纳米晶Fe_2O_3和TiO_2结构相变的尺寸效应(英)

用DTA（差热分析）、TG（热重分析）和X射线衍射分析,研究了Fe2O3和TiO2纳米晶粒的结构相变．结果表明,对于Fe2O3纳米晶粒,只要没有发生γ→α转变,纳米晶粒就保持其原来的尺寸不变,而一旦发生了相变,晶粒的尺寸就会迅速长大．同样,对TiO2纳米晶粒,在从锐钛矿相→板钛矿相→金红石相的相变过程中,在相变发生以前,不管温度多高,纳米晶粒都保持其原来的尺寸不变,只要发生了相变,晶粒的尺寸就会迅速长大．对于纳米晶粒,依赖于晶粒尺寸的结构相变和依赖于结构相交的晶粒生长过程都是存在的．这是纳米晶的一种新的尺寸效应．     

过渡金属离子掺杂对TiO2纳米尺寸及其相结构的影响

利用酸催化的溶胶-凝胶法合成了一系列不同掺杂量的Fe3 /TiO2、Cr3 /TiO2纳米复合微粒.用XRD和TEM研究了Fe3 、Cr3 的掺杂对TiO2纳米粒子尺寸和相结构的影响.结果表明:掺杂离子不同,对TiO2纳米粒子尺寸和相结构的影响不同.在所研究的掺杂量范围内(x:0.0000～0.1000),TiO2纳米粒子的粒径随Cr3 掺杂量的增加呈减小的趋势,但幅度不大;而Fe3 的掺杂则会引起TiO2粒子的团聚和晶粒的长大;由XRD分析可知:在掺杂量范围内,不会发生Fe2O3、Cr2O3等相的偏析,但Fe3 的掺杂引起了TiO2在低温条件下由锐钛矿向金红石的相转变.通过UV-Vis光谱的研究发现:Fe3 、Cr3 的加入,可以使TiO2对光的吸收拓展到可见区,同时随着掺杂量的增加,对可见光的吸收强度显著增强.     

Mo~(6+)掺杂对TiO_2凝胶相变的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同含量Mo~(6+)掺杂的TiO_2粉体,利用TG-DTA和XRD对凝胶的相变过程进行了研究,分析了产物的晶体结构、晶粒尺寸和金红石的相对含量。结果表明,Mo~(6+)掺杂对锐钛矿向金红石的转变呈现出抑制→促进→抑制的趋势,当Mo~(6+)掺杂质量含量大于3%,锐钛矿晶粒尺寸小于20nm。     

纳米La-TiO2光催化降解甲基橙废水的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纯TiO2和La掺杂TiO2复合纳米粉体,通过XRD,UV-Vis等测试手段分析了在紫外光照射下,以降解甲基橙为探针反应研究其可见光催化性能。结果显示样品均为锐钛矿相纳米TiO2,稀土元素镧掺杂后纳米TiO2特征衍射峰宽化,强度降低;掺入的La主要以La2O3的形式存在,同时有一部分形成Ti-O-La键;La掺杂可减小TiO2晶粒尺寸及增大催化剂比表面积;与未掺杂的二氧化钛相比较,适当含量的镧掺杂可有效促进TiO2表面光生载流子的分离,从而显著提高其光催化活性。当La/Ti的摩尔比为0.010时,可见光催化性能最好。     

镧铈混合掺杂氧化钛纳米粉体晶型转变的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,在不同的热处理温度下制备了稀土镧铈掺杂的不同晶型的TiO2纳米粉体。用X射线衍射仪,透射电子显微镜对所制备的TiO2纳米粉体进行表征,分析在不同热处理温度下制备的TiO2纳米粉体的晶粒尺寸及晶相组成,研究热处理温度对晶型转变的影响。研究表明:与未掺杂的TiO2晶型转变温度650℃相比较,稀土镧铈混合掺杂大大的抑制了TiO2锐钛矿向金红石晶相的转变,且在800℃煅烧温度以下,平均晶粒在15nm之内;当达到晶相转变温度时,晶粒突增到49nm。     

活性炭载体对TiO2/活性炭中二氧化钛晶粒生长及相变的影响

以活性炭为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2/活性炭(TiO2/AC)复合体,并利用SEM和XRD手段对复合体进行表征,通过Dt2=ktnexp(-E/RT)方程的计算,分析,研究活性炭对复合体中TiO2晶粒生长及其相变的影响.结果表明TiO2/AC复合体晶粒粒径增长的时间比TiO2本体短;TiO2/AC复合体纳米粒子平均尺寸为50nm比TiO2本体小;锐钛矿向金红石转变的相变温度和晶粒生长最快温度TiO2/AC复合体比TiO2本体高.锐钛矿和金红石晶粒生长的表观活化能TiO2/AC复合体分别为6.21±1.27和46.54±1.56kJ/mol,TiO2本体分别为5.764±1.02和36.4±1.14kJ/mol.在锐钛矿阶段和金红石阶段TiO2/AC复合体反应指数分别为0.19和0.35,而TiO2本体分别为0.13和0.26.原因是活性炭的强吸附力和非晶相层对TiO2晶粒生长的阻遏作用.     

双微乳液法制备掺杂Fe~(3+)的纳米TiO_2及其光催化性能

为了研究双微乳液法在制备纳米级光催化剂的应用,以TiCl4和NH3.H2O为原料,采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵-正丁醇-环己烷-水微乳体系制备Fe3+掺杂纳米TiO2,对粉末的晶体结构进行X射线衍射表征,并以其对p-甲酚的降解考察其光催化活性。结果表明,在较小的掺杂量时,Fe3+掺杂量的提高可以提高TiO2的光催化活性,进一步提高掺杂量将引起光催化活性的降低;掺杂Fe3+可导致纳米TiO2的粒径减小;Fe3+的半径较小以及Fe2O3的熔点较低均有利于TiO2从锐钛矿向金红石的相变;当Fe3+掺杂摩尔分数为0.06%,煅烧温度为550℃时,纳米TiO2的光催化活性最高,此时形成TiO2的锐钛矿和金红石相的混晶;乳液中含水量也会影响晶相的组成和粒径大小,随着含水量增加产物中出现了一定比例的金红石相。     

高活性TiO2纳米晶的酸催化Sol-Gel法制备与表征

采用酸催化的溶胶-凝胶法制备出了纳米TiO2光催化剂，以甲基橙的光催化降解为探针反应，评价了其光催化活性．运用XRD、TEM、FT—IR以及PL光谱技术对纳米TiO2的微晶尺寸、晶体结构、表面组成和性能进行表征．结果表明，400℃焙烧的TiO2纳米粒子的颗粒形貌为近球形，晶粒尺寸为11．69 nm，样品分散性良好的锐钛矿型结构．在光催化降解甲基橙的实验中，400℃焙烧的TiO2纳米粒子表现出最高的光催化活性，这与表征结果一致．此外，550℃和650℃焙烧的具有锐钛矿型和金红石型混晶结构的TiO2纳米粒子，无混晶协同促进效应．     

Ce掺杂对TiO_2晶型转变的影响

以钛酸四丁酯以及六水合硝酸铈为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纯的和Ce掺杂的TiO2粉体,研究了不同掺杂量对TiO2晶形转变产生的影响。结果表明,Ce离子的掺杂阻碍了TiO2粒子由锐钛矿型向金红石型的转变,拓宽了锐钛矿型TiO2的使用温度范围;TiO2晶粒的尺寸的变化是随着焙烧温度的升高逐渐长大,随掺杂量的增加逐渐减小。TiO2粉体粒子在锐钛矿型状态下,颗粒分散较为均匀,并且无明显团聚现象。     

热处理对铁掺杂TiO2锐钛矿-金红石相变的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纯TiO_2和不同浓度Fe掺杂TiO_2纳米粉末,并对各样品进行了350℃、500℃、650℃的热处理。通过SEM、XRD、EDS、XPS等测试方法对其表面形貌、晶体结构及成分组成进行了表征,研究了热处理温度对Fe掺杂TiO_2相变的影响。实验结果表明:纯TiO_2与Fe-TiO_2在350℃、500℃时均为单一的锐钛矿,650℃时大部分转变为金红石;热处理温度升高有利于锐钛矿向金红石的转变;Fe掺杂后以+3价的形式存在,Fe离子掺杂能够明显减小TiO_2的晶粒尺寸,高浓度的Fe掺杂对锐钛矿-金红石相变有微弱的促进作用。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...