Power allocation and relay selection for network-coded D2D communication underlay heterogeneous cellular networks

Underlay device-to-device (D2D) communication is an attractive technology enabling nearby cellular users to communicate with each other directly in order to increase data rate and spectral efficiency. The current cellular heterogeneous networks consist of macrocell base stations and small cell base stations with different transmit powers and coverage areas. Femtocell is the most popular small cell which is expected to be utilized in dense and ultra-dense scenarios in the future. Network coding in relay-assisted multi-hop communications improves achievable transmission rate and coverage of D2D communications. In this paper, two-hop random linear network coding network in cooperative D2D communication (RLNC-CDC) is considered. We propose to use femtocell base station (FBS) as a relay. We assume that the D2D pair and relay operate in the frequency band which is allocated to femtocell network. Therefore, there would be interference from the relay node and the D2D communication on the femtocell network users. To reduce the interference, the sum of transmit powers of the D2D pair and selected relay FBS should be minimized in a way that the highest transmission rate for the D2D pair is achieved. The constraints on the bounds of transmit powers of the D2D and relay node as well as the minimum required transmission rate for D2D communication are considered and the optimum solution is obtained. Simulation results indicate that the proposed RLNC-CDC achieves higher data rate and smaller outage probability than the direct D2D transmission.     

D2D communications with subchannel reusing for throughput‐guaranteed relay selection in LTE

Using full‐duplex relaying in device‐to‐device (D2D) communication, spectrum efficiency can be further improved as compared with traditional half‐duplex relaying. Due to the increasing demands for more system capacities and higher data rate, a throughput‐guaranteed and power‐aware relay selection mechanism is essential so that services can be successfully accomplished within tolerable power consumption. It is also imperative to prevent cellular users from interfering and preserve resources for more users at the same time. In current paper, we proposed an efficient relay selection scheme with subchannel reusing. Using the nonconflict group discovery algorithm, firstly, we divided D2D pairs into different groups based on the neighbor lists of all the devices. The D2D pairs in the same group were considered nonconflictive. By building a matrix that represents the power consumption of D2D transmission peers through relays, we proposed a group‐oriented relay selection scheme based on the Hungarian method allowing subchannel reuse over relay‐assisted D2D networks. Applying this mechanism, different D2D pairs are able to transmit messages at the same subchannel, whenever they are in the same group. Better throughput and spectrum usage than currently available relay selection schemes without subchannel reusing can be obtained. Particularly, more D2D pairs in high dense networks can be accommodated, and spectrum resources can be better preserved. The simulation results showed that our proposed mechanism can improve the total throughput by up to 35% as compared with an existing relay selection scheme without subchannel reusing, called as PRS‐D2D, when most D2D pairs are in a few groups.     

激光束姿态对三维激光切割质量的影响

研究了在三维激光切割过程中,激光束姿态(“切割倾角”和“切割方向”)对切割质量的影响。结果表明,当激光束偏离重力方向达45°时,保证切割质量合格的工艺参量范围将发生变化:三维上坡切割的范围略大于二维切割,而三维下坡切割的范围则明显小于二维切割。指出了在三维切割中,应尽量采用上坡切割方式,在必须采用下坡切割方式的时候应控制其最高切割速度小于二维切割的速度。     

2D Model-Following Servo System

This paper gives, in view of the feature of practical 2D (2-dimensional) systems, a formulation of the 2D model-following servo problem for the case where one of the independent variables of the considered 2D systems is unbounded and the other one is bounded. That is, to determine a control input such that the outputs of a given 2D plant asymptotically track, with tracking error as small as possible, the (step) response of a given 2D model system as the unbounded variable approaches infinite. It is shown that this problem under a specified quadratic performance index can be transformed into a 1D LQR problem, and thus can be solved by the well-known 1D approaches. The relation between the solvability condition obtained for the equivalent 1D LQR problem and the practical stabilizability and detectability of the original 2D plant is clarified. Its application to the design of non-unit memory linear multipass processes is also shown. Finally, a numerical example for metal rolling process is given to verify the effectiveness.     

多频带混合场景下终端直通通信用户最优用户密度与功率分配研究

该文分析了蜂窝与终端直通(Device-to-Device, D2D)混合网络中多频带资源的场景下D2D用户最佳密度和功率分配问题。在混合网络中包含一个或者多个蜂窝网络,D2D用户复用蜂窝系统上行频谱资源。通过采用随机几何理论,上述问题可以建模成一个以最大化D2D网络容量为目标并以蜂窝用户和D2D用户的中断概率为约束条件的优化问题。由于上述优化问题非凸,因此分成两步解决原问题:首先证明当D2D用户密度确定的时候原问题对于功率分配是凸问题,并通过拉格朗日对偶方法得到了最优功率分配方案;随后证明中断约束条件将D2D用户密度的定义域分成有限个子区间,在每个子区间上可以通过求导的方式得到D2D传输容量局部最优解,基于上述两个结论,文中设计了一种子区间最优值搜索算法。通过仿真验证了算法的有效性,并且反映出D2D传输容量主要由中断约束条件和来自蜂窝网络的干扰决定。     

Seed‐Induced Vertical Growth of 2D Bi2O2Se Nanoplates by Chemical Vapor Transport

As two‐dimensional (2D) layered materials attract more attention owing to their unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties, there are persistent efforts to grow high‐quality 2D layered materials for fundamental research and device applications. While large‐area 2D layered materials with high crystal quality can be obtained through chemical vapor transport, the strong binding between 2D layered materials and substrates poses a significant challenge for attempts to reveal their intrinsic properties and to use these 2D building blocks for constructing advanced heterostructured devices. Therefore, it would be ideal to grow high‐quality 2D materials with minimized contact and binding with substrate. Through both calculation and experiment, it is demonstrated that by introducing a seed layer at the nucleation stage, the crystallographic disregistry and the corresponding adhesion energy between 2D materials and substrate can be altered, resulting in a change of crystal surface in contact with the substrate, and therefore vertical growth of 2D materials on substrates. As an example, it is demonstrated that with Bi₂O₃ serving as a seed layer, vertical growth of 2D plates of Bi₂O₂Se on mica substrates can be realized. These vertically grown 2D nanoplates of Bi₂O₂Se can be conveniently transferred with their thermal properties investigated for the first time.     

面向5G通信网的D2D技术综述

在探讨D2D对通信技术未来发展的导向作用基础上,明确了影响D2D系统设计的多个因素,即D2D设备发现、资源分配、缓存技术、D2D-MIMO。从而勾画出基于D2D技术的光纤前传和软件定义网络实现数据/控制分离的扁平化5G架构,提出负责接入的下层宏/小基站蜂窝网和负责管理的上层网络云的管理机制。将D2D技术、SDN技术、边缘计算和物联网技术等关键技术引入未来移动通信网络已经成为研究领域的热点,针对与之相关的、未来大规模网络的移动性、QoS和大数据特性进行了讨论。     

Interference-aware feedback based iterative Hungarian approach to allocate multiple channels to multiple D2D pairs to maximize underlay D2D network capacity

The spectral efficiency of a cellular network can be increased significantly by allowing spatial reuse of its spectrum by an underlay device-to-device (D2D) network. In an underlay D2D network, devices in close vicinity are allowed to establish low-power direct links with little to no involvement of the base station. In order to increase the spectral efficiency and the number of devices with channel access, multiple D2D pairs may transmit in each cellular channel. Additionally, each pair can be allowed to utilize multiple channels to transmit so as to maximize the D2D network capacity. This multiple-pair multiple-channel (MPMC) strategy is quite appealing but is limited by the resultant additional aggregate interference and the inherent complexity, hence necessitating the need for a fast and reliable channel allocation scheme. This work proposes a polynomial-time iterative Hungarian assignment with feedback (IHAF) algorithm for multiple channel allocations amongst multiple D2D pairs that increases the D2D network capacity manifold while maintaining the desired minimum capacity for each cellular user.     

D2D通信中Chief UE应用的研究

Chief UE的作用是辅助实现D2D通信与蜂窝网络通信更好地无缝切换并且提高通信的质量。对Chief UE的概念进行了详细描述,并且对于其在切换中的作用进行了相应的阐述和论证:在传统D2D通信的基础上,定义了其中一个性质稳定良好的UE为Chief UE,进行D2D连接的内部管理和通信,并且在需要切换时,能够进行通行保持直到整个通信切换的完成和结束。将具有Chief UE的D2D切换同不具有Chief UE的D2D切换进行了相应的对比和论述,以更好地论证Chief UE存在的必要性。     

基于改进二次误差测度及网格参数化的三维人脸本征属性描述方法

3维人脸特征描述是3维人脸配准及识别的关键技术。该文针对3维人脸高分辨率模型特征分布不均匀且存在信息冗余的问题,提出一种基于模型简化和网格参数化的3维人脸特征描述方法。采用半边折叠及自适应收缩代价加权等手段对基于二次误差测度的网格简化方法进行改进,克服原算法中存在重叠三角形和丢失细节特征的问题。同时,基于多分辨分析思想,利用特征约束的保形同构映射对简化后的3维人脸模型在2维平面进行保形展开,并由此构造多分辨2维本征属性图。该方法将3维空间运算问题简化为简单的2维图像运算,显著降低了计算复杂度。对GavabDB 3维人脸库的识别实验表明,该文方法能有效描述3维人脸的本征属性,同时对数据缺失具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Analysis of D2D‐pairing scheme based on Voronoi diagram in cellular networks

This paper presents a device‐to‐device (D2D)–pairing scheme based on Voronoi diagram, which establishes D2D links by the relation of transmission powers and link distances. Using the principle of stochastic geometry and channel inversion, the coverage probability is analyzed, we observe that the co‐channel interference caused by cellular networks is stable in theory, and the influence of link distance parameter is highlighted as well. According to the second‐order moment of link distance, the new metric space of D2D terminals set is constructed, in which Voronoi diagram is degenerated into Delaunay triangles set to represent the potential D2D links. In addition, on the basis of the mini‐max length criterion of Delaunay triangle, the D2D communication range–limiting algorithm is designed. Finally, the more intuitive results compared with conventional D2D communications are displayed by simulations. Owing to restraining the D2D communication range, lower co‐channel interference can be obtained. Specially, the D2D‐pairing scheme is approximate local optimal under the D2D communication range–limiting algorithm, and it can provide more fairness than greedy algorithm.     

提高蜂窝网络中数据分发效率的D2D协作转发算法

Device-to-Device(D2D)通信是一种移动终端在蜂窝通信系统的控制下使用授权频段进行点到点通信的新型技术。通过允许接收终端间的数据转发,D2D通信可以用来提高蜂窝网络中的数据分发效率。现有的终端间转发算法,没有充分考虑D2D链路的差异,很难实现频谱资源的高效利用。为此,该文提出了一种基于多跳中继的D2D协作转发算法,包括多播和单播两个模式。该算法根据D2D链路质量自适应地选择最优的中继、路由及传输跳数,能够充分利用D2D链路的多信道分集增益。仿真结果表明,该文所提出的算法能够显著地提高D2D转发的资源利用率,进而提升数据分发业务的吞吐量。     

Recent progress of the optoelectronic properties of 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites

Two-dimensional(2 D) hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites have recently attracted attention due to their layered nature, naturally formed quantum well structure, large exciton binding energy and especially better long-term environmental stability compared with their three-dimensional(3 D) counterparts. In this report, we present a brief overview of the recent progress of the optoelectronic applications in 2 D perovskites. The layer number dependent physical properties of 2 D perovskites will first be introduced and then the different synthetic approaches to achieve 2 D perovskites with different morphologies will be discussed. The optical, optoelectronic properties and self-trapped states in 2 D perovskites will be described, which are indispensable for designing the new device structures with novel functionalities and improving the device performance. Subsequently, a brief summary of the advantages and the current research status of the 2 D perovskite-based heterostructures will be illustrated.Finally, a perspective of 2 D perovskite materials is given toward their material synthesis and novel device applications.     

3D MIMO信道建模与仿真验证

现有的多输入多输出（MIMO）信道仿真模型主要基于二维（2D）平面,不能反映实际的三维（3D）电波传播环境。在WINNER 2D模型的基础上研究建立3D MIMO信道仿真平台。加入空间垂直维后,天线方向图需要从2D扩展至3D,并对3D天线阵列构成的MIMO系统进行建模。利用实验数据对城市微小区场景进行仿真验证,可以看出三维MIMO信道参数仿真与实验结果符合较好。3D MIMO信道间的相关性要比2D大,但3D MIMO的信道容量相比2D会有比较大的提升。     

D2D网络中信道选择与功率控制策略研究

针对D2D通信的资源分配问题,该文研究了D2D信道选择与功率控制策略。在保证蜂窝用户服务质量(QoS)的前提下,提出一种基于启发式的D2D信道选择算法,为系统内的D2D用户找到合适的信道复用资源。同时,利用拉格朗日对偶方法求解得到D2D用户最优传输功率。仿真结果表明当蜂窝用户与多对D2D用户共享信道资源时能够大幅度提升系统平均吞吐量。在相同条件下,该算法的性能要明显优于现有算法。     

Radio resource management scheme and outage analysis for network-assisted multi-hop D2D communications

In a cellular network it's very difficult to make spectrum resource more efficiently. Device-to-Device (D2D) technology enables new service opportunities, and provides high throughput and reliable communication while reducing the base station load. For better total performance, short-range D2D links and cellular links share the same radio resource and the management of interference becomes a crucial task. Here we argue that single-hop D2D technology can be used to further improve cellular networks performance if the key D2D radio resource management algorithms are suitably extended to support multi-hop D2D communications. Aiming to establish a new paradigm for the analysis and design of multi-hop D2D communications, We propose a radio resource allocation for multi-hop D2D routes based on interference avoidance approach in LTE-A networks. On top of that, we investigate the outage probability of D2D communication. We first introduce a new definition of outage probability by considering the maximum distance to be allowable for single-hop transmission. Then we study and analyze the outage performance of a multi-hop D2D route. We derive the general closed form expression of outage probability of the multi-hop D2D routes. The results demonstrate that the D2D radio, sharing the same resources as the cellular network, provide higher capacity compared to pure cellular communication where all the data is transmitted through the base station. They also demonstrate that the new method of calculation of D2D multi hop outage probability has better performance than classical method defined in the literature.     

Resource allocation for network-controlled device-to-device communications in LTE-Advanced

Network-controlled device-to-device (D2D) communication allows cellular users to communicate directly, i.e., without passing through the eNodeB, while the latter retains control over resource allocation. This allows the same time–frequency resources to be allocated to spatially separated D2D flows simultaneously, thus increasing the cell throughput. This paper presents a framework for: (1) selecting which communications should use the D2D mode, and when, and (2) allocating resources to D2D and non-D2D users, exploiting reuse for the former. We show that the two problems, although apparently similar, should be kept separate and solved at different timescales in order to avoid problems, such as excessive packet loss. We model both as optimization problems, and propose a heuristic solution to the second, which must be solved at millisecond timescales. Simulation results show that our framework is practically viable, it avoids the problem of packet losses, increases throughput and reduces delays.     

基于Android的3D视频播放器

随着科学技术的不断进步,传统的2D显示已经不能完全满足人们对视频透视感和环绕感的需求,3D应用越来越广泛。现今Android作为主流的平板和手机的操作系统为人们所使用,在Android系统上提供3D应用将是不错的选择。本文首先详细介绍2D图像转化为3D图像的基本原理,然后介绍基于Android的3D视频播放器模块的实现。经验证,本文提供的基于Android的3D视频播放器可以较高效的进行2D视频转化为3D视频并播放。     

A Unified Approach to Iconic Indexing, Retrieval, and Maintenance of Spatial Relationships in Image Databases

In this paper we propose a unified iconic indexing, the generalized combined 2D string representation, for images in image databases. Each 2D image is modelled as a generalized extended pseudo-symbolic picture, which has the GEP-2D string representation. We present an efficient algorithm to generate the GEP-2D string representation for each 2D image. We also show how to maintain the complete information about the absolute spatial relationships in the image. Our proposed iconic indexing combines both the GEP-2D string representation and the usual 2D string representation to capture absolute and relative spatial relationships in the image. The result is better representation of spatial relationships in image databases. These results extend our earlier work on a large class of 2D scenes, the extended pseudo-symbolic pictures. Picture retrieval by generalized combined 2D strings is discussed. Our approach can also be easily formulated for 3D images.     

基于多智能体深度强化学习的D2D通信资源联合分配方法

设备对设备(D2D)通信作为一种短距离通信技术,能够极大地减轻蜂窝基站的负载压力和提高频谱利用率。然而将D2D直接部署在授权频段或者免授权频段必然导致与现有用户的严重干扰。当前联合部署在授权和免授权频段的D2D通信的资源分配通常被建模为混合整数非线性约束的组合优化问题,传统优化方法难以解决。针对这个挑战性问题,该文提出一种基于多智能体深度强化学习的D2D通信资源联合分配方法。在该算法中,将蜂窝网络中的每个D2D发射端作为智能体,智能体能够通过深度强化学习方法智能地选择接入免授权信道或者最优的授权信道并发射功率。通过选择使用免授权信道的D2D对(基于“先听后说”机制)向蜂窝基站的信息反馈,蜂窝基站能够在非协作的情况下获得WiFi网络吞吐量信息,使得算法能够在异构环境中执行并能够确保WiFi用户的QoS。与多智能体深度Q网络(MADQN)、多智能体Q学习(MAQL)和随机算法相比,所提算法在保证WiFi用户和蜂窝用户的QoS的情况下能够获得最大的吞吐量。