Electrochemical behaviors of gold and its associated elements in various complex agent solutions

1　INTRODUCTIONGoldisquitestableanddifficulttodissolveinacommonmineralacid .However ,becausethereisadelectroniclayerunfilledingoldatomicstructure ,goldcanbecombinedwithmanychemicalagentstoformstablecomplexions,causingthepotentialofgoldinasolutiontodecreaseandgoldtodissolveinthesolutioneasily .Basedonthisprinciple ,cyanideisanefficientlixiviatingagentofgold ,andhasbeenwidelyusedtoextractgoldfrom primaryandsecondaryresources .However ,itisthemosttoxicandnotbeneficialtoen vironmentprotection…     

Electrochemical kinetics of gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution

1 INTRODUCTIONEssentially , determination of electrode reac-tion mechanism is just the determination of thecourse of electrode reaction and the rate-determi-ning step[1 5]. Based on the previous results[6 11],gold dissolution mechanism undergoes the follow-ing courses in alkaline thiourea solution: adsorp-tion of thiourea on active points of electrode sur-face and formation of Au[SC(NH2)2]ads; chargetransfer fromactive gold atomto thiourea moleculeand formation of Au[SC(NH2)2]a+ds; Au-…     

SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION OF GOLD IN AN ALKALINETHIOUREA SOLUTION BY ELECTROLYSIS

Thioureawaswellknownasanlixiviantforgoldearlyin1932[fi.Thedissolutionofgoldinacidicthioureasolutionwasreportedin1941byPlaksin[Zj.Thioureahasbeenwidelypaidattentiontoasahighselectivenontoxicnovellixiviantofgoldsince197013j.Electrochemicalexperimentsongoldelectrodeshavebeenconductedbymanyresearches,showingthatgolddissolutionbythioureaismoreefficientinacidicsolutionthaninneutralandalkalinesolutions[4j.Theprocessforextract'inggoldfromtheoreorscrapbyacidicthioureasolution,however,demandedexcessive…     

Mechanism of gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution

Reaction mechanism of gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution was studied by electrochemical methods,such as cyclic voltammetry,chronopotentiometry,AC impedance,linear sweep voltammetry.Apparent activation energy of anodic process of gold electrode dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution is 14.91 kJ/mol.Rate determining step is the process of gold thiourea complex diffusing away from electrode surface to solution.The results of AC impedance and chronopotentiometry indicate that thiourea adsorbs on gold electrode surface before dissolving in solution.There does not exist proceeding chemical reactions.Formamidine disulfide,the decomposed product of thiourea,does not participate the process of gold dissolution and thiourea complex.Species with electro-activity produced in the process of electrode reaction adsorbs on the electrode surface.In alkaline thiourea solution,gold dissolving mechanism undergoes the following courses:adsorption of thiourea on electrode surface;charge transfer from gold atom to thiourea molecule;Au[SC(NH2)2]ads receiving a thiourea molecule and forming stable Au[SC(NH2)2]2 ;and then Au[SC(NH2)2]2 diffusing away from the electrode surface to solution,the last step is the rate-determining one.     

Optimization of efficient stable reagent of alkaline thiourea solution for gold leaching

1　INTRODUCTIONThiourea ,asanontoxic goldleachingreagentsubstitutingcyanide ,hasattractedtheinterestofmanyresearchersallovertheworldsincethedissolu tionofgoldinthioureasolutionwasfirstreportedin194 1,andaseriesofstudiesonthetheoryandtech nologyforleachinggoldbythioureahavebeencon ducted[1 3] .Mostreportson golddissolutioninthioureasolutionwereconcernedwithacidicmedia .Itwasdifficultforgoldtodissolveinalkalinesolutionbecauseofthepassivationofelementsulfurproducedbytheirreversibledecompositi…     

STUDY ON SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION OF GOLD IN ALKALINE THIOUREA MEDIA

Manyresearches[1-3)ondissolutionofgoldinacidicsolutionsofthioureahavebeenreportedsincePlaksin.Generally,itwasconsideredthatthereaction(1)resultsindissolutionofgoldinthioureasolution.An[CS(NH,)sj' e~An ZCS(NH,)2E'~0.38V(1)NH,(NH)CSSC(NH)NH, ZH Ze~ZCS(NH,),E0-0.42V(2)CharleyWRetalthoughtthatthereaction(2)occurredfastly,theproductformamidinedisulfidewasanactiveoxidantandwasveryimportantduringthedissolutionofgold@@['j.However,theconclusionswerelimitedonlyinacidicthioureadissolutio…     

ANODIC OXIDATION OF THIOSULFATE IONS IN GOLD LEACHING

Oneofthemainproblemsconcerninggoldextractionwiththiosulfateisthatthiosulfateisunsta'bleandinclinedtobedecomposedbyoxidation,whichleadstoitshighconsumption.AmericanresarcherKerleygotpatents["'jforaddingsulphiteasstablizingagent,buthisdetailedreportisnotyetavailable.Ourstudiesshowthatsulphiteisofnonoticeableeffectonimprovingthestabilityandreducingtheconsumptionofthiosulfate,whiletheeffeetofammonismuchmoresignificant.Therefore,investigationontheregularitiesofanodicoxidationofthiosulfateisimportan…     

The Catalysis of NAD^＋ on Methanol Anode Oxidation Electrode for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

A tentative idea of developing a liquid-catalytic system on methanol anode oxidation was proposed by analyzing the characteristics of methanol anode oxidation in direct methanol fuel cell. The kinetics of methanol oxidation at a glassy carbon electrode in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD^ ) was investigated. It is found that the current density of methanol oxidation increases greatly and the electrochemical reaction impedance reduces obviously in the presence of NAD^ compared with those in the adsenee of NAD^ . The catalytic activity of NAD^ is sensitive to temperature. When the temperature preponderates over 45℃, NAD^ is out of fuuction of catalysis for methanol oxidation, which is probably due to the denaturation of NAD^ at a relatively high temperature.     

Effects of sulfurous acid on anodic process of gold electrode in thiourea solution

Thioureaitselfisunstableunderanappropriateoxidizingconditionandcanbeoxidized .Theoxida tion productsofthioureadependontheoxidants ,suchashydrogenperoxide ,ferriciron .Itwasreport edthatwithferricironetc ,thioureadecomposedasfollows[7] .2SC(NH2 ) 2 (SC(NH)NH2 ) 2 + 2H++ 2e(2 )ThepotentiodynamicpolarizationcurvesshowninFig .1wereobtainedin 0 .0 5mol/Lthiourea(TU )solutionforafreshlygroundstationarygoldelectrodestartsfrom 0to 1.2 0VvsSCE .FromFig .1itcanbeseenthatthefirstanodicshoulderais…     

Growth kinetics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in bioelectrochemical cell

Thiobacillus ferrooxidans might be the most important bacteria used in biometallurgy. The foundation way of its growth process is oxidizing ferrous in order to obtain energy needed for metabolism, but the variation of ferrous concentration and mixed potential of the culture media would have crucial effect on the bacteria growth. Based on the characteristics of Thiobacillus ferroxidans growth and redox potential of ferric and ferrous, an electrochemical cell was designed conventionally to study growth rule and the relationship between redox potential and bacteria growth was built up, and some growth kinetics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were elucidated. It demonstrates that the variation of open potential of electrochemical cell ΔE shows the growth tendency of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, at the initial growth stage, the value of δE increases slowly, when at logistic growth stage, it increases drastically, and the growth rate of bacteria is linear with the oxidation rate of ferrous. The bacteria growth kinetics model is proposed using Monod and Michealis-Menten equation, and the kinetics parameters are got. The consistence of the measured and the calculated results proves that it is proper to use the proposed kinetics model and the electrochemical cell method to describe the growth rule of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Foundation item: Project (50204001) supported by the National Science Foundation of China     

酸性硫脲溶液中金银分离的研究(Ⅱ)(沉淀法)

本文依据酸性硫脲溶液中金较银易于形成硫化物沉淀的性质,利用硫脲的酸碱分解性,恰当地控制溶液pH值,在存有添加剂条件下,原作为浸出剂的硫脲可转作为沉淀剂。文中给出了分离的最佳工艺条件:pH为6～7,硫脲浓度为40～45克/升,室温,适中搅拌15～20分钟。分离因子3850。     

Molecular dynamics simulation of alkaline electrolyte diffusion in anion exchange membrane

During the operation of alkaline direct liquid fuel cells, the alkaline electrolyte is usually needed in the anode electrode to accelerate the electrochemical reaction kinetics of the liquid fuel. However, the crossover of the alkaline solution in the anode through the anion exchange membrane to the cathode can increase the transfer resistance of the oxygen in the cathode. In order to reduce the crossover of the alkaline solution, the diffusion process of the alkaline solution in the anion exchange membrane needs to be fully understood. In this work, interface models of anion exchange membrane-alkaline electrolytes are established based on the cell structure of the quaternary ammonium polysulfone (QAPS) membrane to simulate the dynamic process of the alkaline solution in the membrane. The effect of the type and the concentration of the alkaline solution on the transportation of the metal ions and OH⁻ in the membrane are studied. The results show that the agglomeration of Na⁺ is formed more easily than K⁺ in the interface model. Because of the strong interaction of Na⁺ on OH⁻, OH⁻ ions appear to be concentrated, resulting in that the diffusion coefficients of the metal ion and OH⁻ in the in Na⁺ solution are lower than those in the K⁺ solution. In addition, with the raised concentration of electrolyte solution, the aggregation degrees of the metal ions and OH⁻ can be increased, which means an enlarged mass transfer resistance of the components. Furthermore, by adding a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layer on the QAPS membrane, the distribution of metal ions tends to be concentrated, and the number of hydrophilic channels in the QAPS membrane is reduced, which significantly increases the alkali resistance of the anion exchange membrane.

     

硼掺杂金刚石薄膜电极降解青霉素G钠废水机制

针对抗生素废水中青霉素类物质难于生化降解的问题,采用直流等离子体化学气相沉积方法制备硼掺杂金刚石(boron-doped diamond, BDD)薄膜电极,以典型的青霉素G钠为目标污染物,对BDD电极降解青霉素的规律及降解历程进行研究.结果表明,不同质量浓度的青霉素G钠在电极上均能够被完全降解,发生电化学燃烧.青霉素G钠和化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)的降解符合一级反应动力学,电流密度从10 mA/cm²提高到20 mA/cm²时,青霉素G钠和COD的反应速率常数分别增加了51.3%和29.1%.BDD电极上青霉素G钠的降解主要受液相传质过程控制,电流效率(current efficiency, E_C)与青霉素G钠的质量浓度和电流密度有关.得到了青霉素G钠在BDD电极上的降解历程,主要的中间产物有青霉酸、异构青霉酸、青霉烯酸和青霉噻唑酸.     

Artificial neural network modeling of gold dissolution in cyanide media

The effects of cyanidation conditions on gold dissolution were studied by artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. Eighty-five datasets were used to estimate the gold dissolution. Six input parameters, time, solid percentage, P₈₀ of particle, NaCN content in cyanide media, temperature of solution and pH value were used. For selecting the best model, the outputs of models were compared with measured data. A fourth-layer ANN is found to be optimum with architecture of twenty, fifteen, ten and five neurons in the first, second, third and fourth hidden layers, respectively, and one neuron in output layer. The results of artificial neural network show that the square correlation coefficients (R ²) of training, testing and validating data achieve 0.999 1, 0.996 4 and 0.998 1, respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that the highest and lowest effects on the gold dissolution rise from time and pH, respectively. It is verified that the predicted values of ANN coincide well with the experimental results.     

硫脲对Ni-P镀层腐蚀行为的影响

在镀液中添加硫脲,分析了硫脲对Ni-P镀层沉积速度、表面形貌、孔隙率等的影响,并通过极化曲线和交流阻抗测试了硫脲对Ni-P镀层腐蚀性的影响。结果表明,当镀液中添加1 mg/L硫脲时,镀层的沉积速率加快,腐蚀速率增大。这主要是因为镀液添加硫脲后,镀层的孔隙率加大,促进了腐蚀介质渗入到基体表面,增加了腐蚀微电池的数量,形成了大阴极(镀层)-小阳极（基体）腐蚀微电池,使自腐蚀电流密度增大,电荷转移电阻减小。当镀液中添加硫脲质量浓度大于3 mg/L时,镀液被毒化,无法施镀。     

Extracting gold from pyrite roster cinder by ultra-fine-grinding and resin-in-pulp

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＲｅｓｉｎ ｉｎ ｐｕｌｐｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｓａｎａｄｖａｎｃｅｄｔｅｃｈ ｎｉｑｕｅｏｆｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｎｇ ｇｏｌｄｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｆｉｌｔｅｒ ,ｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｇｏｌｄｉｓｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙｅｘｔｒａｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｃｙａｎｉｄｅｐｕｌｐｗｉｔｈｉｏｎｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｒｒｅｓｉｎ .Ｉｔａｖｏｉｄｓｌｉｑｕｉｄｓｏｌｉｄｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎ ,ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｓｌｏｓｓｏｆｇｏｌｄｉｎｔａｉｌｗａｓｈｉｎｇｓａｎｄｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｔｈｅｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙｏｆｇｏｌｄ[1,2 ] .353Ｅ…     

Electrochemical behavior of K3Fe（CN）6 in water-in-oil microemulsion

A water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion composed of Triton X-100, n-hexanol, n-hexane and water solution with hydrochloric acid was prepared. K₃Fe(CN)₆ was added in as a water-soluble electroactive probe, and its electrochemical behavior was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It is found that the H⁺ concentration of the water phase has a great effect on the conductivity of the W/O microemulsion, and hence influences the electrochemical behavior of K₃Fe(CN)₆. When the pH value of water phase is about 7, the electrical conductivity of the W/O microemulsion is only 1.2×10⁻⁶ S/cm, and K₃Fe(CN)₆ almost cannot react at the glassy carbon electrode. But when the H⁺ concentration is more than 3 mol/L, the W/O microemulsion has a good electrical conductivity and K₃Fe(CN)₆ shows good electrochemical performance in it. The results of CV and EIS studies indicate that the electrochemical behavior of Fe(CN)₆ ³⁻/Fe(CN)₆ ⁴⁻ in the W/O microemulsion is different from that in the aqueous solution. This may be due to the unique liquid structure of the W/O microemulsion and the unique mass transfer in the W/O microemulsion. Foundation item: Projects(20673036, J0830415) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Projects(05JT1026, 2007JT2013) supported by the Science Technology Project of Hunan Province, China     

Adsorption isotherm mechanism of amino organic compounds as mild steel corrosion inhibitors by electrochemical measurement method

The inhibition ability of 4-amino-5-phenyl-4H-1, 2, 4-trizole-3-thiol (APTT), ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and thiourea (TU) for mild steel corrosion in 1.0 mol/L HCl solution at 30 ℃ was investigated. Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the influence of these organic compounds as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in 1.0 mol/L HCl solution at 30 ℃. The inhibition mechanism was discussed in terms of Langmuir isotherm model. Results obtained...     

Electroehemieal Behavior of Antimicrobial Stainless Steel Bearing Copper in Sulfate Reducing Bacterial Medium

The electrochemical characteristic of antimicrobial stainless steel bearing copper NSSAM3 in sulfate reducing bacterial （SRB） was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） and potentiodynamic polarization. The results show that inoculation of SRB into the culture medium significantly affects the anodic polarization behavior of NSSAM3 and accelerates anodic depolarization process, however, it has little effect on cathodic polarization curves of NSSAM3. Under the same exposure time, the anodic polarization curves of NSSAM3 in culture medium with SRB are in anodic active dissolution state when anodic polarization potential value is below 0 V（SCE）, whose anodic polarization current density is bigger than that of in culture medium without SRB. Moreover, when the concentration of Cu^2＋ in SRB medium increases, anodic polarization current density of NSSAM3 decreases and polarization resistance increases with increasing time. Scanning electron microscope （SEM） observations indicate that SRB unevenly attaches on the surface of NSSAM3, and induces the sensitivity to local corrosion.     

Effect of galvanic contact on the flotability of galena in the presence and absence of a collector

In this paper, the effect of various electrochemical environments in the galena flotation is investigated. The electrochemical environments consisted of a ball mill for grinding of galena ore and a Denver flotation cell for flotation of galena in the laboratory scale. In order to achieve the maximum recovery with sodium hyposulfite, the concentrations of 0.06 and 0.12 M of air and nitrogen gases have been used to control the pulp potential in the Denver flotation cell. The galena sample was from the “Era mine” which is located in the Kiyasar area, north of Iran. This mine contains: Galena (PbS) at least 22%, Fluorite (CaF₂) 73.37%, Quartz (SiO₂) 2.54% and other minerals such as Cerussite (PbCO₃) and Kaolinite (Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄). Flotation of Galena was conducted in a 0.12 M of sodium hyposulfite solution. It was found that the amount of recovery by this process was 85% and 63% in the presence and absence of potassium amyl xanthate (KAX) and at an estimated potential of 280 to 350 mV respectively while the recovery was 70% and 52% at an approximate potential of 175 to 210 mV in water in the presence and absence of collector (KAX).