氧化物复合活性焊剂对聚焦光束焊接熔深的影响

研究了复合成份活性焊剂对于低碳钢聚焦光束焊接熔深的影响规律以及焊剂增加熔深的原因.结果表明,复合焊剂的配比是熔深增加量的最显著影响因素,并由此对配比进行了优化.在该配比下,复合焊剂增加熔深的效果优于单一成分活性焊剂.采用焊接热循环曲线检测系统,获得母材热影响区某点在焊接过程中的峰值温度.在母材不熔化状态下,比较涂敷焊剂和不涂焊剂时的峰值温度的变化,可知活性焊剂有效地增加了对光束的吸收率;在母材熔化状态下,比较焊剂涂敷量对测量点的峰值温度和熔深的影响规律发现,活性焊剂有改变熔池流动模式的作用.在聚焦光束活性焊接过程中,焊剂导致熔深增加的原因是焊剂对光束吸收率的提高以及焊剂改变了熔池的流动模式.     

Interface phenomena in aluminium–magnesium magnetic pulse welding

Abstract

The morphology and structure of the weld interface in magnetic pulse welding of similar and dissimilar metals were investigated. The interface zone of dissimilar metal couples such as Al–Mg, was studied in comparison to Al–Al welds. It was found that intermetallic phases (IMP) of different compositions are created during welding of the Al–Mg couple by rapid solidification of a thin melted layer at the interface. According to the calculated energy balance of magnetic pulse welding (MPW), there is enough energy to melt a thin interfacial layer and create IMP. Intensive characterisation techniques were used, including the focused ion beam (FIB) method that was used to prepare a cross-section of the Al–Mg interface for TEM characterisation. It was established that the jet action plays an important role in the melting process at the bonding zone.     

基于ANSYS的钛合金电子束焊缝形貌预测及验证

采用ANSYS有限元分析软件,建立了3mm厚TCA钛合金平板电子束焊接温度场的三维有限元数值计算模型,选取双椭球体热源模型作为热输入,考虑材料热物理性能参数随温度的变化,通过计算得到焊缝中心线上及附近各点的热循环曲线、熔池及焊缝截面形貌,并估算了焊缝宽度和热影响区宽度。最后用实验加以验证。通过对比分析,模拟和实验结果相吻合,证明有限元模型的准确性。     

基于Ti中间层的AZ31镁合金/6061铝合金电阻点焊研究

通过添加钛箔中间层,研究了镁/铝合金异种金属电阻搭接接头的微观组织与力学性能。研究结果表明,添加0.2mm厚度钛箔中间层可以大幅提高镁/铝异种金属电阻点焊接头的结合强度,接头的最大拉剪力随焊接电流的增大先增大后减小;当焊接电流为14kA时,最大拉剪力达到最大为2.2kN。铝钛界面处有TiAl₃生成,接头断裂在镁侧热影响区上,经过换算接头的剪切强度能够达到156MPa。通过SEM和EDS分析,添加钛中间层阻断了镁合金和铝合金的相互扩散,钛中间层阻碍了Mg-Al金属间化合物的生成,从而大大提高接头的结合强度。     

厚壁功能件焊接变形预测

以磁悬浮钢结构功能件为例。采用立体单元残余塑变有限元法，讨论了异型T型梁分总成以及功能件组合焊过程中的一些焊接变形规律。为该类梁架结构焊接变形预测和控制提供了理论依据。     

Ni/Si中间层对铝/钢激光焊接头组织与性能的影响

研究了以Ni箔以及预置Si粉的Ni箔为中间层的铝/钢异种金属激光焊行为. 系统考察了不同激光功率下预置Si粉的Ni箔中间层对铝/钢异种金属激光焊接头组织与性能的影响. 结果表明,加入预置Si粉的Ni箔做复合中间层时,与只添加Ni箔片做中间层时相比,焊接接头的最大剪切力明显提高,其中激光功率为2 150 W时焊接接头的最大剪切力提高至1 307.96 N;Si粉的添加增加了熔池的流动性,并使得铝/钢界面的物相组成、元素分布和微观组织形态发生了改变;焊缝区生成了Fe-Si及Al-Si二元新相,有效抑制了Fe-Al二元脆性相的生成,改善了铝/钢的焊接性. 因此,预置Si粉的Ni箔复合中间层的加入,可以有效地改善铝/钢异种金属激光焊过程中的冶金反应,进而提高焊接接头的力学性能.     

Mathematical modelling of the effect of the surface relief of specimens on the localisation of plastic deformation in the pressure welding zone

The finite element method is used to analyse the special features of plastic deformation in the weld zone of dissimilar creep-resisting materials produced by pressure welding in the presence of a relief of variable depth on the welded surfaces. The experimental results show that the weld quality can be improved by selecting a larger depth of the relief away from the edges of the welded surfaces.     

Role of nickel as an interlayer in dissimilar metal friction welding of maraging steel to low alloy steel

Continuous drive friction welding of dissimilar metals, maraging steel and low alloy steel was carried out. It was observed that the hardness, ductility and impact toughness of maraging steel are low due to the diffusion of elements such as carbon, manganese, silicon and phosphorus from low alloy steel to maraging steel. An attempt was made in this study to improve the properties by friction welding of maraging steel and low alloy steel with nickel as an interlayer. The hardness, tensile strength and impact toughness are observed to be improved, as nickel acted as diffusion barrier. The effect of post-weld heat treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar metal friction welds with and without interlayer was also studied. Maraging steel responded to solutionizing & aging and low alloy steel responded to quenching and tempering. The notch tensile strength and impact toughness in case of dissimilar metal weld with interlayer are observed to be more than that of the dissimilar metal weld without interlayer.     

3-D Finite Element Analysis of the Effect of Welding Residual Stress on Hydrogen Diffusion in Hydrogen Contained Environment

The hydrogen distribution of 16MnR steel weldment in hydrogen contained environment was calculated using the finite element method (FEM). The effect of welding residual stress on hydrogen diffusion has been discussed using a 3-D sequential coupling finite element analysis procedure complied by Abaqus code. The hydrogen diffusion coefficient in weld metal, the heat affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal of the 16MnR steel weldment were measured using the electrochemical permeation technique. The hydrogen diffusion without the effect of stress was also calculated and compared. Owing to the existence of welding residual stress, the hydrogen concentration was obviously increased and the hydrogen would diffuse and accumulate in the higher stress region.     

T2紫铜-45钢异种材料电子束焊的焊接接头强度与缺陷评定

焊接接头性能与缺陷一直是焊接领域的重要课题，文中针对T2紫铜-45钢异种材料电子束焊的焊接接头强度和焊接缺陷的问题，首先采用SEM观测焊缝区域的微观形貌，分析其组织构成，并通过标准拉伸和三点弯曲试验，得到接头焊缝区的界面强度参数；其次依据断裂韧性值，开展了针对该异种材料试样内部缺陷的缺陷评定. 结果表明，采用电子束焊加工该异种材料，焊缝内部存在宏观偏析现象. 此外，依据表征得到的T2紫铜/45钢异种材料界面强度参数，验收通过了基于BS7910标准的2A级缺陷评定.     

Fatigue behaviour of Al/steel dissimilar resistance spot welds fabricated using Al–Mg interlayer

Aluminium alloy sheets were joined to stainless steel ones by a resistance spot welding method using Al–Mg alloy interlayer. The interlayer exhibits a lower melting point than the Al alloy. Consequently, melted interlayer with a lower temperature filled the gap between the two sheets and resulted in effective joining. Subsequently, tensile shear fatigue tests had been conducted to evaluate fatigue strength and to determine the fatigue fracture mechanism. Resistance spot welding dissimilar welds exhibited higher fatigue strengths than friction stir spot welded dissimilar ones. Fatigue fracture modes were dependent on the load levels, where plug type fracture occurred at high load levels, shear fracture through the nugget at medium load levels and through thickness fatigue crack propagation in the Al sheet at low load levels. The fracture mode transition was attributed to the geometrical rotation around the nugget.     

HQ130钢焊接区扩散氢分布的数值分析

用有限元法对HQ130高强钢焊接区扩散氢分布进行了模拟计算,分析了扩散氢对焊接裂纹的影响。编制了焊接区氢扩散的有限元程序,该程序中考虑了焊接线能量、温度、氢的表面逸出系数等对氢扩散分布的影响。数值分析表明,氢在焊缝根部熔合区附近聚集是该区域产生裂纹的重要原因。提高焊接线能量和增大氢的表面逸出系数可降低氢在焊缝表面熔合区的聚集,但对焊缝根部氢的聚集影响不大。HQ130高强钢焊接控制焊接线能量在20kJ/cm以下可减小氢的局部聚集,有利于防止根部焊接裂纹的产生,     

含镍中间层铍青铜微电阻点焊接头形成机理

采用微电阻点焊对0.1 mm厚铍青铜薄片加入0.05 mm的镍中间层进行了搭接点焊,通过拉剪试验、光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析,研究了镍中间层对超薄铍青铜微电阻点焊接头形成过程和接头强度的影响. 结果表明,含镍中间层的超薄铍青铜微电阻点焊接头主要包括钎焊连接和熔化-钎焊混合连接机制. 其形成过程会经历铜合金润湿铺展、元素扩散、镍铜界面反应和金属凝固四个过程. 在这两种接头中,钎焊连接接头断裂方式为沿结合面断裂,熔化-钎焊连接接头断裂方式为纽扣断裂,断口都呈现韧性断裂与脆性断裂混合特征.     

Numerical Investigation on Residual Stresses of the Safe-End/Nozzle Dissimilar Metal Welded Joint in CAP1400 Nuclear Power Plants

The residual stress evolution in a safe-end/nozzle dissimilar metal welded joint of CAP1400 nuclear power plants was investigated in the manufacturing process by finite element simulation. A finite element model, including cladding, buttering, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) and dissimilar metal multi-pass welding, is developed based on SYSWELD software to investigate the evolution of residual stress in the aforementioned manufacturing process. The results reveal a large tensile axial residual stress, which exists at the weld zone on the inner surface, leads to a high sensitivity to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). PWHT process before dissimilar metal multi-pass welding process has a great influence on the magnitude and distribution of final axial residual stress. The risk of SCC on the inner surface of the pipe will increase if PWHT process is not taken into account. Therefore, such crucial thermal manufacturing process such as cladding, buttering and post-weld heat treatment, besides the multi-pass welding process, should be considered in the numerical model in order to accurately predict the distribution and the magnitude of the residual stress.     

Investigations of microstructures and properties in electron beam welded joints of TiAl to TC4

The normally centered electron beam and non-centered electron beam welding of TiAl to TC4 was investigated in order to analyze the electron beam weldability between TiAl/TC4 dissimilar materials. Macroscopic cold crack easily occurred near TiAl substrate in the joints. The optimal tensile strength was related to the welding heat input. The weld structures were composed of bulky columnar grains and equiaxed grains. The isolated phases consisted of large quantities of α2 -Ti3Al phase, small quantity of B2 phase, γ-TiAl phase and YAl2 phase. Insufficient melting of the base metal occurred in the weld when the beam position leaned to the TC4 side. The tensile strength could be improved when the deflection was limited in the optimum range. Otherwise, non-fusion zone was easily generated in the weld, which led to the low tensile strength.     

K418与42CrMo异种金属激光深熔焊接

研究了连续波Nd:YAG激光焊接功率、速度、离焦量和侧吹保护气流量对激光深熔焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属焊缝形貌、焊缝熔深的影响,讨论了焊缝区热裂纹产生机制.结果表明,额定功率为3 kW的Nd:YAG激光深熔焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属,由于它们的物理化学性质的差异,焊缝靠近42CrMo侧易出现未熔合;激光光斑向42CrMo侧偏移可以减少焊缝靠近42CrMo侧未熔合量;通过优化侧吹保护气流量和离焦量可以增加熔深.由于K418液态金属的流动性差,导致焊缝靠近K418侧对流传热不充分,使焊缝靠近K418侧熔合线呈现锯齿形.焊缝区热裂纹的产生主要是由于焊缝区元素偏析形成的低熔物导致.     

异种材料真空电子束焊接研究现状分析

真空电子束焊接具有高能量密度、束斑直径和位置精确可控,焊接残余应力小,焊缝无污染等优点,因此,电子束焊接在异种材料连接领域的应用成为近年来研究的热点,并取得了大量的研究成果,部分已经在工业生产中得到了应用.由于电子束焊接属于熔化焊接,因此在异种金属连接中也存在冶金过程带来的困难.文中对异种材料的真空电子束焊接的研究现状进行了分析,对不同类型的异种材料接头真空电子束焊接中存在的问题和解决方法进行了总结,并提出了今后异种材料真空电子束焊接的研究重点.     

电镀阻隔层对钛/钢电子束焊接接头性能的影响

采用电子束熔化焊、电子束阻隔焊和电子束阻隔熔-钎焊方法来实现钛合金与不锈钢异种金属之间的连接。研究发现钛合金与不锈钢连接界面处产生的脆性金属间化合物是影响接头性能的关键因素。采用电子束直接熔化焊和阻隔熔化焊钛合金和不锈钢时,接头界面会产生贯穿性裂纹导致焊缝直接断裂。电子束阻隔熔-钎焊中利用熔化的不锈钢润湿未熔化的钛合金母材,并采用Ag、Cu作为中间层添加元素,在结合界面处形成了很好的阻隔屏障,减少了Ti/Fe界面的金属间化合物的产生,减缓了应力,实现了钛合金与不锈钢的冶金结合,接头抗拉强度约为100 MPa。电子束阻隔熔-钎焊得到的钛合金/不锈钢异种金属焊接接头焊缝正反面成形良好,X射线探伤未发现裂纹和气孔缺陷。     

镀Zn钢-6016铝合金异种金属的激光熔钎焊及数值模拟

熔钎焊是抑制或减少钢/铝异种金属激光焊接过程中FeAl脆性金属间化合物产生的有效工艺方法。采用光纤激光器,不添加任何钎料,对1.2 mm厚DC56D+ZF镀锌钢和6016铝合金平板试件进行激光搭接焊试验,利用MATLAB软件,针对焊接过程的实际情况,在一定的基本假设下建立准稳态下钢/铝异种金属激光焊接熔池形状的数学模型,基于准稳态形状控制方程数值计算获得的熔池几何形状分布,结合试验来调整焊接工艺参数,获得最佳焊接成形,利用卧式金相显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪等手段研究焊接接头各区域的金相组织、主要元素分布与物相组成。结果表明:焊接激光束照射搭接在钢板上的铝板对接焊缝时,焊接功率和焊接速度对熔池几何形状的影响较大,随着激光功率的增大,熔深增加;而随着焊接速度的增加,熔深却变浅。当焊接功率为1 600~1 800 W、焊接速度v=30 mm/s、离焦量D=0 mm时,焊缝成形性良好,无明显裂纹、气孔等缺陷,焊接接头区域存在一个台阶状结构,在平台区域,钢/铝两钟金属存在明显的界限,界面结合依靠液态的铝在钢母材表面上的润湿、填充和铺展等作用;下凹区域,钢/铝熔合较好,Fe和Al元素的混合区宽度较大,未形成明显的FeAl脆性金属间化合物,Fe和Al的热扩散是该区域界面结合的主要原因。     

7A04铝合金/304不锈钢连续驱动摩擦焊及焊后热处理

对7A04铝合金与304不锈钢异种材料进行了摩擦焊接试验,并对接头进行了不同温度、不同时间的退火处理.对接头飞边形貌、抗拉强度、断口形貌、金相组织、显微硬度等进行对比分析.结果表明,采用合适的工艺参数能获得形貌良好的飞边和更好的抗拉强度,焊合区的铝合金组织发生动态再结晶,晶粒细化,组织比基材更加致密,结合面两边互有元素扩散,焊合区显微硬度高于基材.经400℃×3 h退火处理的接头其抗拉强度提升明显,界面形成了不同的金属间化合物,扩散层厚度略有增加,显微硬度值有所下降.