筑坝堆石料三轴剪切特性及变形破坏试验研究

为研究不同围压下筑坝堆石料强度及变形特性,利用室内大型三轴压缩试验机进行试验,分析不同围压下筑坝堆石料应力-应变特性、非线性抗剪强度指标及剪胀性的变化规律,探讨Rowe剪胀方程对筑坝堆石料剪胀变形特性的适用性,并揭示其变形破坏机理。试验结果表明：中低围压下,筑坝堆石料应力-应变曲线呈软化趋势,而高围压下则呈硬化特征。非线性抗剪强度指标随围压的增大而逐渐降低。筑坝堆石料在低围压下先发生剪缩后发生剪胀,中高围压下则发生剪缩,且围压越大,剪缩特征越明显。Rowe剪胀方程可适用于表征筑坝堆石料的剪胀变形特性。高围压下引起的颗粒破碎现象是影响筑坝堆石料变形破坏的重要因素,颗粒破碎率越大,剪胀率越小。     

堆石料的临界状态探讨

高应力水平时堆石料的颗粒破碎对其强度和变形机理有重要影响。基于临界状态的土力学理论对重塑土的应力-应变关系的描述较为成功，但是目前颗粒破碎对堆石料临界状态的影响及其数学描述鲜有研究。为此，对堆石料进行了固结应力从400kPa到4MPa的18组固结排水和固结不排水常规三轴压缩试验，及6组等向压缩试验。结果表明：（1）围压低时颗粒破碎轻微，固结排水时试样剪胀，固结不排水时孔压先增加后稍有降低；围压高时颗粒破碎严重，固结排水时试样剪缩，固结不排水时孔压也是先增加后降低；等向压缩时随着平均有效应力增加颗粒逐渐破碎，但不明显；（2）不同的固结应力时，在排水条件和不排水条件下试样都趋于临界状态；（3）堆石料的临界状态在q-p′平面和e-lgp′平面均为非线性变化。最后提出了堆石料的临界状态的数学描述并较好地验证了试验结果。     

堆石料的临界状态探讨

高应力水平时堆石料的颗粒破碎对其强度和变形机理有重要影响。为此,本文对堆石料进行了固结应力从400kPa到4MPa的18组固结排水和固结不排水常规三轴压缩试验,及6组等向压缩试验。结果表明:(1)围压低时颗粒破碎轻微,固结排水时试样剪胀,固结不排水时孔压先增加后稍有降低;围压高时颗粒破碎严重,固结排水时试样剪缩,固结不排水时孔压也是先增加后降低;等向压缩时随着平均有效应力增加颗粒逐渐破碎,但不明显;(2)不同的固结应力时,在排水条件和不排水条件下试样都趋于临界状态;(3)堆石料的临界状态在q-p′平面和e-lgp′平面均为非线性变化。最后提出了堆石料的临界状态的数学描述并较好地验证了试验结果。     

基于广义塑性模型的高面板堆石坝应力变形数值模拟

基于大型静力三轴压缩试验、等向压缩和卸载试验,构造了简捷的塑性模量表达式,建立了适用于堆石料的广义塑性本构模型。堆石料的本构模型模拟和三轴压缩试验的对比结果表明:广义塑性模型不仅能反映堆石料在低围压下的剪胀性和高围压下的剪缩性,而且能反映堆石料因颗粒破碎而引起峰值应力比和剪胀应力比的非线性变化特性。此外,有限元静力计算结果表明,坝体水平位移和沉降特性均符合高面板堆石坝的一般变形规律,量值在合理范围内。     

考虑级配影响的堆石料强度与变形特性

利用大型三轴仪选用一种典型堆石料,通过设置4种级配、4种相对密度开展一系列不同围压作用下的大型三轴压缩试验,以研究级配、密度、应力状态等因素对堆石料强度与变形特性的影响。基于以上试验,对比分析不同级配、不同密度、不同围压条件下堆石料的应力变形特性,结果表明:试样颗粒越粗,剪切过程中试样越呈现应变硬化和压缩变形特性,随着颗粒逐渐变细,应变软化和剪胀特性愈加明显;堆石料强度与变形特性不仅与其密实和所处的应力状态有关,而且初始级配对其强度与变形特性有显著影响;堆石料强度包络线符合幂函数关系,并通过分析计算验证了其合理性与正确性。分析结果为进一步研究堆石料的状态相关剪胀理论及状态相关本构模型奠定了基础。     

堆石料强度及变形研究

通过大型三轴剪切试验,研究了广泛应用于众多工程领域的堆石料,在不同围压下和复杂应力状态下的强度和应力一应变关系,得到了所选用堆石料的抗剪强度指标及邓肯张非线性模型的参数值;通过对比不同围压下,试验前后试样的颗粒级配,得到了在试验过程中,堆石料的颗粒破碎度随着囤压的增加而增加,但制样过程中人为导致颗粒破碎的因数也不容忽视.     

密度与应力水平对珊瑚砂颗粒破碎影响试验研究

珊瑚砂在剪切过程中容易发生颗粒破碎,而颗粒破碎与应力水平、初始密度以及应力路径等因素有关。为了研究密度和应力水平对珊瑚砂颗粒破碎的影响,对珊瑚砂进行了三轴压缩试验和侧限压缩试验。文中建立了三轴压缩条件下颗粒相对破碎与围压和试样初始孔隙比之间的定量关系表达式,以及相对破碎与试样平均粒径之间的关系表达式。研究表明,在三轴压缩和侧限压缩条件下,试样的相对破碎均随着应力水平(围压或竖向应力)和试样密度的增大而增大,但两种应力路径下的颗粒破碎程度有显著的不同。     

级配对堆石料颗粒破碎及力学特性的影响

级配是影响堆石料颗粒破碎和力学特性的重要因素。为研究级配对堆石料强度和变形特性的影响,开展了3种堆石料的大型三轴排水剪切试验;同时为分析不同级配堆石料的颗粒破碎特性,对试验前后试样进行了颗分试验。试验结果表明,颗粒破碎率随应力的增大而增大,在同一围压情况下,相比于细颗粒含量高的堆石料,细颗粒含量少的产生的颗粒破碎率要大。随细颗粒含量的增加,强度指标变大,抵御变形能力增强,剪切过程中产生的体积变形小,剪胀更为明显。     

颗粒破碎对砂砾石料强度与变形特性的影响

砂砾石料是土石坝等工程的主要建筑材料,高应力状态下砂砾石料的颗粒破碎效应加剧,会显著影响其强度及变形特性,甚至威胁工程安全。以前坪水库筑坝砂砾石料为例,开展了不同围压、不同相对密度下三轴固结排水试验,分析了砂砾石达到临界状态之后的颗粒破碎规律与强度变形特性。研究表明,砂砾石料的级配在三轴试验前后都能用分形维数较好地描述,且分形维数与围压之间存在显著的线性关系,而与相对密度基本无关。这说明,围压是影响砂砾石料颗粒破碎程度的主要因素,相对密度的影响则可忽略。砂砾石料临界状态偏应力与围压正相关,而与相对密度无关。体积变形则受围压和相对密度的共同影响,围压越小、相对密度越大则体变的剪胀性越显著,反之则剪胀性越弱甚至无剪胀。     

堆石料广义塑性模型对不同应力路径适应性研究

针对同一系列某花岗岩堆石料不同应力路径加载试验,进行了修正广义塑性模型与修正南水模型的应力路径适应性对比研究。研究结果表明:两类模型均可以很好地预测常规三轴加载试验结果;对于等p加载应力路径试验,二者可以很好地预测强度特征,但是预测的体变偏差较大,两类模型均低估了等p试验下堆石料的体缩特性;对于等应力比加载试验,南水模型预测结果优于广义塑性模型,对剪胀(缩)规律预测较好。广义塑性模型预测结果与试验值相差较大, 主要原因在于常规三轴试验下的剪胀方程并不适用于等应力比试验,采用本文建议的修正剪胀方程后,广义塑性模型对等应力比路径试验预测精度明显提高。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。     

Fish assemblage response to recent mitigation of a channelized warmwater stream

Various designs of low‐head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS) to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no modifications; (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation of sills and GCS; (3) a segment upstream of the installations and undergoing channel incision; and (4) an unaltered segment. Although habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and canopy coverage and finer substrates in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING

1. INTRODUCTION Coastal and continental shelf regions are characterized by intensive interaction between wave and current. These regions are of great economic significance to mankind. Therefore, the modeling of wave and current as well as their mutual int…