基于伪逆的导轨机械臂关节速度纠偏运动规划方案

针对导轨机械臂在任务执行过程中出现的关节速度偏离期望值的问题,提出了一种基于伪逆算法的导轨机械臂关节速度纠偏运动规划方案。首先,根据机械臂的关节角状态和末端执行器的运动状态,运用伪逆算法对导轨机械臂在速度层上进行冗余度解析。然后,设计时变函数对关节速度进行约束调整,使偏离后的关节速度收敛于期望值。接着,针对末端执行器出现的位置误差设计了误差修正方法以保证轨迹跟踪任务的顺利执行。最后,将运动规划方案在Matlab软件上以基座直线移动和弧形移动的四连杆冗余度机械臂为例进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明了该方案能纠正导轨机械臂在任务执行过程中偏离期望值的关节速度,且能使末端执行器的轨迹跟踪达到较高的精度。     

冗余度机械臂零初始加速度运动规划方案研究

针对冗余度机械臂加速度非零初始值的情况,探讨了一种基于伪逆的加速度层优化控制方案。利用约束函数以使关节从零初始加速度开始运动,并引入关节速度/位置的反馈信息,采用速度/位置误差补偿方法改善运动学方程。通过上述方案对机械臂进行优化控制,可及时减小末端执行器的速度误差和位置误差,从而保证轨迹跟踪的精度。利用MATLAB软件对平面三连杆机械臂跟踪圆形和星形轨迹进行了实验。实验表明末端执行器位置误差在5s内达到10-6 m精度,机械臂能顺利完成跟踪任务。     

基于三步法的机械臂轨迹跟踪控制

考虑机械臂末端轨迹跟踪控制问题,以跟踪逆运动学求解出的末端期望轨迹对应的各关节期望角度为控制目标.设计了一种基于三步法的控制器,该控制器由类稳态控制、可变参考前馈控制和误差反馈控制3部分组成.证明了该控制器可以通过控制机械臂的各关节力矩实现各关节实际角度对期望角度的状态跟踪,进而使得末端轨迹渐近跟踪期望轨迹,并且跟踪误差是输入到状态稳定的.仿真表明基于三步法控制器的空间机械臂末端可以渐近跟踪期望轨迹,并且该算法可以克服系统的末端负载质量变化等不确定性的影响.     

基于BP神经网络的排爆机械臂逆运动学分析

机械臂逆运动学是已知末端执行器的位姿求解机械臂各关节变量,主要用于机械臂末端执行器的精确定位和轨迹规划,如何高效的求解机械臂运动学逆解是机械臂轨迹控制的难点;针对传统的机械臂逆运动学求解方法复杂且存在多解等问题,提出一种基于BP神经网络的机械臂逆运动学求解方法;以四自由度机械臂为研究对象,对其运动学原理进行分析,建立BP神经网络模型并对神经网络算法进行改进,最后使用MATLAB进行仿真验证;仿真结果表明:使用BP神经网络模型求解机械臂逆运动学问题设计过程简单,求解精度较高,一定程度上避免了传统方法的不足,是一种可行的机械臂逆运动学求解方法。     

基于力/位混合算法的7自由度机械臂精细操控方法

为了使冗余机械臂在具有良好的自治性和灵活性的同时保证末端的执行精度,提出一种基于力/位混合控制的冗余机械臂精细控制方法.通过建立准确的运动学模型,分析机械臂系统的运动特性,利用固定角度与梯度下降相结合的方法求动力学逆解.在对机械臂的力/位混合控制律建模的基础上,利用位置控制和力控制对机械臂末端的运动轨迹进行规划.针对受环境约束的机械臂的控制问题,提出冗余自由度机械臂的适从坐标系建立方法,使得末端执行器能够在任意曲面完成作业任务.在仿真分析和实验中,令机械臂末端跟随任意设定的曲线轨迹到达给定点.通过多次测量得出,力精度误差小于2%,并且在保证作用力方向精确的条件下,机械臂末端轨迹的偏离值小于5%.结果表明,所设计的力/位混合控制方法对7自由度机械臂控制精度效果良好.     

GAMMA300型七自由度机械臂运动学仿真

针对机械臂的运动学问题以及运动路径的设计问题,以冗余度为1的美国ROBAI公司生产的7自由度冗余机械臂GAMMA300为具体研究对象,对七自由度机械臂进行运动学建模与仿真.利用Robotics Toolbox机器人工具箱编写该机械手的运动学程序.通过仿真实现了预定目标,验证了设计参数的正确性和可行性,为机械臂末端执行器的精确定位和轨迹规划提供了理论依据.对于冗余机械臂一般逆运动学封闭解的研究有一定的实用价值.     

一种冗余机械臂的多运动障碍物避障算法

冗余机械臂的避障问题一直是工业机器人应用领域的研究热点之一;为了改进传统避障算法的不足,提出了一种多运动障碍物的避障算法;该算法利用各障碍物的运动状态得到与机械臂之间的最小预测距离,并将其利用雅可比转置矩阵转化为机械臂对应杆件上的躲避速度,再将躲避速度引入梯度投影法中求得机械臂的关节角速度,并通过积分得到避障运动中机械臂的关节角度值,在完成末端轨迹跟踪的同时实现冗余机械臂的实时避障;利用一款七自由度冗余机械臂对该算法进行了仿真验证,结果表明该算法能有效实现冗余机械臂对多运动障碍物的避障。     

基于改进梯度投影算法的十自由度移动机械臂轨迹规划研究

以一款十自由度移动机械臂为研究对象，针对其轨迹规划存在的关节加速度超限等问题，提出一种改进的梯度投影算法，通过极值法求比例因子，在传统的梯度投影算法中，引入可优化度和自运动限制因子，并推导和提出了考虑关节加速度约束的新算法。对照逆解算法和改进梯度投影算法的仿真效果，验证了新算法的有效性，最后将该算法应用在十自由度的移动机械臂上进行了实例运动测试，测试结果满足设计要求，该成果将实际应用在工程项目中。     

基于Kinect的无标定人机交互控制系统设计

手部跟踪主从控制机械臂是一种新型的人机交互方式。利用Kinect传感器骨骼追踪技术处理景深数据获取手部位置,构建手部相对于髋骨中心与末端执行器相对于机械臂基座的运动映射关系,进行主从控制,实现人手与机器臂的实时交互。针对手部抖动消除和异常值处理,提出一种基于位置增量的移动平均轨迹平滑算法。实验结果表明,该系统能够很好完成手部跟踪和主从控制任务,具有较高的实时性和交互性。     

改进末端跟随运动的超冗余蛇形臂机器人运动学逆解

针对超冗余蛇形臂机器人运动学逆解中计算量大、超关节极限和位形偏移量大的问题,提出了一种改进末端跟随运动的逆解算法．在末端跟随法中引入蛇形臂弯曲角度的约束,调整关节位置的更新方式,使关节在蛇形臂轴线上运动．通过依次更新关节的空间位置,将超冗余多节蛇形臂的运动学逆解转化为2自由度单节蛇形臂的运动学逆解．仿真分析了蛇形臂机器人在基座移动和基座固定条件下的轨迹跟踪效果,对比了同一目标位置下不同方法的性能．结果表明,改进后的算法能保证蛇形臂的弯曲角度不超过给定范围,关节的运动量从末端到基座依次减小,机器人的运动更协调;与基于雅可比矩阵的数值法和现有启发式方法相比,该方法运算量降低,机器人整体位形偏移量减小,能用于蛇形臂机器人的实时控制．     

Fault-tolerant motion planning and control of redundant manipulator

One important issue in the motion planning of a kinematic redundant manipulator is fault tolerance. In general, if the motion planner is fault tolerant, the manipulator can achieve the required path of the end-effector even when its joint fails. In this situation, the contribution of the faulty joint to the end-effector is required to be compensated by the healthy joints to maintain the prescribed end-effector trajectory. To achieve this, this paper proposes a fault-tolerant motion planning scheme by adding a simple fault-tolerant equality constraint for the faulty joint. Such a scheme is then unified into a quadratic program (QP), which incorporates joint-physical constraints such as joint limits and joint-velocity limits. In addition, a numerical computing solver based on linear variational inequalities (LVI) is presented for the real-time QP solving. Simulative studies and experimental results based on a six degrees-of-freedom (DOF) redundant robot manipulator with variable joint-velocity limits substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant scheme and its solution.     

空间机器人最优能耗捕获目标的自适应跟踪控制

提出了一种能够引导末端执行器以期望速度跟踪目标的轨迹规划方法。该方法可以实现避障并满足关节限制要求。基于轨迹规划方法,设计了一种利用自由飘浮空间机器人跟踪与捕获章动自旋卫星的自适应控制策略。此外,该控制策略还考虑了最优能耗、测量误差和优化误差。首先,为了使执行器的跟踪误差和机械臂的能耗最小,将空间机器人的控制策略描述为一个关于关节速度、力矩和避障距离的不等式约束优化问题。然后,推导出一个系数为下三角矩阵的显式状态方程,并对目标函数进行解耦和线性化。设计了一种关节速度和力矩分段优化方法去代替传统的凸二次规划方法求解最优问题,这种方法具有较高的计算效率。最后,利用李雅普诺夫稳定性理论验证了所提控制方法的收敛性。     

Path-constrained control of a redundant manipulator in a task space

This study addresses the problem of controlling a redundant manipulator with both state and control dependent constraints. The task of the robot is to follow by the end-effector a prescribed geometric path given in the task space. The control constraints resulting from the physical abilities of robot actuators are also taken into account during the robot movement. Provided that a solution to the aforementioned robot task exists, the Lyapunov stability theory is used to derive the control scheme. The numerical simulation results, carried out for a planar manipulator whose end-effector follows a prescribed geometric path given in a task space, illustrate the trajectory performance of the proposed control scheme.     

Minimum effort factor approach for sensor-based control of a four-joint 6-dof redundant manipulator

A sensor-driven control model and a minimum effort control algorithm in terms of time and energy expended during the execution of a movement strategy are described and validated for a multijointed cooperating robotic manipulator. Considering smooth, human-like (anthropomorphic) movements, using joint motion profiles achievable in real time as well as sensory information from all joints, and evaluating the total work expended by each manipulator joint during the execution of a movement strategy, a minimum effort motion trajectory is synthesized to precisely and efficiently position the robotic arm end-effector. This sensor-based approach significantly reduces the computational requirements for such cooperative motion. The minimum effort control algorithm generates several human-like arm movement strategies and selects the best strategy on the basis of expendable effort. The algorithm has an inherent basis to deal with obstacles in an efficient way. Detailed examples are described from the simulation studies. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Motion Control of a Nonholonomic Mobile Manipulator in Task Space

In this paper, the motion control of a mobile manipulator subjected to nonholonomic constraints is investigated. The control objective is to design a computed‐torque controller based on the coupled dynamics of the mobile manipulator. The proposed controller achieves the capability of simultaneous tracking of a reference velocity for the mobile base and a reference trajectory for the end‐effector. The aforementioned reference velocity and trajectory are defined in the task space, such task setting imitates the actual working conditions of a mobile manipulator and thus makes the control problem practical. To solve this tracking problem, a steering velocity is firstly designed based on the first‐order kinematic model of the nonholonomic mobile base via dynamic feedback linearization. The main merit of the proposed steering velocity design is that it directly utilizes the reference velocity set in the task space without requiring the knowledge of a reference orientation. A torque controller is subsequently developed based on a proposed Lyapunov function which explicitly considers the coupled dynamics of the mobile manipulator to ensure the mobile base and end‐effector track the reference velocity and trajectory respectively. This proposed computed‐torque controller is able to realize asymptotic stability of both the base velocity tracking error and the end‐effector motion tracking error. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.     

Robust trajectories following control of a 2-link robot manipulator via coordinate transformation for manufacturing applications

A common idea concerning trajectory control of robot manipulators is to tackle the motion of the end-effector. According to traditional trajectory designs, a prescribed profile in a work space is first decomposed into independent joint positions such that the success in a contouring task lies with good tracking capability of individual joints. To advance trajectory control precision without relying on high tracking performance, a contour control strategy for a robot manipulator is presented in this paper. Different from the traditional concept of trajectory control, a contour following control strategy is developed via a coordinate transformation scheme. The main advantage of the proposed control architecture is that the final contouring accuracy will not be degraded in case the tracking performance of the robot manipulator is not good enough. Moreover, using a concept of variable structure control theory, a smooth robust control algorithm is realized in the form of proportional control plus an integration term. The robustness of the control algorithm is also demonstrated. A number of experiments are conducted to demonstrate the advantage of the trajectories following control framework and validate the feasibility of the proposed controller.     

Adaptive control of redundant multiple robots in cooperative motion

A redundant robot has more degrees of freedom than what is needed to uniquely position the robot end-effector. In practical applications the extra degrees of freedom increase the orientation and reach of the robot. Also the load carrying capacity of a single robot can be increased by cooperative manipulation of the load by two or more robots. In this paper, we develop an adaptive control scheme for kinematically redundant multiple robots in cooperative motion.In a usual robotic task, only the end-effector position trajectory is specified. The joint position trajectory will therefore be unknown for a redundant multi-robot system and it must be selected from a self-motion manifold for a specified end-effector or load motion. In this paper, it is shown that the adaptive control of cooperative multiple redundant robots can be addressed as a reference velocity tracking problem in the joint space. A stable adaptive velocity control law is derived. This controller ensures the bounded estimation of the unknown dynamic parameters of the robots and the load, the exponential convergence to zero of the velocity tracking errors, and the boundedness of the internal forces. The individual robot joint motions are shown to be stable by decomposing the joint coordinates into two variables, one which is homeomorphic to the load coordinates, the other to the coordinates of the self-motion manifold. The dynamics on the self-motion manifold are directly shown to be related to the concept of zero-dynamics. It is shown that if the reference joint trajectory is selected to optimize a certain type of objective functions, then stable dynamics on the self-motion manifold result. The overall stability of the joint positions is established from the stability of two cascaded dynamic systems involving the two decomposed coordinates.     

Position referenced force augmentation in teleoperated hydraulic manipulators operating under delayed and lossy networks: A pilot study

Position error between motions of the master and slave end-effectors is inevitable as it originates from hard-to-avoid imperfections in controller design and model uncertainty. Moreover, when a slave manipulator is controlled through a delayed and lossy communication channel, the error between the desired motion originating from the master device and the actual movement of the slave manipulator end-effector is further exacerbated. This paper introduces a force feedback scheme to alleviate this problem by simply guiding the operator to slow down the haptic device motion and, in turn, allows the slave manipulator to follow the desired trajectory closely. Using this scheme, the master haptic device generates a force, which is proportional to the position error at the slave end-effector, and opposite to the operator’s intended motion at the master site. Indeed, this force is a signal or cue to the operator for reducing the hand speed when position error, due to delayed and lossy network, appears at the slave site. Effectiveness of the proposed scheme is validated by performing experiments on a hydraulic telemanipulator setup developed for performing live-line maintenance. Experiments are conducted when the system operates under both dedicated and wireless networks. Results show that the scheme performs well in reducing the position error between the haptic device and the slave end-effector. Specifically, by utilizing the proposed force, the mean position error, for the case presented here, reduces by at least 92% as compared to the condition without the proposed force augmentation scheme. The scheme is easy to implement, as the only required on-line measurement is the angular displacement of the slave manipulator joints.