基于软阈值和小波模极大值重构的信号降噪

软阈值小波降噪是一种常用的非平稳信号特征提取方法.为了改进软阈值小波降噪法的性能,提出一种基于软阈值和二进小波变换模极大值的新小波降噪方法.首先,对信号进行二进小波变换,再对小波系数进行软阈值处理;然后,选择由信号产生的小波系数模极大值点;最后,用交替投影算法重建信号.理论分析表明,该方法能有效地降低软阈值小波降噪法的误差下界.仿真试验表明,该方法提高了降噪结果的信噪比,且较好地保留了信号中的奇异性.将该方法和二进小波变换软阈值降噪法结合起来,应用于滚动轴承故障振动信号降噪.结果表明,该方法能有效地提取到信号中的冲击特征.     

FAULT DIAGNOSIS APPROACH FOR ROLLER BEARINGS BASED ON EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION METHOD AND HILBERT TRANSFORM

Based upon empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method and Hilbert spectrum, a method for fault diagnosis of roller bearing is proposed. The orthogonal wavelet bases are used to translate vibration signals of a roller bearing into time-scale representation, then, an envelope signal can be obtained by envelope spectrum analysis of wavelet coefficients of high scales. By applying EMD method and Hilbert transform to the envelope signal, we can get the local Hilbert marginal spectrum from which the faults in a roller bearing can be diagnosed and fault patterns can be identified. Practical vibration signals measured from roller bearings with out-race faults or inner-race faults are analyzed by the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method is superior to the traditional envelope spectrum method in extracting the fault characteristics of roller bearings.     

Hilbert-Huang变换在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用

提出了一种新的滚动轴承故障诊断方法——基于小波系数包络信号的局部Hilbert边际谱方法，在Hilbert—Huang变换的基础上介绍了局部Hilbert谱和局部Hilbert边际谱，并将它应用于滚动轴承的故障诊断中。用小波基将滚动轴承故障振动信号分解，对高频段的小波系数用Hilbert进行包络分析得到包络信号，再对包络信号进行Hilbert—Huang变换求出局部Hilbert边际谱，从局部Hilbert边际谱中就可以判断滚动轴承的故障部位和类型。通过对滚动轴承具有外圈缺陷、内圈缺陷的情况下的振动信号的分析，说明该方法比传统的包络分析方法更能有效地提取滚动轴承故障特征。     

滚动轴承早期冲击性故障特征提取的综合算法研究

针对滚动轴承早期微弱冲击性故障信号特征难以提取的问题,提出了共振解调结合小波包系数熵阈值降噪的综合算法,用于准确确定并提取早期微弱冲击性故障引起的共振调制边频带。该算法应用时延相关和小波包系数熵阈值算法实现信号的双重降噪,并依据共振带能量比确定小波包分解的最佳分解尺度和选取熵阈值的最佳阈值,寻求共振带的最优解,然后进行共振解调提取故障信号特征。实验数据分析结果表明了该算法对滚动轴承早期冲击性故障提取的可行性和有效性。     

Enhancing Weak Defect Features Using Undecimated and Adaptive Wavelet Transform for Estimation of Roller Defect Size in a Bearing

Defects in bearings affect the vibration level, resulting in and increase in temperature and decomposition of lubricant. Estimation of roller defect size is a complex task because it revolves as well as rotates during the motion. Signals from a defective roller of a bearing are superimposed by the signal from races, cage, and background noise. In this communication, a signal processing scheme is proposed that makes the signal suitable for estimating the size of the defect in the rolling element of a tapered roller bearing. To achieve this, in the first stage of processing, shift-invariant soft thresholding is applied to denoise the signal. It suppresses the noise without affecting defect-related features. Further, in the second stage of processing, continuous wavelet transform (CWT) using adaptive wavelet is applied. The adaptive wavelet is designed from the impulse extracted from the signal using the least squares fitting method. It results in higher coefficients in the region of impulse produced due to the defect. Finally, time marginal integration (TMI) of CWT coefficients is carried out for estimation of defect width. A study was performed for six different cases in which the size of the defect and orientation varies. Results of measurements of roller defect widths estimated using the proposed scheme were compared with defect widths calculated using image examination. For the nonoverlapping signature of defects (such as defects at 0° and 90° orientations), the maximum deviation in the width measurement using the proposed scheme is 6.52%. The error may increase when signature of two defects are overlapped.     

Multiwavelet denoising with improved neighboring coefficients for application on rolling bearing fault diagnosis

The characteristic signal of a rolling bearing with a defect acts as a series of periodic impulses. These features are usually immersed in heavy noise and then difficult to extract. It is feasible to make the features distinct through wavelet denoising. Scalar wavelet thresholding has been used to extract features. However, scalar wavelet might not extract the feature available due to its limitation in some important properties, and conventional term-by-term thresholding does not consider the effect of neighboring coefficients. Since multiwavelets have been formulated recently and they might offer good properties in signal processing, a novel denoising method — multiwavelet denoising with improved neighboring coefficients (neighboring coefficients dependent on level, DLNeighCoeff for short) — is proposed in this article. The method proposed is applied to a simulated signal and fault diagnosis of locomotive rolling bearings, obtaining performance superior to conventional methods.     

基于脉冲耦合神经网络模型的小波自适应斑点噪声滤除算法

分析了维纳滤波原理和脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN)模型的特点,根据斑点噪声统计模型的特征,结合小波变换方法,提出了一种基于PCNN模型的小波自适应斑点噪声滤除算法(W-PCNN-WD)来改善超声图像质量.首先,对超声图像进行对数变换,使斑点噪声转换为加性噪声;对医学图像进行维纳滤波处理,计算其加性噪声的标准方差,并以此作为小波阈值.然后,利用小波变换对图像进行预处理,利用PCNN在小波域中对小波系数进行相应的修正.最后,进行小波逆变换和指数变换,获得滤除噪声的图像.结果表明:本文提出的滤波方法优于其他滤波方法,当噪声方差为0.01时,本文滤波算法获得的峰值信噪比(PSNR)比经Wiener滤波方法获得的高出9 dB.该滤波方法能在有效去除超声斑点噪声的基础上保留图像的边缘细节信息,极大地改善了图像的视觉质量.     

Enhancement of signal denoising and multiple fault signatures detecting in rotating machinery using dual-tree complex wavelet transform

In order to enhance the desired features related to some special type of machine fault, a technique based on the dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT) is proposed in this paper. It is demonstrated that DTCWT enjoys better shift invariance and reduced spectral aliasing than second-generation wavelet transform (SGWT) and empirical mode decomposition by means of numerical simulations. These advantages of the DTCWT arise from the relationship between the two dual-tree wavelet basis functions, instead of the matching of the used single wavelet basis function to the signal being analyzed. Since noise inevitably exists in the measured signals, an enhanced vibration signals denoising algorithm incorporating DTCWT with NeighCoeff shrinkage is also developed. Denoising results of vibration signals resulting from a crack gear indicate the proposed denoising method can effectively remove noise and retain the valuable information as much as possible compared to those DWT- and SGWT-based NeighCoeff shrinkage denoising methods. As is well known, excavation of comprehensive signatures embedded in the vibration signals is of practical importance to clearly clarify the roots of the fault, especially the combined faults. In the case of multiple features detection, diagnosis results of rolling element bearings with combined faults and an actual industrial equipment confirm that the proposed DTCWT-based method is a powerful and versatile tool and consistently outperforms SGWT and fast kurtogram, which are widely used recently. Moreover, it must be noted, the proposed method is completely suitable for on-line surveillance and diagnosis due to its good robustness and efficient algorithm.     

小波域局部Laplace模型降噪算法及其在机械故障诊断中应用

提出一种基于小波域局部拉普拉斯模型的降噪算法。并将其成功应用于机械故障诊断中。降噪算法利用复小波变换幅值和相位的组合信息对信号奇异点具有更好的敏感特性,对各尺度上信号奇异点予以精确定位;根据各尺度上奇异点位置和一定宽度的邻域窗,将实小波分解的各尺度上小波系数分为两类：有效系数和无效系数。将奇异点邻域窗之外的无效系数直接置零;而对邻域窗内有效系数的统计分布进行拉普拉斯建模。在先验分布的基础上,运用最大后验概率估计从含噪小波系数中估计出真实信号的小波系数。利用信号小波系数的估计值来重构信号,便得到降噪信号。通过仿真试验和汽车驱动桥主减速器故障诊断实例分别对此算法进行分析和验证,结果表明,该算法均具有良好的降噪效果,可以有效地对主减速器中齿轮故障信号进行降噪。     

过完备有理小波变换在轴承故障诊断中的应用

利用过完备有理离散小波变换的滤波器特性和近似平移不变性,提出了一种按一定规则对3路高频小波分量进行拼接,以获得具有更高时间分辨率小波分量信号的方法.仿真结果表明,该方法消除了小波分解中下采样对信号分析的影响,较好地克服了频率混叠现象.在此基础上,提出了一种基于过完备有理离散小波变换的故障诊断方法,并将其应用于滚动轴承早期故障诊断.与二进离散小波变换的比较试验结果表明,有理离散小波变换能更有效地提取出滚动轴承的早期故障特征.     

Precise measurement of defect width in tapered roller bearing using vibration signal

The present experimental investigation is focused on establishing a robust signal processing technique to measure the width of the defect present on the outer or inner race of a tapered roller bearing. An experiment has been designed with roller bearings having various widths of seeded faults, on outer and inner races, respectively. The corresponding vibration signals have been investigated with the proposed method. This method initially denoises the vibration signal using un-decimated wavelet transform. The approximation signal has been shown to be effective for further time–frequency analysis using continuous wavelet transform (CWT). It is not only difficult but ambiguous as well to detect the entry and the exit points of the defect. The ambiguity gets reduced by using Symlet wavelet due to its linear phase nature which maintains sharpness in the signal even when there is a sudden change in signal. In the first phase of the measurement, the scalogram generated from CWT is used to measure the time duration that the roller takes to roll over the defect. However, measurement process is dramatically enhanced with the proposed ridge spectrum, which is generated from the CWT scalogram. The vertical strips drawn on the ridge spectrum corroborates well with defect width. Summarizing, the proposed method can be reckoned suitable and reliable in measuring bearing defect width in real-time from vibration signal.     

基于小波包变换与样本熵的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承振动信号的不规则性和复杂性可以反映轴承故障的发生和发展,提出一种基于小波包变换与样本熵的轴承故障诊断方法。样本熵可以较少地依赖时间序列的长度,将轴承振动信号进行3层小波包分解,利用分解得到的各个频带的样本熵值作为特征向量,利用支持向量机对轴承故障进行分类。对轴承内圈故障、滚动体故障和外圈故障3种故障及不同损伤程度的实测数据进行实验,结果表明该方法取得较高的识别率,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

Selective noise filtration of image signals using wavelet transform

This paper examines the technique of denoising and signal extraction using wavelet transform scale space decomposition. The noisy signal is decomposed into multiple scales by the dyadic wavelet transform. At a given position, the level of correlation is used to deduce the presence or absence of significant feature of signals or images, which is then passed through the filter. By comparing the correlation information of the data at that scale with those at larger scales, noise is preferentially removed from the data. In the wavelet transform domain, the desired features are identified and retained because they are strongly correlated across scales compared to noise. This denoising algorithm can be used to reduce noise to a high degree of accuracy, while preserving most of the important features of the signal. In this paper, this technique of scale space filtering is applied to sample signals and images. Representative results are presented which shows that considerable noise content in signals and images can be reduced while preserving the value of the desired signal.     

基于小波变换技术的发动机异响故障诊断

针对发动机异响故障信号呈非平稳时变特征并伴随有强烈的背景噪声,提出一种基于小波细节系数自相关性分析的分层阈值降噪法,该方法对信号进行离散小波变换,将信号分解为近似系数和细节系数,求出各层细节系数的自相关序列,根据序列是否呈白噪声自相关特性确定该层阈值。信号经过分层阈值降噪后,再进行连续小波变换,画出时频图,结合时域特征和频域特征确定故障类别。试验研究首先以模拟的信号模型为例,再针对实际的活塞敲缸响和曲轴轴承响两种常见异响故障进行比较分析,结果表明,分层阈值降噪法可以提高信噪比,恢复较高频率的有用信号,小波时频图可以清晰地呈现故障信号的时域和频域特征,为诊断提供一种切实可行的策略。     

听觉诱发电位信号的小波消噪方法研究

本文对听觉诱发电位(auditory brainstem response,ABR)的信号消噪方法进行研究,采用Daubechies5(DB5)小波分析方法进行去噪处理。首先在MATLAB中对信号进行频谱分析,然后再利用小波工具箱找到DB5是适合于分析ABR信号的最优小波基,结合频谱分析结果提出小波系数的选取算法。研究表明选用DB5小波对测量信号进行变换处理,该分析方法不仅大大减少了叠加次数,同时也得到了更好的去噪效果。最后,在程序中实现了上述小波消噪算法,并依照临床感兴趣的Ⅰ-Ⅴ五波的波间潜伏期设计出波形评估程序,从而进一步证实了上述理论的可靠性。     

基于改进小波阈值的激光陀螺漂移信号降噪

针对固定阈值法对激光陀螺漂移信号去除噪声会出现"过扼杀"小波系数的现象,提出一种称为E-median的小波阈值.信号进行平稳小波变换,计算各尺度高频小波系数的E-median阈值,采用软阈值法修正高频小波系数,通过平稳小波逆变换重构信号.对激光陀螺漂移仿真信号和实测信号去除噪声,该阈值均能保留原信号的特征并有效去除噪声...     

基于小波变换的滚动轴承内圈故障诊断

利用小波变换将滚动轴承故障振动加速度信号分解到不同尺度,对包含有故障特征频率的小波系数进行Hirbert变换解调,最后对解调后的信号进行频谱分析获取轴承故障特征信息.实例分析表明,利用小波变换进行滚动轴承内圈故障诊断具有良好的诊断效果.     

基于小波分析的FastICA联合降噪方法在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用研究

采用小波分析方法进行振动信号降噪存在选取参数依靠经验的问题,采用独立分量分析（ICA）方法进行振动信号降噪存在欠定问题,为了避免小波降噪以及ICA方法单独使用的缺点,提出了将小波降噪分析和基于负熵的FastICA独立分量分析相结合来处理滚动轴承含噪振动信号的方法。首先对原始信号进行小波降噪处理,然后将处理后的信号与原始信号组成FastICA的输入矩阵,进行FastICA降噪处理,最后利用滚动轴承振动信号对该方法进行有效性验证。实验分析表明：该方法增大了振动信号的峭度值,达到了滚动轴承振动信号降噪的目的。     

Wheel-bearing fault diagnosis of trains using empirical wavelet transform

Rolling bearings are used widely as wheel bearing in trains. Fault detection of the wheel-bearing is of great significance to maintain the safety and comfort of train. Vibration signal analysis is the most popular technique that is used for rolling element bearing monitoring, however, the application of vibration signal analysis for wheel bearings is quite limited in practice. In this paper, a novel method called empirical wavelet transform (EWT) is used for the vibration signal analysis and fault diagnosis of wheel-bearing. The EWT method combines the classic wavelet with the empirical mode decomposition, which is suitable for the non-stationary vibration signals. The effectiveness of the method is validated using both simulated signals and the real wheel-bearing vibration signals. The results show that the EWT provides a good performance in the detection of outer race fault, roller fault, and the compound fault of outer race and roller.     

基于小波熵的微弱磁异常信号降噪处理

针对地下磁性掩埋物检测时,磁异常信号信噪比低的问题,提出基于小波熵的微弱磁异常信号降噪方法。小波变换对弱磁异常信号进行提取的关键在于确定小波系数的阈值。为此,引入反映信号能量分布特性的小波熵概念和一个调节因子,最终确定阈值,利用软阈值方法处理高频系数。通过计算机仿真对算法进行了检验。结果表明:该算法可以有效地提高信噪比,还原原始信号。