基于深度混合卷积模型的肺结节检测方法

基于高维肺部计算机断层扫描（CT）图像的肺结节检测是一项极具挑战性的任务。在诸多肺结节检测算法中,深度卷积神经网络（CNN）最引人注目,其中二维（2D） CNN具有预训练模型多、检测效率高等优点,应用非常广泛,但肺结节本质是三维（3D）病灶,2D CNN会不可避免地造成信息损失,从而影响检测精度。3D CNN能充分利用CT图像空间信息,有效提升检测精度,但是3D CNN存在参数多、计算消耗大、过拟合风险高等不足。为了兼顾两者的优势,提出基于深度混合CNN的肺结节检测模型,通过在神经网络模型的浅层部署3D CNN,在模型的深层部署2D CNN,并增加反卷积模块,融合了多层级的图像特征,达到了在不损失检测精度的情况下减少模型参数、增强模型泛化能力,提高检测效率的目的。在LUNA16数据集上的实验结果表明,所提出的模型在平均每次扫描8个假阳性的情况下的敏感度为0.924,优于现有的先进模型。     

基于多尺度多模式图像的肺结节分类对比研究

基于深度卷积神经网络模型,讨论了不同尺度及不同模式肺结节图像对模型分类表现的影响,并提出了一种2D多视图融合的肺图像处理方法,该方法比传统的2D方式能获取更多的肺结节信息,同时又能比3D的方式引入更少的干扰组织。为了验证模型,对LIDC-IDRI和LUNA16数据集进行了预处理,得到了16、25、36三种尺度下2D、3D、2D全视图融合以及2D多视图融合四种不同模式的肺结节图像,然后构建了2D CNN、3D CNN、2D全视图融合卷积神经网络、2D多视图融合卷积神经网络四种模型。利用上述样本对模型进行训练和验证,最终结果表明,2D多视图融合模式下的肺结节图像相对于其他模式图像具有更佳的肺结节分类表现;对比多种尺度图像,小尺度下的分类表现相对更佳。     

基于三维卷积神经网络的肺结节假阳性筛查

从 CT 影像中检测肺结节在肺癌的早期诊断中至关重要,而肺结节假阳性的筛查 是提高肺结节检测准确度的重要一步。为了从大量候选结节中快速准确地区分出真正的肺结节, 设计了一个 3D 卷积神经网络(CNN)筛查肺结节假阳性。提出了网络模型,通过恒等映射和残差 单元来加速模型训练,采用单连接路径重复利用特征并重组新特征。基于该模型的肺结节假阳 性筛查方法,与基于 2D CNN 的方法相比,不仅可以省略数据切片步骤,而且能够充分利用 CT 影像的空间信息; 与其他基于 3D CNN 的方法相比,具有参数量小、模型训练快的优点。该方 法在 LUNA16 数据集中的假阳性筛查中取得了较高的敏感度。     

基于深度卷积神经网络的肺结节检测算法

在传统的肺结节检测算法中，存在检测敏感度低，假阳性数量大的问题。针对这一问题，提出了基于深度卷积神经网络（CNN）的肺结节检测算法。首先，有目的性地简化传统的全卷积分割网络；然后，创新地加入对部分CNN层的深监督并使用改进的加权损失函数，获得高质量的候选肺结节，保证高敏感度；其次，设计了基于多尺度上下文信息的三维深度CNN来增强对图像的特征提取；最后，将训练得到的融合分类模型用于候选结节分类，以达到降低假阳率的目的。所提算法使用了LUNA16数据集，并通过对比实验验证算法的性能。在检测阶段，当每个CT检测出的候选结节数为50.2时，获得的敏感度为94.3%，与传统的全卷积分割网络相比提升了4.2个百分点；在分类阶段，竞争性能指标达到0.874。实验结果表明，所提算法能够有效提高检测敏感度和降低假阳率。     

肺结节智能检测和三维可视化系统设计与实现

为了提高肺部疾病识别效率,减少肺结节漏诊率,设计了一套肺结节智能检测和三维可视化系统。方法：构建了一个基于RESNET的深度多通道三维卷积神经网络,根据LUNA16公开数据集的888例患者图像,选择权重参数为α=0.5,γ=2的Focal loss损失函数进行训练,在CT图像上对可疑的肺结节进行检测,采用光线投射算法对检测出的结节区域进行体绘制三维重建。结果：经实验测试,该网络与单通道网络和特征金字塔网络（Feature Pyramid network, FPN）相比,准确度最高,为84.8%,系统能够在230s内自动检测肺结节并完成三维重建,对于分辨率1mm/pixel的CT图像灵敏度在98%以上,用户可在浏览器上查看结节检测结果和三维重建模型。结论：该系统突破了终端设备和地域限制,能够为肺部疾病提供辅助诊断,提高诊断效率。     

基于特征金字塔网络的肺结节检测

针对计算机断层扫描（CT）影像中肺结节尺寸变化较大、尺寸小且不规则等特点导致的检测敏感度较低的问题，提出了基于特征金字塔网络（FPN）的肺结节检测方法。首先，利用FPN提取结节的多尺度特征，并强化小目标及目标边界细节的特征；其次，在FPN的基础上设计语义分割网络（名为掩模特征金字塔网络（Mask FPN））用于快速准确地分割提取肺实质，作为目标候选区域定位图像；并且，在FPN顶层添加反卷积层，采用多尺度预测策略改进快速区域卷积神经网络（Faster R-CNN）以提高检测性能；最后，针对肺结节数据集的正负样本不平衡问题，在区域候选网络（RPN）模块采用焦点损失函数以提高结节的检出率。所提方法在公开数据集LUNA16上进行实验，结果表明，利用FPN和反卷积层改进的新网络对结节检测效果有一定的帮助，采用焦点损失函数也有一定效果。综合多种改进，当平均每个扫描件的候选结节数为46.7时，所提方法的肺结节检测敏感度指标为95.7%，与其他卷积神经网络方法如Faster R-CNN、UNet等相比，具有较高的敏感性。所提方法能够较好地提取不同尺度上的结节特征，提高CT图像肺结节检测的敏感度，同时对于较小的结节也能有效检测，能更有效地辅助肺癌的诊断治疗。     

改进卷积神经网络在遥感图像分类中的应用

针对传统卷积神经网络（CNN）稀疏网络结构无法保留全连接网络密集计算的高效性和实验过程中激活函数的经验性选择造成结果不准确或计算量大的问题,提出一种改进卷积神经网络方法对遥感图像进行分类。首先,利用Inception模块的不同尺度卷积核提取图像多尺度特征,然后利用Maxout模型学习隐藏层节点的激活函数,最后通过Softmax方法对图像进行分类。在美国土地使用分类数据集（UCM_LandUse_21）上进行的实验结果表明,在卷积层数相同的情况下,所提方法比传统的CNN方法分类精度提高了约3.66%,比同样也基于多尺度深度卷积神经网络（MS_DCNN）方法分类精度提高了2.11%,比基于低层特征和中层特征的视觉词典等方法分类精度更是提高了10%以上。因此,所提方法具有较高的分类效率,适用于图像分类。     

深度学习在肺结节辅助诊断中的应用

肺癌位居癌症死亡率首位,对其进行早期诊断和治疗可降低肺癌患者的死亡率。深度学习能够自动提取结节特征,并完成肺结节的良恶性及恶性等级分类,因此深度学习方法成为肺癌早期诊断的重要手段。对常用数据集进行介绍,系统阐述了栈式去噪自编码器（SDAE）、深度置信网络（DBN）、生成对抗网络（GAN）、卷积神经网络（CNN）、循环神经网络（RNN）和迁移学习技术在肺结节良恶性分类中的应用,阐述了深度卷积生成对抗网络（DCGAN）、多尺度卷积神经网络（MCNN）、U型网络（U-Net）和集成学习技术在肺结节恶性等级分类中的应用,针对肺结节分类的深度学习方法进行了综合分析,并对未来研究方向进行展望。     

基于多列深度3D卷积神经网络的手势识别

传统2D卷积神经网络对于视频连续帧图像的特征提取容易丢失目标时间轴上的运动信息,导致识别准确度较低。为此,提出一种基于多列深度3D卷积神经网络(3D CNN)的手势识别方法。采用3D卷积核对连续帧图像进行卷积操作,提取目标的时间和空间特征捕捉运动信息。为避免因单组3D CNN特征提取不充分而导致的误分类,训练多组具有较强分类能力的3D CNN结构组成多列深度3D CNN,该结构通过对多组3D CNN的输出结果进行权衡,将权重最大的类别判定为最终的输出结果。实验结果表明,将多列深度3D CNN应用于CHGDs数据集上进行手势识别,识别率达到95.09%,与单组3D CNN及传统2D CNN相比分别提高近7%,20%,对连续图像目标识别具有较好的识别能力。     

融合残差模块的U-Net肺结节检测算法

为解决现有肺结节检测模型精度低、漏诊率和误诊率高等问题,提出融合残差模块的肺结节检测算法.候选结节检测阶段,提出残差U-Net (residual U-Net,RU Net)分割网络,将改进的残差网络(residual network,ResNet)模块与UNet结构融合,提升模型特征提取能力;加入改进的损失函数解决数据类别不均衡问题,提高检测敏感度.假阳性减少阶段,采用三维卷积神经网络(3D CNN)用于候选结节分类,充分获得结节空间信息,达到降低假阳性的目的.实验结果表明,该算法能够准确并高效地分割和检测肺结节.     

基于3D CNN的肺结节假阳性筛查模型

通过肺部CT影像进行肺结节检测是肺癌早期筛查的重要手段,而候选结节的假阳性筛查是结节检测的关键部分.传统的结节检测方法严重依赖先验知识,流程繁琐,性能并不理想.在深度学习中,卷积神经网络可以在通用的学习过程中提取图像的特征.该文以密集神经网络为基础设计了一个三维结节假阳性筛查模型—三维卷积神经网络模型(TDN-CNN)...     

Histogram Matched Chest X-Rays Based Tuberculosis Detection Using CNN

Tuberculosis (TB) is a severe infection that mostly affects the lungs and kills millions of people’s lives every year. Tuberculosis can be diagnosed using chest X-rays (CXR) and data-driven deep learning (DL) approaches. Because of its better automated feature extraction capability, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained on natural images are particularly effective in image categorization. A combination of 3001 normal and 3001 TB CXR images was gathered for this study from different accessible public datasets. Ten different deep CNNs (Resnet50, Resnet101, Resnet152, InceptionV3, VGG16, VGG19, DenseNet121, DenseNet169, DenseNet201, MobileNet) are trained and tested for identifying TB and normal cases. This study presents a deep CNN approach based on histogram matched CXR images that does not require object segmentation of interest, and this coupled methodology of histogram matching with the CXRs improves the accuracy and detection performance of CNN models for TB detection. Furthermore, this research contains two separate experiments that used CXR images with and without histogram matching to classify TB and non-TB CXRs using deep CNNs. It was able to accurately detect TB from CXR images using pre-processing, data augmentation, and deep CNN models. Without histogram matching the best accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision and F1-score in the detection of TB using CXR images among ten models are 99.25%, 99.48%, 99.52%, 99.48% and 99.22% respectively. With histogram matching the best accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision and F1-score are 99.58%, 99.82%, 99.67%, 99.65% and 99.56% respectively. The proposed methodology, which has cutting-edge performance, will be useful in computer-assisted TB diagnosis and aids in minimizing irregularities in TB detection in developing countries.     

Tripartite-structure transformer for hyperspectral image classification

Hyperspectral images contain rich spatial and spectral information, which provides a strong basis for distinguishing different land-cover objects. Therefore, hyperspectral image (HSI) classification has been a hot research topic. With the advent of deep learning, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become a popular method for hyperspectral image classification. However, convolutional neural network (CNN) has strong local feature extraction ability but cannot deal with long-distance dependence well. Vision Transformer (ViT) is a recent development that can address this limitation, but it is not effective in extracting local features and has low computational efficiency. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a hybrid classification network that combines the strengths of both CNN and ViT, names Spatial-Spectral Former(SSF). The shallow layer employs 3D convolution to extract local features and reduce data dimensions. The deep layer employs a spectral-spatial transformer module for global feature extraction and information enhancement in spectral and spatial dimensions. Our proposed model achieves promising results on widely used public HSI datasets compared to other deep learning methods, including CNN, ViT, and hybrid models.     

1D convolutional neural networks for chart pattern classification in financial time series

This paper proposes a novel deep learning-based approach for financial chart patterns classification. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have made notable achievements in image recognition and computer vision applications. These networks are usually based on two-dimensional convolutional neural networks (2D CNNs). In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D CNNs) for the classification of chart patterns from financial time series. The proposed 1D CNN model is compared against support vector machine, extreme learning machine, long short-term memory, rule-based and dynamic time warping. Experimental results on synthetic datasets reveal that the accuracy of 1D CNN is highest among all the methods evaluated. Results on real datasets also reveal that chart patterns identified by 1D CNN are also the most recognized instances when they are compared to those classified by other methods.

     

CT影像肺结节分割研究进展

准确分割肺结节在临床上具有重要意义。计算机断层扫描（computer tomography,CT）技术以其成像速度快、图像分辨率高等优点广泛应用于肺结节分割及功能评价中。为了进一步对肺部CT影像中的肺结节分割方法进行探索,本文对基于CT影像的肺结节分割方法研究进行综述。1）对传统的肺结节分割方法及其优缺点进行了归纳比较;2）重点介绍了包括深度学习、深度学习与传统方法相结合在内的肺结节分割方法;3）简单介绍了肺结节分割方法的常用评价指标,并结合部分方法的指标表现展望了肺结节分割方法研究领域的未来发展趋势。传统的肺结节分割方法各有优缺点和其适用的结节类型,深度学习分割方法因普适性好等优点成为该领域的研究热点。研究者们致力于如何提高分割结果的准确度、模型的鲁棒性及方法的普适性,为了实现此目的本文总结了各类方法的优缺点。基于CT影像的肺结节分割方法研究已经取得了不小的成就,但肺结节形状各异、密度不均匀,且部分结节与血管、胸膜等解剖结构粘连,给结节分割增加了困难,结节分割效果仍有很大提升空间。精度高、速度快的深度学习分割方法将会是研究者密切关注的方法,但该类方法仍需解决数据需求量大和网络模型超参数的确定等问题。     

Surface defect detection of voltage-dependent resistors using convolutional neural networks

Surface defect detection is an important way to improve the production quality of voltage-dependent resistors (VDRs). To improve the accuracy and efficiency of VDR surface quality detection, an end-to-end surface quality detection method based on deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) was proposed. The method includes four stages: data preparation, convolution neural network design, CNN training, and testing. First, images of VDRs were acquired from three perspectives, i.e., the front, back, and side, and then training, validation and testing sets were obtained. Second, the proposed CNN models for VDR surface defect detection were constructed. Third, during the training stage, the images with class labels from the established training sets were input to the proposed network for training and validation. Finally, in the testing stage, test images from a total of 408 samples of two VDR models were used to test the trained network. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision and F measure of the proposed algorithm were compared with those of state-of-the-art methods, and the experimental results showed that the proposed method has a high recognition speed and accuracy and meets the requirements of online real-time detection.