高锰钢精密超精密镜面加工技术及试验研究

目的 利用ELID磨削技术对ZGMn13Cr2高锰钢进行精密超精密镜面磨削加工试验研究,解决其加工性能差的问题,以提升表面质量,采用二次回归通用旋转设计试验,探究不同试验因素对ZGMn13Cr2高锰钢加工表面质量的影响规律,并对各因素工艺参数进行优化。方法 对MSG-612 CNC超精密成型平面磨床进行ELID磨削工艺模块化改造后,采用240#、W10粒度的金属结合剂金刚石砂轮对直径f50 mm、厚度10 mm的样件进行ELID磨削加工,对比两种粒度砂轮的加工效果。应用二次回归通用旋转设计进行工艺试验,搭建表面粗糙度二次回归数学模型,探究不同试验因素对工件表面质量的影响程度,使用判定系数R2检验二次回归模型对实际情况的拟合程度。最后,由lingo软件对二次回归数学模型进行优化,得出ZGMn13Cr2高锰钢ELID磨削各试验因素工艺参数的最佳组合。结果 经W10金属结合剂金刚石砂轮加工后,样件获得较高精度的镜面效果,两种粒度所加工的样件表面均无烧伤。判定系数R2检验二次回归模型对实际情况的拟合度为99.24%,模型的预测结果对实际加工有指导意义。优化得出的最佳工艺参数组合为：砂轮线速度35 m/s,电解电压90 V,砂轮进给量2 μm,电解间隙0.734 mm。结论 ELID精密超精密镜面磨削加工技术可大幅提高ZGMn13Cr2高锰钢的加工效率和加工精度,减少工件表面烧伤,在高锰钢磨削加工方面具有良好的应用价值。     

机床磁悬浮主轴的变结构控制——Backstepping方法

本文基于机床磁悬浮主轴的非线性模型,采用反演设计的方法,提出了一种非线性的控制策略,电磁机械系统的反演变结构控制。在对主轴转子位置、速度及电流进行测量的基础上,控制器解决了主动磁主轴控制中存在的非匹配不确定性问题,实现了鲁棒镇定,仿真实例证明了控制器的有效性     

High speed servo control of multi-axis machine tools

Advances in high-speed machining technology, including those in spindle speeds and cutters, are out-pacing advances in the servo control performance of machine tools. To close this gap, new machine tools and improved controls must be developed. Improvements to machine tools under development include special-purpose machine tools, the use of advanced materials, the replacement of ball screws and ways with linear motors and roller guides, and the use of parallel link actuators. This paper focuses on the control issues that will become increasingly important as these high-speed machining and high-speed machine tool advances are realized.The main issues in high-speed servo control are feed rate planning, and servo loop control laws. A method is developed in this paper which takes advantage of the full performance envelope of each axis in an arbitrary path. This near-complete usage of the servo capabilities of a machine tool results in reduced cycle time or reduced path error. A servo loop control law is then developed that uses the axis performance envelope as well as instantaneous position, velocity, and acceleration information of the target path and machine axis to improve servo performance in the presence of disturbances.     

Design process for adaptronic machine tools

A consistent goal in machine tool construction is to enhance the accuracy while increasing productivity. These two design parameters are negatively coupled. Increasing the machine dynamic is realized by increasing the engine power or with a lightweight design. As the engine power grows, so do the forces generated, which then lead to static deformations and excite the structure, leading to vibrations. Within the scope of this paper, the adaptronic framework has been adapted to machine tools. The development of such an adaptronic machine tool is no trivial task, as it requires an extensive knowledge overhead across a number of different scientific fields. Though these fields are interrelated, a methodical approach which takes advantage of a standard component is presented. This approach allows the interdisciplinary knowledge barriers to be overcome.     

Linear-rotary direct drive for multi-functional machine tools

By combining linear and rotary movement in one single drive, the overall dynamics of machine axes can be enhanced, and the installation space can be reduced. Existing concepts for linear-rotary drives either have low power density or load capacity, and the installation space of the guideways are not sufficient for applications in machine tools. Thus, this paper presents a novel linear-rotary direct drive for machine tools. The electromagnetic coupling between the linear and rotary direction is analyzed, and the control performance is evaluated. The developed drive is characterized by stiffness of up to 205 N/µm, acceleration dynamics of 3,100 mm/s² in linear and 24,100 °/s² in rotary direction, and fine positioning in 0.2 µm and 3.6″ steps.     

Smooth trajectory generation for five-axis machine tools

This paper presents a smooth spline interpolation technique for five-axis machining of sculptured surfaces. The tool tip and orientation locations generated by the CAM system are first fitted to quintic splines independently to achieve geometric jerk continuity while decoupling the relative changes in position and orientation of the cutter along the curved path. The non-linear relationship between spline parameters and displacements along the path is approximated with ninth order and seventh order feed correction splines for position and orientation, respectively. The high order feed correction splines allow minimum deviation from the reference axis commands while preserving continuous jerk on three translational and two rotary drives. The proposed method has been experimentally demonstrated to show improvements in reducing the excitation of inertial vibrations while improving tracking accuracy in five-axis machining of curved paths found in dies, molds and aerospace parts.     

Compact design for high precision machine tools

Due to raising functional integration in micro fluidic, micro mechanic, micro electronic and micro optical systems the trend to scaling down the work piece sizes while increasing its complexity requires high precise machine accuracy. With respect to the process and geometrical parameters, most of the finishing manufacturing processes can be covered by milling and grinding operations with three or five machine axes. But whereas the available machine tools hardly achieve the required process dynamic and accuracy in all degrees of freedom, the requirements still increase. For this reason the Fraunhofer IPT has developed high precise machine tools following a compact design strategy by reducing the overall machine dimensions as far as conventional machine components such as measuring or drive systems were available. The developments of two compact machine tools exemplify the dynamic and accuracy enhancement by compact design and are described in the following.     

Structure integrated adaptronical systems for machine tools

The performance of a machine tool is primarily determined by its static and dynamic behavior. During a cutting process, high static and dynamic forces may occur, which cause instabilities in the cutting process. The structure integrated adaptronical compensation modules introduce a new approach to compensate static and dynamic deformations of structure components of a machine tool and help in achieving a significant improvement of the process behavior. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Mechanical module interfaces for reconfigurable machine tools

Reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS) enable industrial companies to adapt to frequent and unpredictable changes of production requirements in a cost-efficient way. RMS are constituted by modular machine tools that provide variable overall functions with the ability to add, remove, rearrange and replace functional sub-units. The performance of these machine tools as regards the quick and flexible arrangement of modules and high work piece quality strongly depends on the properties of the mechanical module interfaces. In this paper, performance parameters for mechanical module interfaces were defined and their influence on the machine tool’s performance discussed. Then flexibly arrange-able quick-coupling interfaces as a promising solution for module assembly were analyzed. Finally, tools for the determination for those interface performance parameters are presented, which require technical testing.     

Local toolpath smoothing for five-axis machine tools

When five axis CNC machine tools follow series linear toolpath segments, the drives experience velocity, acceleration and jerk discontinuities at the block transition points. The discontinuities result in fluctuations on machine tool motions which lead to poor surface quality. This paper proposes to insert quintic and septic micro-splines for the tool tip and tool-orientation, respectively, at the adjacent linear toolpath segments. Optimal control points are calculated for position and orientation splines to achieve C³ continuity at the junctions while respecting user-defined tolerance limits. The geometrically smoothed corners are traveled at a smoothly varying feed with cubic acceleration trajectory profile. The proposed method is experimentally demonstrated to show improvements in motion smoothness and tracking accuracy in five-axis machining of free-form surfaces found in dies, molds and aerospace parts.     

Industrial powerline communication for machine tools and robotics

Nowadays, machining systems worldwide are on a very high level, regarding mechanics as well as control technology. Therefore, in the case of challenging sub-assemblies like drive and control systems and technological components (e.g. high-frequency spindles and processing heads) the emphasis should be placed on the integration of these components in specialised machine and plant configurations, especially by reducing the interfaces with a new communication system. In the future, technological innovations can be primarily expected from the introduction of highly integrated mechatronic machine modules. The concept of this new powerline communication system is the transmission of data and power for a drive unit over a common power cable. This can be achieved by high-frequency modulation of the data onto the cable. In this paper, the basic conditions for the industrial powerline communication are presented. First an overview is given on the existing communication systems in production technology. As an essential requirement the transfer function of the transmission channel is analysed. Further, the disturbances on the transmission channel are discussed. The final essential requirement is the compliance with the standards regarding elimination of disturbances, conducted as well as radiated. For proof of functionality the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex- (OFDM-) transmission method is applied. This is implemented in two modems which have been set up within a demonstration system.     

并联机床轨迹控制方法的研究

针对三平动并联机床的结构特点，本文提出一种并联机床刀具轨迹控制虚实映射的插补策略，并给出了基于采用时间采样的直线，圆弧插补算法，根据机床加工和控制要求提出了在操作空间进行速度过渡算法，并总结出了采用光滑非光滑两种过渡的16种方式，文章提出的方法计算简单，实用强，已在所开发的并联机床控制系统中得到了应用。     

数控机床图形自动编程系统

本文了利用ＶｉｓｕａｌＣ＋＋６．０为开发一具,实现Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ编程,对于由ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ生成的ＤＸＦ文件进行代码转换,最终自动生成ＩＳＯ数控加工程序的方法。     

A tool-path control scheme for five-axis machine tools

This paper presents a new servo control method for five-axis machining applications. The proposed method conducts a direct elimination of the deviation error, the orientation error, and the tracking-lag error that are the main concerns for five-axis tool-path control. To achieve this purpose, the proposed five-axis control system is based on a real-time transformation between the drive-coordinate basis, in which the five drives are operated, and the workpiece-coordinate basis, in which the deviation error etc., are defined.     

可重构电解加工机床研究

电解加工机床通常是根据用户具体需求单机生产，机床研制周期长、设计重复、成本高。为此，提出采用开放式控制系统、模块化思想开发可重构电解机床，并对机床的机械部分、控制系统及通信系统进行了研究。     

A new sampled-data drive for CNC machine tools

A mathematical analysis of a sampled-data servo-drive system controlled by the step control algorithm for computer numerical control (CNC) is presented. The step control algorithm provides for rapid and precise positioning and is ready for practical implementation. Its performance, including stability, damping ratio, maximum overshooting, steady-state error for both the step and ramp input, and bandwidth for accurate circular motion, is studied and depicted in design charts. The design procedure proceeds by using the design charts to choose the weighting factor and the sampling period to satisfy the specifications of the system. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is demonstrated by simulation and experiment.     

A New Method for Evaluating Error Motion of Ultra Precision Spindle

Conventional measuring methods for evaluating error motion of spindle rotation are inadequate to meet the current needs of ultra precision spindle bearing systems.In this paper, therefore, a new measuring method for spindle rotational accuracy based on a three points method was proposed. This method made it possible to reduce considerably the time and effort required in measuring the spindle rotational accuracy. Measurement of error motion to the nano-meter order was attained. Furthermore, this method was proved to be an effective method for measuring the out-of-roundness of a testpiece.     

Total ballbar dynamic tests for five-axis CNC machine tools

The linear and rotary axes of a five-axis machine tool are driven simultaneously to generate a specified tool position and orientation in workpiece coordinates. It is crucial that these servo-controlled axes are of balanced dynamics to achieve high tracking accuracy. In this paper, ballbar circular tests for all possible combinations of linear and rotary axes of a five-axis machine tool are investigated and total ballbar dynamic tests are proposed. Through the relational arrangement of the test sequence, the total ballbar dynamic tests can be employed to identify dynamic differences between linear and rotary axes. More importantly, the velocity gains of the position control loops of all servo-controlled linear and rotary axes can be tuned synchronously to eliminate gain mismatch errors. Experimental results have proved the effectiveness of the new methods.