细丝大电流MAG焊接机理

借助高速摄像机研究不同保护气氛下(98%Ar+2%O2、T.I.M.E.气体、80%Ar+20%CO2)细丝大电流MAG焊的电弧形态及熔滴过渡特征,并在此基础上通过分析液锥和焊接电弧的受力情况,建立液锥的运动模型,同时指出液锥与焊接电弧的空间位置关系以及这两者的运动相关性.研究结果表明,细丝大电流MAG焊的液锥运动属于自磁旋转,即液锥在电极磁场力和电弧力的作用下偏离焊丝轴线一定角度并绕焊丝轴线高速旋转.液锥偏角的相对大小由电弧烁亮区包覆液锥的面积决定,当电弧烁亮区包覆液锥的面积增大时,液锥偏角反而变小,焊接过程的稳定性增强.驱动电弧高速旋转的力是由液锥磁场提供的,电弧偏角及其旋转角速度分别与液锥偏角和液锥旋转角速度密切相关.     

提高主轴旋转精度的方法

机床主轴的旋转精度通常指的是主轴锥孔表面径向跳动量的大小，它是标志机床最主要的技术指标之一.对多数机床主轴结构即前、后支承为滚动轴承（简称轴承）而言，旋转精度取决于轴承和主轴本身精度以及钳工装配技术。当进入装配的零件精度确定之后，钳工装配技术是影响机床主轴旋转精度主要因素。为了经济有效地确保机床主轴的旋转精度，在装配中通常采用"定向装配"或称同位同侧装配法，以零件制造误差相互抵消的方式使主轴旋转精度尽可能地提高。一、机床主轴与前、后轴承精度对旋转精度的影响由于主轴前端锥孔对轴颈的径向跳动和前、后轴…     

切削用量对高效铣削高强钢切削力的影响研究

在切削速度v=100～300m/min、每齿进给量f_z=0.01～0.1mm/z、轴向切削深度a_p=1～3mm条件下,对30CrNi2MoVA高强钢进行了高效铣削试验,研究了切削用量对切削力的影响。试验结果表明,切削速度对切削力的变化影响不大,随切削速度的增加径向力略有增加,切向力略有减小;轴向切削深度和进给量对切削力的变化影响较大,径向力和切向力均随轴向切削深度和进给量的增大而近似呈线性增大,且增幅较大;轴向力随切削用量的变化较小,且在不同切削用量下轴向力相差不大。在试验切削用量范围内,总体表现为径向力>切向力>轴向力。     

铣削高强钢时高效余量去除的切削力研究

采用涂层硬质合金刀具对AF1410超高强度钢进行高效余量去除铣削实验,分析研究了高效余量去除铣削高强钢时切削参数及冷却条件对切削力的影响。结果表明,在干切削条件下,切削速度对切削力的影响较复杂;湿切削时,切削速度对切削力的影响较稳定;两种条件下,轴向力受切削用量影响较小。在干式切削条件下,切削深度的增加对径向力和切向力影响显著,切削力随每齿进给量的增加而增大,每齿进给量增加到0.08mm/z时,切削力有下降趋势;在实验参数范围内,湿式及干式切削均表现为径向力>切向力>轴向力,但采用干式切削且切削深度大于2mm后,切向力大于径向力。     

环件径轴向轧制过程锥辊旋转运动学分析

稳定轧制是环件径轴向轧制过程保证产品质量的重要条件之一.文中基于几何关系和运动学原理,对环件径轴向轧制过程中锥辊与环件接触区旋转运动进行了研究,结果表明:轴向锥辊在与环件接触面处的旋转线速度尽量保持一致非常关键,轧制过程中应尽可能地保证锥辊锥顶点位于环件的圆心处.锥辊转速大于环件转速时,应增大径向孔型中的轧制力矩,使环件重新稳定;锥辊转速小于环件转速时,会导致轧制无法正常进行,出现环件位置严重偏移或卡环等现象.     

立铣刀齿数和螺旋角对铣削变截面涡旋盘影响仿真研究

变截面涡旋盘加工精度要求高,刀具的选择直接影响加工质量。通过分析涡旋压缩机工作原理以及刀具参数对铣削变截面涡旋盘的影响,建立了高速铣削HT250铸铁变截面涡旋盘的仿真模型及简化后的二维铣削模型,利用ABAQUS软件分析了刀具齿数和螺旋角对铣削力和铣削温度的影响规律。试验表明,随着刀具齿数的增加,切向力F_x、径向力F_y和轴向力F_z都增大,铣削温度也逐渐增大;随着螺旋角度的增大,切向力F_x和径向力F_y减小,轴向力F_z增大,铣削温度先减小后增大。分析表明,合理的刀具参数可以减小涡旋齿的变形,本研究可为加工变截面涡旋盘时选择合理的刀具齿数和螺旋角提供依据和参考。     

基于正交试验的高速切削钛合金切削力研究

随着钛合金在各行业的广泛应用,钛合金的高速切削加工技术成为航天航空工业及其他制造业中的难题之一。切削力是研究切削过程的重要物理量之一,其大小和变化对工件加工品质、刀具磨损和寿命等都具有影响。本文以钛合金Ti6Al4V为研究对象,用正交试验的方法分析了切削速度、进给量和背吃刀量三个因素对切削力的影响,结果表明:径向力、切向力、轴向力都是随切削速度增大而减小,随进给量和背吃刀量的增大而增大,切削用量的变化导致各向切削力与切削合力的变化趋势基本一致;背吃刀量对切削力影响最大,进给量次之,切削速度最小;三个方向力中,轴向力最小,径向力次之,切向力最大。     

旋转膨胀系统膨胀力和液压力的研究

为了推广旋转膨胀技术在国内大范围内得到应用,采用非线性大塑性变形有限元分析技术着重研究了不同的工艺参数(膨胀锥角、摩擦系数、定径区长度)对膨胀过程中膨胀力的影响,得到了相关膨胀参数与膨胀力之间的关系曲线,从关系曲线中得到了降低膨胀力的最佳膨胀参数值.并且进一步对液压力进行了分析,得出旋转角速度、膨胀速度对液压力的影响,通过关系曲线得到了最佳的膨胀参数值.这为膨胀工具的设计及膨胀方案的优化提供了理论依据.     

V形结构金属石墨缠绕垫片的性能优化研究

通过合理的结构设计,对内外环V形金属石墨缠绕垫片的压缩回弹和密封性能进行优化试验研究,找出性能最佳的结构与工艺参数。并通过改变参数进行试验,找出参数对其性能影响的规律性。结果表明:钢带的角度、径向压紧力、切向拉紧力对缠绕垫片的性能有直接的影响,且前两者对垫片性能有显著的影响;在其它条件一定时,随着径向压紧力的增大,回弹率增大,泄漏率降低,压缩率降低;角度为95.9°和80.9°的垫片分别在60~70 MPa、50~60MPa之间基本上都发生屈服,且有明显的屈服平台;钢带角度111.6°、钢带切向力14.7 N、垫片径向力0.3 MPa组合和钢带角度95.9°、钢带切向力14.7 N、垫片径向力0.25 MPa组合的垫片性能已远远高出国标的要求,且无论是从外观质量还是内在性能均达到国际先进水平。     

单颗金刚石磨粒磨削玻璃的磨削力研究

选取三种典型形状的金刚石磨粒对玻璃进行了单颗磨粒磨削实验,测量了磨削力,分析了磨削参数及磨粒切入锥角对磨削力的影响。结果表明:磨削力曲线不沿磨痕呈对称分布,法向力出现明显波动;顺磨与逆磨对磨削力没有明显影响。磨削力随着磨削深度的增大而增大,随磨削速度的减小而增大;随着磨粒切入锥角的增大,磨削力明显增大。相同切削速度下,磨削力与相应磨粒的侧面耕犁面积呈良好的线性关系。不同磨粒的法向力与切向力有着良好的线性关系。     

Welding deviation detection algorithm based on extremum of molten pool image contour

The welding deviation detection is the basis of robotic tracking welding, but the on-line real-time measurement of welding deviation is still not well solved by the existing methods. There is plenty of information in the gas metal arc welding(GMAW) molten pool images that is very important for the control of welding seam tracking. The physical meaning for the curvature extremum of molten pool contour is revealed by researching the molten pool images, that is, the deviation information points of welding wire center and the molten tip center are the maxima and the local maxima of the contour curvature, and the horizontal welding deviation is the position difference of these two extremum points. A new method of weld deviation detection is presented, including the process of preprocessing molten pool images, extracting and segmenting the contours, obtaining the contour extremum points, and calculating the welding deviation, etc. Extracting the contours is the premise, segmenting the contour lines is the foundation, and obtaining the contour extremum points is the key. The contour images can be extracted with the method of discrete dyadic wavelet transform, which is divided into two sub contours including welding wire and molten tip separately. The curvature value of each point of the two sub contour lines is calculated based on the approximate curvature formula of multi-points for plane curve, and the two points of the curvature extremum are the characteristics needed for the welding deviation calculation. The results of the tests and analyses show that the maximum error of the obtained on-line welding deviation is 2 pixels(0.16 mm), and the algorithm is stable enough to meet the requirements of the pipeline in real-time control at a speed of less than 500 mm/min. The method can be applied to the on-line automatic welding deviation detection.     

Non-axisymmetric flow field in an axial impulse turbine

Phenomena such as hard landings or geometric flaws can cause non-axisymmetric tip clearance in turbines. Such geometric imperfections induce flow distortions which can, in turn, cause self-excited vibration of the rotor, or rotordynamic instability. Flow field perturbations in a single-stage, unshrouded impulse turbine caused by non-axisymmetric tip clearance have been investigated experimentally. Steady velocity and pressure data have been acquired at the design point with and without static turbine casing offset. Perturbations in tangential velocity and casing wall pressure have been obtained, and rotordynamic forces along and perpendicular to the axis of offset have been inferred. Compared to an unshrouded 20% reaction turbine, the forces due to tangential force asymmetry are much smaller, but the forces due to pressure asymmetry are comparable.     

GMAW焊接熔滴长大和脱离动态过程的数学分析

考虑GMAW焊接过程中熔滴过渡的主要特点,利用“质量-弹簧”理论建立了熔滴过渡的数学模型,对连续电流条件下GMAW焊接熔滴过渡过程进行了动态力学分析。定量分析了熔滴过渡形式、振荡速度等对熔滴过渡行为的影响,预测出了不同焊接电流条件下的熔滴脱离尺寸和过渡频率。结果表明,在同一焊接电流条件下, 上一个熔滴的脱离会影响到下一个熔滴在焊丝末端的振荡,并影响熔滴的尺寸和过渡周期:熔滴尺寸和过渡频率的理论计算值与试验数据基本吻合。     

Investigation of melting dynamics of filler wire during wire feed laser welding

In order to investigate the mechanism of stability for the wire feed laser welding process, systematic experiments are carried out in this study for 5A06 aluminum alloy. By using high speed camera, the melting dynamics of filler wires with different feed positions and feed rates are studied. The results indicate that these two factors mainly influence the characteristics of the filler wire melting dynamics and determine the stability of the welding process. The melting dynamics of filler wire can be generally characterized by three different forms: explosion, big droplet and molten metal bridge. When the filler wire melts and transits to the molten pool in the forms of explosion or big droplet, the stability of the welding process is strongly disturbed, resulting in an undesirable weld quality. In contrast, when it is in molten metal bridge form, the welding process is more stable and a uniform weld bead is achieved.     

短路过渡CO2焊接熔滴形状数值模拟与控制

为了进一步提高短路过渡CO2气体保护电弧焊的工艺性能和焊接质量,根据高速CCD摄像获得的熔滴及其短路过渡图像,分析了熔滴与熔池短路前的形状对熔滴与熔池的短路、熔滴在熔池中的铺展及液桥缩颈形成的影响.采用熔滴静力平衡模型研究了电磁力(燃弧电流)、表面张力、重力与熔滴形状的关系,并通过对燃弧电流的精确控制实现了对熔滴形状的有效控制.当熔滴与熔池短路前为细长形状时,短路过渡过程稳定柔顺,而当熔滴为扁平形状时,则不利于熔滴的短路过渡,甚至产生瞬时短路.燃弧阶段的熔滴形状体现了各种力对熔滴的作用,而电磁力(燃弧电流)是决定熔滴形状的主要因素.根据燃弧电流对熔滴形状的影响规律,提出了采用前期大、后期小的燃弧电流控制原则,以在燃弧的不同阶段获得不同的熔滴形状.试验结果表明该控制方法获得了良好的适合于熔滴短路过渡的短路前熔滴形状,短路过渡过程柔顺稳定,消除了瞬时短路以及由此导致的飞溅,改善了熔滴的短路过渡行为,短路过渡结束后焊丝端部的残余液态金属具有良好的一致性.     

Effects of process parameters on the electrochemical etching of sharp metallic tips with an attached mass

The electrochemical etching of a metal wire with an attached mass at the end of the immersed wire is a new technique to enhance the yield rate of sharp tips. Unlike conventional electrochemical etching, the yield rate of sharp tips with subhundred nanometer apex could be increased up to around 60% with the attached mass method. In this article, the effects of the magnitude of attached mass and the taping material used for attachment on the yield rate and tip shape are investigated. Also, the variation of tip shape with respect to the temporal shape of applied electric field, constant or pulsed dc, is examined.     

Effect of forces on dynamic metal transfer behavior of cable-type welding wire gas metal arc welding

A cable-type welding wire (CWW) gas metal arc welding (GMAW) method was proposed as a novel approach, using CWW for the consumable electrode. Droplet transfer influences the welding process, and the forces on the droplet were analyzed to elucidate the metal transfer phenomenon observed during the welding process. The effects of the arc pressure, rotating force, and welding parameters were analyzed to understand the metal transfer. The special structure of the CWW affected the arc characteristics and forces during metal transfer as part of the welding process. The droplet formed by droplets from each thin wire, the arc, and electromagnetic forces on droplet formation and the coupling process were analyzed. The arc pressure and rotating forces are beneficial to metal transfer and increase the droplet transfer frequency. The droplet size decreases with increasing welding parameters.     

Mesoscale scanning probe tips with subnanometer rms roughness

Surface smoothness of probe tips is critical for applications, such as measuring surface tension of various liquids, oscillatory hydration forces, and interfacial shear strengths from friction experiments. In this study we establish conditions for fabricating tips with smooth surfaces by controlling the electrochemical polishing process throughout the tip evolution rather than following the current practice of producing tips by the drop-off method. Polishing is conducted under a constant voltage, with the wire immersed below the nominal air/electrolyte interface by no more than one-half of the wire diameter and stopping the etching at different current levels. This process provides a tip radius range of approximately 100 nm to 5 microm for a tungsten wire with a 0.2 mm diameter. Alternatively, the wire can be placed above the nominal air/electrolyte interface but within the meniscus until the current drops to zero. In this case, the tip radii range from 5 to 50 microm. In both cases, atomic force microscopy scans of these tips show that the surface rms roughness is about 0.3 nm.     

Precise selective deposition of microparticles on electrodes of microelectronic chips

We examined the high precision deposition of toner and polymer microparticles with a typical size of approximately 10 microm on electrode arrays with electrodes of 100 microm and below using custom-made microelectronic chips. Selective desorption of redundant particles was employed to obtain a given particle pattern from preadsorbed particle layers. Microparticle desorption was regulated by dielectrophoretic attracting forces generated by individual pixel electrodes, tangential detaching forces of an air flow, and adhesion forces on the microchip surface. A theoretical consideration of the acting forces showed that without pixel voltage, the tangential force applied for particle detachment exceeded the particle adhesion force. When the pixel voltage was switched on, however, the sum of attracting forces was larger than the tangential detaching force, which was crucial for desorption efficiency. In our experiments, appropriately large dielectrophoretic forces were achieved by applying high voltages of up to 100 V on the pixel electrodes. In addition, electrode geometries on the chip's surface as well as particle size influenced the desorption quality. We further demonstrated the compatibility of this procedure to complementary metal oxide semiconductor chip technology, which should allow for an easy technical implementation with respect to high-resolution microparticle deposition.     

High-aspect ratio metal tips attached to atomic force microscopy cantilevers with controlled angle, length, and radius for electrostatic force microscopy

We demonstrate a method to fabricate a high-aspect ratio metal tip attached to microfabricated cantilevers with controlled angle, length, and radius, for use in electrostatic force microscopy. A metal wire, after gluing it into a guiding slot that is cut into the cantilever, is shaped into a long, thin tip using a focused ion beam. The high-aspect ratio results in considerable reduction of the capacitive force between tip body and sample when compared to a metal coated pyramidal tip.