局部多孔质气体静压径向轴承的建模与仿真

针对目前超精密机床制造需要高承载、高刚度气体静压轴承的情况,设计出一种局部多孔质气体静压径向轴承。建立了局部多孔质气体静压径向轴承的数学模型,并仿真了各参数对轴承静态特性的影响。结果表明,选择合适的平均半径间隙、节流器直径和渗透系数、轴承直径和长度可以获得最大的承载值和刚度值。     

国外多孔质静压气体轴颈轴承理论分析的发展

静压气体轴承的类别按照供气形式分为:1.多孔轴承(Multi-holes feeding),2.多孔质轴承(Porous bearing),3.狭缝供气轴承(Slot-fed bearing),4.表面节流轴承(Surface restriction).多孔质轴承采用多孔质材料作为其轴承表面和节流器,整个轴承面均布微小的供气孔,气体通过多孔质材料由供气区进入轴承间隙.用于多孔质轴承的材料包括以青铜、铝、铅、钛、锡等为主的金属系材料和以石墨、碳纤维、氧化铝、碳化硅等为主的非金属系材料,并根据多孔质材料构成轴承面的形式,轴承面可分为:原样使用多孔质材料的“表面孔无阻塞”和由于机械加工而使其表面小孔阻塞的“表面孔阻塞”两种类型.由于多孔质材料的特性,压力气体通过时产生的节流效应比一般其它供气形式的轴承效果要好,因此大大提高多孔质轴承的承载能力,并且由于轴承间隙——侧是透气性材料,在轴承动载时,允许气体在其中流动,故多孔质轴承具有更好的阻尼特性.     

影响空气静压多孔质轴承静态性能的有关因素

多孔质材料节流器比传统的节流器具有显著的优点，如设计和制造简单、很高的承载能力和刚度、优越的阻尼特性，甚至更加复杂的多孔质空气静压丝杠螺母副也能够获得。在对多孔质气体静压轴承分析时，多孔质材料内部流体的惯性效应以及多孔质轴承表面的速度滑移对所建立的简化数学模型的应用是一个很大的障碍，给出了在得到多孔质轴承的静态特性时需要考虑的问题，如惯性效应、速度滑移、多孔质表面粗糙度以及多孔质平板的变形等。     

气体静压多孔质球面轴承静态性能分析

与传统的小孔节流气体静压轴承相比,气体静压多孔质轴承具有高承载能力、高阻尼和很好的稳定性等。气体静压多孔质球面轴承具有合力始终对准球心,轴承运转平稳等优点,既具有轴向限制同时具有径向限制,在工业当中应用相当普遍。给出了球面轴承的理论分析、有限元推导过程,基于有限元推导过程给出了球面轴承的理论计算静态性能。在自行研制的试验台上进行气体静压试验,由此得到轴承的静态性能。试验结果和理论计算结果之间的吻合良好,从而说明理论计算的正确性和可行性。     

气体静压多孔质止推轴承静态特性的理论发展

多孔质材料被用来作空气静压轴承的节流器在过去已经广为报道了。多孔质材料节流器化传统的了流器具有一些显的优点,如设计和制造简单,很高的承载能力和刚度,更优越的尼特性以及体成。甚至更加复杂的几何结构如球轴承,空气静压丝杠也能够很容易获得,到目前为止,止推轴承尤其是圆板状的止推轴承是进行理论分析的最简化的几何模型,同时也是报道最多的。本首先介绍多孔质空气静压轴承的理论,接着着重介绍多孔质止推轴承的理论发展,最后,作讨论了关于多孔质介质的进一步研究的方向。     

气体静压小孔节流与多孔质节流性能的比较

本文给出了传统的小孔节流和多孔质节流轴承的理论分析，分析了外部供压气体轴承的进气形式对轴承性能的影响，对于不同类型的小孔节流和多孔质节流的轴承，本文给出了实验结果，并对轴承的性能参数即承载能力，刚度等进行了比较，作者分析了小孔节流和多孔节流止推轴承的承载能力和刚度，结果表明多孔质止推轴承同小孔节流轴承相比，具有高的承载能力。     

流体静压多孔质球面轴承静态性能分析

对流体静压多孔质球面轴承进行理论分析,给出了其有限元计算方法,同时利用实验验证理论计算的正确性。结果表明,气体静压实验数值和有限元计算结果吻合良好,实验数值和有限元计算结果之间的误差小于10%,产生误差的原因是有限元数值计算没有考虑到流体的惯性效应、速度滑移、多孔质球窝的变形以及轴承表面粗糙度的影响;气体静压球面轴承的承载能力和静态刚度明显小于液体静压球面轴承,气体静压球面轴承刚度低的主要原因是所用的多孔材料孔隙度较大,即多孔材料的渗透率较大。     

环形多孔气体静压止推轴承静态性能研究

为提升气体静压止推轴承的静态性能,设计一种新型环形多孔气体静压止推轴承。依据气体润滑原理、采用有限体积法对环形多孔气体静压止推轴承的三维物理模型进行数值模拟,研究节流器上节流孔数量、直径、分布方式和供气压力对气体静压止推轴承静态性能的影响。结果表明：节流孔数量对环形气体静压止推轴承的承载力影响显著,但孔数增加到一定程度后承载力增速放缓;节流孔直径对承载刚度影响较大,随着节流孔直径逐渐减小最佳刚度逐渐增大;节流孔排布方式和供气压力对气体静压止推轴承的静态性能均有明显影响。     

国内静压气体润滑技术研究进展

简述静压气体润滑轴承的发展,介绍国内静压气体球轴承,小孔节流、表面节流与多孔质节流静压气体轴承以及静压气体润滑数值模拟与实验研究的进展,展望未来国内静压气体轴承的发展趋势。介绍通过比例分割算法、遗传算法、相似准则等研究各型球轴承所得到的结构参数取值范围与优化设计方法等方面的研究成果和小孔节流轴承新的迭代算法与收敛判据及理论与数值计算结论与性能分析的实验数据,以及结构参数对表面节流轴承性能影响的研究成果与两种新型表面节流轴承和材料参数与结构形式对多孔质轴承性能的影响。针对静压气体轴承超声速现象和激波存在性问题,介绍轴承超声速场适用的SSTk-ω湍流模式的N-S润滑方程和在此基础上获得的数值计算与理论分析结论及试验验证所取得的研究进展,并探讨静压气体轴承入口处压力突降的现象。     

可控节流参数对液体静压轴承特性的影响研究

节流器是液体静压主轴的核心元件,其节流特性对液体静压主轴的刚度和回转精度具有直接影响。针对现有节流器在主轴工作时节流特性不可控的不足,提出一款预压预调型可控节流器。在分析可控节流器工作原理和节流特性基础上,根据流体润滑理论,建立基于可控节流器的液体静压轴承承载性能的理论模型,研究可控节流器供油压力、弹簧刚度和控制油腔压力等参数对液体静压轴承承载性能的影响规律,并与固定节流液体静压轴承的承载性能进行对比。研究发现,在其他结构参数及工作参数一定的条件下,可控节流器能够显著地提高液体静压轴承的油膜刚度;在不同偏心率条件下,可控节流液体静压轴承的最佳油膜刚度对应的节流参数不同。在开发的液体静压电主轴试验台上进行了试验研究,通过对油腔压力和油膜刚度的理论计算值与试验测量值的对比,证实了可控节流方案的有效性。     

Porous bearings

Much equipment in everyday use, such as small domestic appliances and audio equipment, has porous bearings to support a rotating shaft. The bearings in this type of equipment can only be supplied with lubricant once, during manufacture, so the use of porous bearings is an obvious solution. The porous wall of these bearings functions as a reservoir from which the bearing gap is filled with lubricant. With these bearings, problems are regularly encountered, such as noise, loss of lubricant, premature failure, irregular friction and inaccurate shaft position. In a practical investigation, attempts were made to obtain a better understanding of the causes of these problems and, where possible, to lay down guidelines for restricting or avoiding them. The investigation was concerned exclusively with cylindrical porous bearings, between 2.5 and 5 mm diameter, impregnated with oil having a relatively low viscosity and operating in the mixed lubrication regime     

Investigation of sintered bronze bearings under high-speed conditions

An experimental study has been made of sintered bronze bearings under high speed and light load conditions. The temperature rise, friction coefficient, oil loss rate and wear of the bearings were all measured during the tests at a speed of 69 000 r/min with or without oil supplement and under different loads. Contrary to the theory, the results showed that sintered bronze bearings could operate under hydrodynamic conditions for long periods (more than 4000 hours). The effects of different oils on the performance of the bearings were studied for speeds in the range 5000–50 000 r/min and with a load of 2.34 kgf/cm². The results indicated that the correct selection of oil for porous bearings is very important.     

Steady state solution of finite hydrostatic porous oil journal bearings with tangential velocity slip

A theoretical investigation has been made into the static characteristics of hydrostatic porous oil bearings with tangential velocity slip at the porous interface. A numerical method has been employed to solve the governing differential equations with a wide range of bearing parameters. Slip has been conventionally treated by choosing permeability factors and slip coefficients as independent parameters, and also more realistically by choosing practical values of shaft radius/radial clearance and slip coefficients as independent parameters. The effect of slip, eccentricity ratio, slenderness ratio, speed parameter and anisotropy of permeability on the load carrying capacity, friction coefficient, attitude angle and the oil flow rate has also been investigated. The results are presented in the form of graphs which may be useful for design of such bearings.     

Stability analysis of externally-pressurized gas-lubricated porous bearings with journal rotation Part 1. Cylindrical whirl

Whirl stability (cylindrical) of externally-pressurized gas-lubricated porous journal bearings, considering one-dimensional flow through the porous matrix, is analysed by a first-order perturbation method. The effect of supply pressure, feeding parameter, porosity parameter and length-to-diameter ratio on the stability is also investigated.     

Linear motion carriage with aerostatic bearings preloaded by inclined iron core linear electric motor

A fundamentally precise and simple linear motion axis design is discussed where the attractive force from the linear motor is used to preload a carriage supported by six rigidly attached porous carbon air bearings. The air bearings are assembled by vacuuming the pads to two orthogonal planes, positioning the carriage above the pads, and then injecting epoxy between the bearings and the carriage. Control of flatness tolerances of the bearings and planes permits over-constraint of the carriage by the bearings, which leads to a high degree of accuracy and moment load capacity via elastic averaging. Good dynamic stiffness is also obtained because of large bearing area and squeezed-film damping. The two orthogonal planes represent an accurate and cost effective geometry that can be created to guide linear motion; and by placing the open-face iron-core motor at the desired position and angle with respect to the bearings, preload forces with equal or otherwise desired relative magnitudes are obtained. Because the attractive force is typically 3–5 times the axial force generated by the motor, the system is inherently stable even in the presence of large externally applied moments that might otherwise induce excessive pitch, yaw, or roll errors.     

Optimal design of one-dimensional porous slider bearings using the Brinkman model

On the basis of the Brinkman model, a theoretical study of the optimal load-carrying capacity and friction coefficient for one-dimensional curved porous slider bearings with the gap width varying slowly is presented. The modified Reynolds equation is obtained by applying Brinkman equations to guide oil motion through the porous matrix. By using the technique of calculus of variations, the optimization is performed over a class of step profiles. According to the analysis, the step height ratio and riser location of the optimal geometry are found to depend upon the permeability parameter of the porous matrix. Compared with the inclined-plane bearing case, the stepped porous slider bearing provides an enhancement in the load-carrying capacity as well as a reduction in the friction parameter. An illustrative design example is also included for engineering and industrial applications.     

Squeeze film lubrication of a short porous journal bearing with couple stress fluids

This paper presents the theoretical investigations of the rheological effects of the couple stress fluids on the static and dynamic behaviour of the pure squeeze films in the porous journal bearings. The present study predicts the effects of percolation of the polar additives (microstructures) into the porous matrix on the performance of squeeze films in the porous journal bearings. The most general modified Reynolds-type equation is derived for a porous journal bearing with no journal rotation. The analysis takes into account of the tangential velocity slip at the porous interface by using the BJ-slip condition. The cases of a short porous journal bearing under a constant applied load and that under an alternating load are analyzed. As compared to the Newtonian lubricants, the lubricants which sustain the couple stresses yield an increase in the load carrying capacity. Under a cyclic load the couple stress fluids provide a reduction in the journal velocity and an increase in the minimum permissible height of squeeze films.     

Hybrid journal bearings with particular reference to hole-entry configurations

There is a spectrum of pressure-fed journal bearings ranging from the purely hydrostatic bearing characteristics, ie zero speed operation, to the purely hydrodynamic bearing characteristics which depend completely on speed. Between these two extremes, hybrid bearing characteristics rely on mixed modes of external pressurisation and speed-dependent pressurisation. Large high speed hydrodynamic bearings require the lubricant to be pumped under pressure for temperature control. It is therefore attractive to use this external source of pressure to enhance the start-up performance by reducing wear and improving stability. Hybrid bearings offer the possibility of improving on both the zero-speed characteristics of hydrostatic bearings and on the whole range of speed characteristics of hydrodynamic bearings. It is concluded that hole-entry bearings may be particularly effective when compared with other bearing configurations for good load support and low energy consumption, when used in any of the four modes of operation including: zero-speed hydrostatic mode; high-speed hydrodynamic mode; zero and high-speed hybrid mode; and jacking mode where areas are pressurised for start-up. A modification to the procedure for solving the Reynolds equation is introduced to cope with cavitated regions. The technique presented for solving the bearing pressures and cavitation boundaries is efficient and has relevance to any type of liquid film bearing     

Stability of a rigid rotor in turbulent hybrid porous journal bearings

Stability characteristics of hybrid porous journal bearings with a turbulent fluid film have been investigated theoretically following Constantinescu's turbulent lubrication theory. The stability curves have been drawn for different Re, eccentricity ratios, slenderness ratios and bearing speed parameters. In the absence of any experimental data, laminar flow results obtained by this analysis have been compared and found to be in excellent agreement with the previous results. It is observed that turbulence deteriorates the stability of the rotor and for better performance the value of the bearing feeding parameter, β, should be kept small.