大口径红外光电系统辐射定标及误差分析

为了实现对大口径红外光电系统的辐射定标,建立了基于大面源黑体的辐射定标系统以及基于红外单色照明光管的光谱定标系统.利用腔型黑体、连续可变滤光片CVF和平行光管组成红外单色照明光管,对红外系统进行光谱定标,确定系统归一化相对光谱响应函数.利用大面源黑体覆盖红外系统入瞳和视场,对红外系统进行辐射定标,确定系统绝对辐射亮度响...     

大口径空间滤波调制红外光谱仪定标方法

红外辐射特性是对弱小目标进行探测与识别的重要依据,进行过辐射定标的大口径观测设备适用于弱小目标红外辐射特性的获取。大口径空间滤波调制红外光谱仪就是用于观测弱小目标的设备之一。文中讨论了一种适合应用于大口径空间滤波调制红外光谱测量系统的辐射定标方法,该方法由腔黑体加平行光管这种组合提供红外全谱段的标准辐射,计算了待定标光谱仪测量系统口面处各通道的辐射照度,用于红外短中长波的标校。用最小二乘法拟合得到光谱仪响应DN 值与辐射照度之间的定标曲线,并给出了实际定标结果。最后分析了辐射定标不确定度的来源及合成结果,合成定标不确定度在10%之内,满足大口径空间滤波调制红外光谱仪的定标需求。     

基于短波变F数系统的红外辐射定标规律研究

在靶场辐射测量中,红外辐射特性数据被广泛应用于目标红外特性识别和隐身特性评估,在安防与军事领域发挥着不可替代的作用。目标红外辐射特性数据获取需基于系统的辐射定标。对于中、长波测量系统来说,红外辐射定标主要针对定焦系统,而对变焦系统的辐射标定较少。建立了连续变焦系统的红外辐射定标模型,并对1000 mm口径的短波连续变焦系统进行了分析。数据分析结果显示,随着F数的增大,系统的辐射响应增益减小。分析了其对辐射测量的影响。可以看出,该研究具有一定的工程意义。     

红外焦平面区域选取对辐射定标的影响分析

红外辐射定标是获取目标红外辐射特性的基础技术之一。辐射定标精度对后续目标的辐射特性测量具有重要的影响。针对中波红外辐射定标时探测靶面像元大小的选取,研究了其对辐射定标中系统线性度的影响。基于640×520元中波红外焦平面阵列,选取中心像元、中心100×100区域、中心200×200区域以及全靶面区域进行了研究。在高温段,中心20×20区域的随机误差为5.27%,中心100×100区域的最小误差为0.01%。在低温段,中心20×20区域的随机误差为1.78%,中心100×100区域的最小误差为0.45%。在一定靶面区域内,随着所选靶面的增大,误差逐渐减小。研究结果对红外探测器辐射定标靶面的选取具有一定的工程应用价值。     

高精度中远红外辐射定标技术研究

红外辐射定标是红外遥感信息定量化的关键技术之一。从我国空间红外传感器的发展要求出发,结合国外基于绝对低温辐射计的红外辐射定标技术研究状况,提出了利用宽波段可调谐激光器和球状InSb、HgCdTe光电探测器以及薄膜热电堆探测器TS-76来实现高精度中远红外辐射定标的技术方案。     

星上红外遥感相机的辐射定标技术发展综述

随着对天基对地以及临近空间目标探测的需求增大,高性能红外相机探测及海量数据定量化迫切需要高可靠性、高精度的辐射定标技术,因此,星上辐射定标装置已成为当前空间定量遥感技术发展的重要方向。在轨红外遥感相机的辐射定标主要校正探测器响应的不均匀性（相对辐射定标）和建立遥感相机输出信号与输入辐射量的函数关系（绝对辐射定标）。在介绍红外相机星上辐射定标基本原理的基础上,综述近年来几个国内外典型星上辐射定标装置及其特点,并介绍笔者所在课题组近年来基于内部定标源+天空星图的红外相机高动态范围（HDR）相对辐射定标方法的研究进展。论文对于红外辐射定标技术及星上辐射定标装置的发展具有参考意义。     

高精度星上定标漫射板双向反射分布函数绝对测量系统研究

星上定标漫射板双向反射分布函数（BRDF）的测量不确定度直接影响着星上绝对辐射定标的精度。现有的BRDF测量装置难以在功能和测量精度等方面满足星上定标漫射板BRDF测量的要求,在这样的背景下,建立了BRDF绝对测量系统。该测量系统以高亮度、高均匀性积分球辐射源为照明光源、高精度串联式六轴机器人和中空分度盘为BRDF转角主体、宽光谱大动态范围辐射计为光电信号探测单元,通过几何、电子等相关物理量的高精度溯源及标校,实现了星上定标漫射板BRDF小于1%的测量不确定度。     

基于热红外标准辐亮度计的常温黑体定标技术

常温黑体作为红外光电探测系统的定标光源,其辐亮度的不确定度直接决定了被定标红外系统的探测精度。为了提高黑体的现场定标精度,采用标准辐亮度计开展了面型和腔型结构的三种黑体的辐射定标实验研究。标准辐亮度计溯源于国家计量院标准黑体,不确定度为0.22%。通过直接测量三种黑体的绝对辐亮度,获得了辐亮度温度,并进一步导出了发射率。结果表明,三种黑体的设置温度与其辐亮度温度存在0.6~2.6 K 的差异,由此产生的绝对辐亮度的不确定度达1.4%~5.5%。基于标准辐亮度计的直接定标法避免了温度和发射率测量引入的不确定度,有利于实现黑体现场系统级定标和绝对辐亮度监测。     

一种空间相机辐射定标用大面积辐射光源的研制

针对目前空间光学遥感器向着大口径、高精度方向发展相应需要大出光面的积分球辐射光源,本文研制了一种大口径空间相机用积分球辐射定标光源,并使用自制的积分球辐射性能测试装置测试了大口径积分球光源的均匀性、余弦特性和稳定性。研制的积分球辐射定标光源内径为3000mm,出光面直径为1 000mm。测试结果表明,积分球的最大幅亮度为240.13 W·m-2·sr-1,辐亮度调节范围为371.5∶1,辐亮度不稳定性为0.04%/h,光源出口面非均匀性为1.7%,辐射定标光源的不确定度为5%。     

基于加权最小二乘法的红外辐射定标

随着红外物理与红外技术的深入发展,目标的辐射特性测量受到了广泛的重视,红外探测器的辐射定标直接决定了辐射特性测量精度,为此文中建立了辐射定标系统,对3～5μm的红外焦平面阵列相机进行了绝对辐射定标实验。文中给出了辐射定标的数学模型,制定了定标的流程并进行了相应的辐射定标实验;针对红外标准源和环境波动性的影响,提出了加权最小二乘法的辐射定标优化方法;通过外场辐射特性测量实验表明,该方法的反演误差优于4%,提高了辐射定标的精度,结果满足实际工程的需要。     

Transmission-Line Properties of a Strip on a Dielectric Sheet on a Plane

The subject is a strip Iine formed of a strip and a parallel ground plane separated by a dielectric sheet (commonly termed "microstrip"). Building on the author's earlier papers all the significant properties are formulated in explicit form for practical applications. This may mean synthesis and/or analysis. Each formula is a close approximation for all shape ratios, obtained by a gradual transition between theoretical forms for the extremes of narrow and wide strips. The effect of thickness is formulated to a second-order approximation. Then the result is subjected to numerical differentiation for simple evaluation of the magnetic-loss power factor from the skin depth. The transition formulas are tested against derived formulas for overlapping narrow and wide ranges of shape. Some of these formulas are restated from the earlier derivations and others are derived herein. The latter include the second-order approximation for a narrow thin strip, and a close approximation for a narrow or wide square cross section in comparison with a circular cross section. Graphs are given for practical purposes, showing the wave resistance and magnetic loss for a wide range of shape and dielectric. For numerical reading, the formulas are suited for programming on a digital pocket calculator.     

基于SOI衬底的一种新型磁敏晶体管研究

设计了一种基于SOI衬底且由新型磁敏晶体管组成的磁敏测量电路。理论分析了n^＋-π-n^＋晶体管基区长度大于载流子有效扩散长度Leff时的磁灵敏度。该磁敏晶体管可应用于磁场的测量,实验结果表明在磁场B=0．1T时,这种新型结构给出高的磁灵敏度即△Ic/Ic≈20%,并且有很好的电控制特性。该磁敏晶体管的槽形复合区采用MEMS技术制造。     

Blocking in a system on a chip

With more and larger functions being implemented on a single piece of silicon, true systems on a chip are being created. At the physical level, this integration derives from progress in process technology. But from the circuit designers' viewpoint, tools and methods are less help than they might be. In effect, to construct a system on a chip means more than the integration of millions of transistors. A set of complicated and rapidly evolving technologies and standards for telecommunications, multimedia, and PCs must be mastered, too. Also, the software content of most electronic systems has been growing for several years and now often accounts for a major part of the final product and hence of the design effort. Since a system on a chip is a system, a design methodology for generating such complex ICs will frequently have to address the software as well as hardware needs. Further more, as the size and complexity of chips has grown, so too has the task of verification. Verifying the design of a chip containing a million gates of logic presents a formidable challenge of its own. The complexity of large designs calls for a shift in the design paradigm to one based on reusable, high-level building blocks. Currently, most functional blocks are created by hand and are seldom used again. Reusable blocks, though, are not enough. To deliver on the promise of more productivity and less time to market, designers need reinforcements-a methodology and tools with which to integrate the blocks efficiently, plus standards that support the creation of reusable blocks, their exchange, and their integration     

Grid on a chip

There's renewed interest in upgrading power grids to make regions more energy efficient. The same may be needed for the grids that distribute power on modern microprocessors.     

Flywheels on a roll

Superconducting bearings promise to reduce friction by up to two orders of magnitude, auguring flywheels in the 10-kWh class. The author discusses the principles of stable magnetic levitation of permanent magnets using superconductors. The author then discusses the application of the principles to bearings using high temperature superconductors. Key design parameters and application to flywheels are also discussed     

Mirrors on a chip

The design, development, and performance of the digital micromirror device (DMD), a spatial light modulator for projection displays, are examined. The DMD covers each memory cell of a CMOS static RAM with a movable micromirror. Electrostatic forces contingent on the data in the cell tilt the mirror either on or off, modulating the light incident on its surface. Light reflected from any on-mirrors passes through a projection lens and creates images on a large screen. Light from the remaining off-mirrors is reflected away from the projection lens and trapped. The standard-resolution version of the DMD corresponds to the National Television System Committee (NTSC) or Phase Alternation Line (PAL) standard. It is a chip about 2.3 cm² covered by 442368 movable mirrors, each 16 μm on a side     

Fusion on a Budget

Do you have a few thousand dollars to spare, some basic machining and welding skills, and the ability to follow directions without getting fingerprints inside your equipment? Then you, too, can build a baby fusion reactor, or fusor, in your garage.     

基于光子晶体的多频微带缝隙天线的设计与仿真

在普通微带缝隙天线介质基板内引入光子晶体结构,设计了一种基于PBG结构的多频微带缝隙天线,采用平面波展开法对该天线进行了理论分析,并用HFSS 10.0对该天线进行了仿真.与传统的微带缝隙天线相比,PBG结构的引入改善了微带缝隙天线的辐射特性及多频工作性能.该天线可以用于跳频通信系统中.