Consumer acceptability of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)-treated ground beef patties

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is a non-thermal process that can effectively reduce pathogenic Escherichia coli in ground beef. This commercially-available process uses water under extreme pressure to denature proteins by breaking covalent bonds, eventually resulting in microbial death. While HHP has been successfully applied to plant based foods with limited flavor changes, little is known about the influence of HHP on the sensory properties and resultant consumer acceptability of HHP-treated beef. Accordingly, we performed blind sensory tests with 70 regular consumers of ground beef, using commercially-processed ground beef patties. Although HHP-treated patties were still acceptable (i.e. rated above neutral on a 9 point hedonic scale), they received significantly lower ratings for overall liking, texture, flavor and juiciness when compared to control patties. Also, Just-About-Right (JAR) scales indicate the HHP patties were more dry and less flavorful than the control patties. Collectively, these data suggest consumers may find HHP-treated ground beef to be less acceptable than untreated ground beef on the basis of their sensory properties. Since these data were collected blind, additional work is warranted to determine the degree to which consumers are willing to balance a loss of sensory quality against their nascent food safety concerns.     

High hydrostatic pressure and soybean protein addition to beef patties: Effects on the formation of mixed aggregates and technological parameters

The effect of replacing 20% of meat proteins with soy protein isolate (SPI) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP, 300 MPa-5 min) on technological, color and texture parameters of beef patties was studied. Also, HHP-induced interactions between myofibrillar and soybean proteins were analyzed in mixtures of isolated proteins. HHP decreased expressible moisture and increased cooking loss, hardness and Kramer shear force of patties (p < 0.05), while addition of SPI had the opposite effect on those variables. Although HHP and SPI separately decreased redness (a*) in raw patties, their combination led to a* values similar to those of control ones, which represents an interesting advantage. HHP induced protein-protein interactions at the expense of water-protein ones. Simultaneous denaturation of meat and soybean proteins induced specific aggregation between sarcoplasmic proteins and α′ and α polypeptides (β-conglycinin), and between myofibrillar proteins and AB (glycinin) and β polypeptide (β-conglycinin), which led to a three-dimensional mixed matrix.     

鸡腿菇漆酶产生菌的高静水压诱变研究

对漆酶产生菌鸡腿菇C6进行高静水压处理,发现致死率随剂量的增加而增加,在致死率为50%~80%的范围内诱变效果较好。实验获得了一株具有较大应用潜力的鸡腿菇高压突变株C6-203(200MPa处理45min),其酶活比出发菌株提高了256.54%,发酵周期也缩短了1d。     

Effect of phosvitin on lipid and protein oxidation in ground beef treated with high hydrostatic pressure

In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of phosvitin on lipid and protein oxidation of raw and cooked ground beef treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). Ground beef patty with 0, 500, or 1000 mg phosvitin/kg meat was treated with HHP at 0.1, 300, or 600 MPa. Half of the patties were used in a raw meat analysis, and the other half were used in a cooked meat analysis. Phosvitin and HHP treatment at 300 MPa synergistically reduced microbial growth, and HHP treatment at 600 MPa reduced microbial counts to undetectable levels (< 1 log CFU/g) throughout the length of the study in all samples. Phosvitin delayed lipid and protein oxidation in HHP-treated cooked and raw ground beef, respectively. However, phosvitin had no effect on the color changes of raw ground beef attributable to HHP. The results indicated that phosvitin could enhance the stability of lipids and proteins but not color changes of raw ground beef caused by HHP.     

Food processing by high hydrostatic pressure

The use of high hydrostatic pressures (HHP) for food processing is finding increased application within the food industry. One of the advantages of this technology is that because it does not use heat, sensory, and nutritional attributes of the product remain virtually unaffected, thus yielding products with better quality than those processed traditional methods. HHP have the ability to inactivate microorganisms as well as enzymes responsible for shortening the life of a product. In addition to lengthening the shelf-life of food products, HHP can modify functional properties of components such as proteins, which in turn can lead to the development of new products. Equipment for large-scale production of HHP processed products are commercially available nowadays. Guacamole, sliced ham, oysters, and fruit juices are some of the products currently available on the market. HHP technology is one of the most promising nonthermal processes.     

超高压处理对搅打稀奶油性质的影响

以稀奶油为原料,通过测定稀奶油的加工性质和微观结构,考察了25℃下,300 MPa和600 MPa的压力处理10 min对稀奶油加工性质的影响。结果表明:超高压处理后会改变稀奶油乳状液的体系结构,粒径和光学显微镜测定发现脂肪球的粒径分布和附聚程度发生了改变,表现为超高压处理后稀奶油的打发时间由3.5 min缩短至2.5 min,且300 MPa处理后稀奶油的膨胀倍数显著增加(P0.05)。在4℃下保藏40 d后,与对照样品相比,超高压处理的稀奶油仍能保持较好的打发性质。     

超高压技术辅助优化牛皮胶原低脂牛肉饼工艺

以超高压技术辅助制备的牛皮胶原为脂肪替代物,制作低脂牛肉饼.结合质构、烹饪损失和感官评分结果,探究超高压压力(200、250、300、350、400 MPa)、超高压时间(5、10、15、20、25 min)、NaCl添加量(1％、1.3％、1.5％、1.7％、1.9％,质量分数)和复合磷酸盐添加量(0.1％、0.2％...     

The effects of high hydrostatic pressure at subzero temperature on the quality of ready-to-eat cured beef carpaccio

We compared the application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on unfrozen carpaccio (HHP at 20°C) and on previously-frozen carpaccio (HHP at -30°C). HHP at 20°C changed the color. The pressure increase from 400 to 650MPa and the time increment from 1 to 5min at 400MPa increased L* and b*. a* decreased only with 650MPa for 5min at 20°C. The prior freezing of the carpaccio and the HHP at -30°C minimized the effect of the HHP on the color and did not change the shear force, but increased expressible moisture as compared to the untreated carpaccio. HHP at 20°C was more effective in reducing the counts of microorganisms (aerobic total count at 30°C, Enterobacteriaceae, psychrotrophs viable at 6.5°C and lactic acid bacteria) than HHP at -30o C. With HHP at 20°C, we observed a significant effect of pressure and time on the reduction of the counts.     

The effects of high hydrostatic pressure at subzero temperature on the quality of ready-to-eat cured beef carpaccio

We compared the application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on unfrozen carpaccio (HHP at 20 °C) and on previously-frozen carpaccio (HHP at − 30 °C). HHP at 20 °C changed the color. The pressure increase from 400 to 650 MPa and the time increment from 1 to 5 min at 400 MPa increased L* and b*. a* decreased only with 650 MPa for 5 min at 20 °C. The prior freezing of the carpaccio and the HHP at − 30 °C minimized the effect of the HHP on the color and did not change the shear force, but increased expressible moisture as compared to the untreated carpaccio. HHP at 20 °C was more effective in reducing the counts of microorganisms (aerobic total count at 30 °C, Enterobacteriaceae, psychrotrophs viable at 6.5 °C and lactic acid bacteria) than HHP at − 30 º C. With HHP at 20 °C, we observed a significant effect of pressure and time on the reduction of the counts.     

超高压对食品中微生物的影响

超高压是一种新型食品加工技术,已广泛应用于食品的非热加工。在超高压条件下微生物的细胞壁、细胞膜被破坏,引起细胞形态结构的改变;微生物细胞内的结构蛋白、酶等在超高压条件下被钝化,导致微生物正常的代谢功能和增殖能力被破坏;在超高压条件下微生物的蛋白组和基因组也产生了一定的变化,许多与抗逆有关的蛋白质和基因表达上调。     

高静压对鸡肉凝胶品质影响的试验研究

通过单因素试验,在压力100~400 MPa、保压时间15 min、室温条件下,考察高静压对低盐(食盐添加量1%)鸡肉凝胶色泽、pH值、持水性与质构品质的影响。研究结果表明:200 MPa以上的高静压可导致鸡肉凝胶亮度的显著下降、以及凝胶硬度、弹性和咀嚼性的显著增加;300 MPa以上的高静压可引起鸡肉凝胶pH值和黏结性的显著升高(P<0.05);100 MPa与300 MPa压力使鸡肉凝胶的蒸煮损失率CL低于对照组,而200 MPa压力导致CL升高(P<0.05);100~400 MPa的高静压对鸡肉凝胶的保水性无显著影响(P>0.05)。因此,300 MPa的高静压可形成高硬度、高弹性与高黏结性、低CL值的低盐鸡肉糜凝胶制品。     

Pasteurization of food by hydrostatic high pressure: chemical aspects

Food pasteurized by hydrostatic high pressure have already been marketed in Japan. There is great interest in this method also in Europe and USA. Temperature and pressure are the essential parameters influencing the state of substances including foods. While the influence of temperature on food has been extensively investigated, effects of pressure, also in combination with temperature, are attracting increasing scientific attention now. Processes and reactions in food governed by Le Chatelier's principle are of special interest; they include chemical reactions of both low- and macromolecular compounds. Theoretical fundamentals and examples of pressure affected reactions are presented.

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Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe hydrostatischen Hochdrucks pasteurisierte Lebensmittel werden in Japan bereits vermarktet. Auch in Europa und USA ist das Interesse an dieser Methode groß. Temperatur und Druck sind die wichtigsten Parameter, die den Zustand der Materie -auch von Lebensmitteln — beeinflussen. Während die Einwirkung von Temperatur auf Lebensmittel seit langem Gegenstand von Untersuchungen ist, ist der Einfluß des Druckes auch in Kombination mit Temperatur auf Lebensmittel ein relativ junges Forschungsgebiet. Generell sollten Vorgänge und Reaktionen in Lebensmitteln untersucht werden, die dem Prinzip von Le Chatelier unterliegen. Hierzu gehören chemische Reaktionen niedermolekularer und makromolekularer Verbindungen. Es werden theoretische Grundlagen und Beispiele für durch Druck beeinflußte Reaktionen vorgestellt.

     

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on starches: A review

Various strategies have been employed to enhance starch property, including thermal processing, chemical modification. The application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) may be a complementary, synergistic, or an additive starch enhancement technique. While most current applications of HHP are in starch processing, over 25 starches had been investigated by HHP, which can induce gelatinization and modification of some starches. Different starch responds differently to high pressure depending on the pressure range, starch source, pressurization temperature and time, different solvent and starch concentration. We have re‐examined the information on the various factors that influence the HHP‐induced structure, gelatinization, retrogradation, and modification of starches from different plant sources, with an emphasis on the HHP‐induced gelatinization. The compiled evidence of high pressure starch enhancement in this paper indicates that HHP is an effective technology with potential for greater utilization in starch application.     

Maillard-type reactions under high hydrostatic pressure: Formation of pentosidine

Application of hydrostatic pressure up to 600 MPa on a solution consisting of N ^α -acetylarginine, N ^α -acetyllysine and ribose in equimolar ratios (pH 7.4, T=60 °C, t=2 h) resulted in a pressure-dependent increase of the pentosidine content. This marker for the advanced Maillard reaction could also be found protein-bound in enhanced yields by increasing pressure on β-casein incubated with ribose in solution. Received: 4 January 2000     

超高压处理对谷物淀粉影响的研究进展

超高压作为一种非热加工技术,在谷物加工方面,主要用作淀粉改性、蛋白质改性、功能成分提取、降低致敏性、延长贮藏期等。淀粉作为谷物的主要营养成分,不仅为人类提供主要的能量来源,还与面团形成、糊化、老化、食品最终食用品质和保质期等密切相关。天然淀粉由于易老化、抗剪切能力差等不足,限制了淀粉的应用范围。利用超高压对淀粉进行改性处理,改善淀粉的加工性能,对于食品加工具有重要意义。本文综述了超高压处理对谷物类淀粉结构、颗粒特性、理化性质、糊化老化特性、消化特性等方面的影响及作用机理。     

Anthocyanin condensation reactions under high hydrostatic pressure

The effects of temperature and/or high hydrostatic pressure on anthocyanin condensation reactions were studied. For this purpose, model solutions containing cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3gl) and pyruvate, in excess, were subjected to different combined temperature/pressure treatments. After a high hydrostatic pressure treatment of 600 MPa, at 70 °C during 30 min, about 25% of Cy3gl was degraded. Parallel to this decrease, a vitisin A-type derivative was formed. By contrast, the rate of condensation was only 5% when samples were heated (70 °C, 30 min). In both cases, the degradation kinetics fitted well to a first order reaction (R² = 0.99). The decrease in Cy3gl was correlated with a decrease in the antioxidant activity. Moreover, the chemical stability of wine subjected to a temperature/pressure treatment of 600 MPa, at 70 °C during 1 h was investigated. After this treatment, a decrease in the concentration of malvidin-3-O-glucoside (Mv3glu) was found. As a consequence, an increase in the concentration of several products of high molecular weight at 370 nm was observed. When wine was subjected to pasteurization conditions (600 MPa, 70 °C, 10 min), no significant changes in the chemical composition were found (P < 0.05).     

超高压杀菌效果及机制研究进展

超高压作为一种新型的食品非热加工技术, 处理过程温度低、对食品营养成分破坏小,能在有效杀菌的同时显著提升加工食品品质,是未来食品加工技术发展的热点方向。近年来,超高压技术被广泛应用于食品加工,并在国内外实现了商业化应用。杀菌作为超高压加工食品过程中最重要的环节,是保证食品安全、延长产品货架期的关键点,因此一直是本领域研究的重点。本文介绍了超高压技术的设备和作用原理, 总结了超高压或超高压联合其他手段对微生物营养体、细菌芽孢、真菌孢子及病毒的杀灭效果和杀菌机制, 归纳了超高压杀菌中存在的杀菌机制不清、缺乏杀菌指示菌以及深休眠芽孢等问题, 以期为进一步完善超高压杀菌理论、推动超高压技术在食品加工中的产业化应用指明方向。     

Effects of ionizing irradiation and hydrostatic pressure on Escherichia coli O157:H7 inactivation, chemical composition, and sensory acceptability of ground beef patties

A randomized complete block design with three replications was utilized to determine the effects of ionizing irradiation and hydrostatic pressure on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, volatile composition, and consumer acceptability (n = 155) of frozen ground beef patties. E-beam and X-ray irradiation (2 kGy) inactivated E. coli O157:H7 below the limit of detection, while hydrostatic pressure treatment (300 mPa for 5 min at 4 °C) did not inactivate this pathogen. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used to extract volatile compounds from treated ground beef patties. Irradiation and hydrostatic pressure altered the volatile composition (P < 0.05) of the ground beef patties in respect to radiolytic products. However, results were inconclusive on whether these differences were great enough to use this method to differentiate between irradiated and non-irradiated samples in a commercial setting. Irradiation did not affect (P > 0.05) consumer acceptability of ground beef patties when compared to untreated samples, but hydrostatic pressure caused decreased acceptability (P < 0.05) when compared to other treatments.     

Thermal inactivation D- and z-values of Salmonella serotypes and listeria innocua in chicken patties, chicken tenders, franks, beef patties, and blended beef and turkey patties.

Commercially formulated meat products, including chicken patties, chicken tenders, franks, beef patties, and blended beef and turkey patties, were obtained from processors. Each product was inoculated with 7 to 8 logs of Salmonella (Senftenberg, Typhimurium, Heidelberg, Mission, Montevideo, and California) or Listeria innocua. The inoculated meat samples were heat treated at 55 to 70 degrees C. At each temperature, the decimal reduction time (D) was obtained by linear regression of survival curves. Values of D and the temperature difference required for the thermal inactivation curve to drop a logarithmic cycle (z) were determined for the Salmonella serotypes and L. innocua in each product. At 55 to 70 degrees C. for the five tested products, the D-values for the Salmonella serotypes and L. innocua were 26.97 to 0.25 min and 191.94 to 0.18 min, respectively, and their z-values were 7.60 to 9.83 degrees C and 4.86 to 8.67 degrees C, respectively. Significant differences were found for the D- and z-values among the five products. This study will better enable processors to determine the process lethality of pathogens in commercial meat products.