线Ad—Hoc网络中，节点之间通过多跳无线链路相互通信，所有的节点利用共享的无线媒质相互联系。这样节点之间路由问题就成为一个重点要解决的问题。目前，在这方面普遍采用DSR和AODV路由协议。但是，这两种路由协议对于要求QoS的网络来说还是力不从心的。文中主要讨论的是基于AODV路由协议的一些改进方案。     

AdHoc网络中基于能量的QoS路由协议的研究

在AdHoc网络中,QoS路由是提供QoS保证的一种重要手段。大多数QoS路由都是建立在单径的基础上,没有充分利用AdHoc网络资源。此外,网络中节点的能量也是影响网络性能的关键因素。然而,现有的QoS路由协议却很少考虑网络中节点．能量有限这一问题。对此,文中在DSR路由协议的基础上提出一种基于能量约束的多径QoS路由协议（MPQE）。该协议主要考虑带宽和剩余能量来选择多条QoS路由。仿真结果表明,MPQE协议提高了吞吐率,降低了时延并延长了网络的生命周期。