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1.
Abstract. The Sleeper open pit gold mine operated from the mid-1980s
through the mid-1990s. Operations were mostly sub-water table
and extensive dewatering was required to lower groundwater
levels by 180 m. Dewatering flows peaked at 930 L/s, with most
flow contributed from an alluvial aquifer. After completion of
mining, the pit was rapidly filled with water pumped from the
alluvial aquifer to reduce the exposure time of sulfide wall
rocks and waste rocks in the ultimate pit. The pumped alluvial
groundwater provided a large volume of low total dissolved
solids (TDS), high alkalinity water that controlled the early
chemistry. The rising lake waters were amended with lime to
buffer excess acidity contributed to the lake from reactive pit
wall rocks during submergence. The pore water contained in
submerged waste rock at the base of the pit was elevated in TDS
and subsequently of higher density that the lake water. The
density contrast and waste rock location limited contributions
of waste rock pore water to the main body of the lake. Some
stratification of the early lake occurred, with shallow water
characterized by higher pH, low dissolved metals, and sulfate;
deeper water had lower pH and higher dissolved metals and
sulfate. The reservoir of alkalinity in the shallow layer mixed
with the deeper waters and created a stabilized lake with a
homogenized column that exceeded water quality expectations.
Current water quality meets all Nevada primary drinking water
standards with the exception of sulfate, TDS, and manganese,
which are slightly elevated, as predicted. Chemistry has
remained stable since development of the initial lake. 相似文献
2.
Abstract. The concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Berkeley pit lake water ranges from 2 to 4 mg/L, and is comparable
to that of its inflow waters. On the dates sampled, the DOC concentrations decreased towards the surface of the lake, in a
manner similar to the concentration of dissolved Fe. This may reflect adsorption of DOC onto newly formed ferric precipitates
in the epilimnion of the lake. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the lake sediment is 0.20 to 0.33%, and is on the
low end of TOC in natural aquatic sediments. In contrast, the DOC concentrations of sediment pore waters are unusually high,
ranging from 50 to 380 mg/L, and are much higher than DOC values of pore waters from typical marine or lacustrine sediments.
The high DOC concentrations are explained by release of adsorbed organic carbon from ferric precipitates as they age and recrystallize,
coupled with the relative scarcity of heterotrophic bacteria in the acidic and heavy metal-rich waters that would otherwise
consume DOC through reduction of sulfate. 相似文献
3.
Abstract. Surface water bodies are expected to form in several pits
at the Getchell Open Pit Mine after mining has ceased due to
inflowing surface and ground water. Predicting the long-term
geochemical behavior of the pit water is important in assessing
potential environmental effects. One of the pits, the Summer
Camp Pit, began to develop a pit lake in 1991 when dewatering
ceased and the pit was used to store water pumped from
underground operations. This provided a field-scale opportunity
to identify the controls on lake water chemistry and determine
the effects of seasonal mixing events on long-term chemical
behavior. During a five-year period (1996-2001), a number of
physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the lake
were monitored with the intent of using this information as a
basis for predicting long-term geochemical behavior of future
lakes in the other pits. Seasonal and multiyear cycles were
identified within the water column. These cycles were influenced
by climatic changes and element and sediment loadings of inflow
to the lake. Stratification occurred, with the metalimnion or
active layer of the lake evolving from a low total dissolved
solids (TDS), alkaline water to a high TDS, neutral to mildly
acidic water, until turnover occurred due to density variations
between the metalimnion and epilimnion, completely mixing the
layers. A hypolimnion that formed has the potential to stabilize
metals in the basal sediments as sulfide minerals below a
chemolimnion in the lake. Longer-term events also appear to
involve the hypolimnion.The monitoring program demonstrated the dynamic nature of
a pit lake and how the complex limnology can affect seasonal
water quality. Such considerations are important in interpreting
water quality from pit lakes and in selecting monitoring data to
use when constructing mathematical models for predicting changes
in water quality. 相似文献
4.
Oliver Totsche Andrew Fyson Christian E. W. Steinberg 《Mine Water and the Environment》2006,25(4):204-213
Abstract. Microbial alkalinity production was evaluated as a method to prevent reacidification of neutralized mining lakes by acidic
ground and seepage water. We used 60 L mesocosms to represent the sediment and water column of a shallow acidic mine lake.
To enhance alkalinity production, acidic and neutralized lake waters were treated with either phosphorus (controlled eutrophication)
or organic matter (controlled saprobization). Controlled eutrophication could not produce enough autochthonous biomass as
substrate for microbial alkalinity production to change the acidity of the water. Chemical pre-neutralization of the acidic
water caused the inorganic carbon concentration to increase, but at the same time, hindered algae growth by reducing the availability
of phosphate by sorption to the freshly precipitated iron hydroxide. This effect was so strong that even high phosphorus additions
could not increase the algae biomass production. In contrast to controlled eutrophication, controlled saprobization produced
significant alkalinity. Despite inhibition of the most important alkalinity producing process, namely microbial sulfate reduction,
by low pH values, the microbial alkalinity production rate was not affected by pre-neutralization of the water column. Other
alkalinity producing processes raised the pH in the reactive zone until sulfate reduction was no longer inhibited. 相似文献
5.
Abstract. An analog pit lake (APL) test has been developed to
predict pit lake water quality following closure of an
equatorial copper-gold mine. The juvenile (0-9 years after
closure) pit lake (JPL) water budget will comprise 10% rainfall;
26% surface runoff; 40% wallrock runoff, and 24% deep
groundwater inflow. The mature (>65 years after closure) pit
lake (MPL) will consist of 39% rainfall; 29% surface runoff; 15%
wallrock runoff; 3% deep groundwater inflow, and 1% shallow
groundwater inflow, with the balance (13%) contributed by the
JPL. Wallrock runoff due to incident precipitation was
replicated in humidity columns, subaqueous wallrock leachate by
leaching columns of each rock type with groundwater, rainwater
by addition of sea salt to deionized water, and surface runoff
by a sample from a local creek. The solutions were combined in
aquaria and the appropriate fraction evaporated, 7% for the JPL
and 36% for the MPL. Electron microprobe analysis of
precipitates identified clays and Al, Cu, and Zn adsorbed to
ferrihydrite surfaces. A preliminary pit design resulted in an
acidic (pH 3.3) JPL containing 7 mg/L Cu. However, by modifying
the design to exclude a potentially acidgenerating andesite
unit, the JPL water quality improves (e. g., pH 6.7; Cu 0.002
mg/L). The MPL pH with the andesite would be 6.1 (Cu = 2.2
mg/L), while the final design results in a pH of 7.1 and 0.22
mg/L Cu. The APL test can also be used to corroborate numerical
models predictions and assess the efficacy of mitigation
alternatives. 相似文献
6.
Abstract. The Berkeley pit lake in Butte, Montana is one of the largest accumulations of acid mine drainage in the world. The pit lake
began filling in 1983, and continues to fill at a rate of roughly 10 million liters d-1. This paper details how changes in mining activities have led to changes in the rate of filling of the pit lake, as well
as changes in its limnology and geochemistry. As of 2005, the Berkeley pit lake is meromictic, with lower conductivity water
resting on top of higher conductivity water. This permanent stratification was set up by diversion of surface water—the so-called
Horseshoe Bend Spring—into the pit during the period 2000 to 2003. However, the lake may have been holomictic prior to 2000,
with seasonal top-to-bottom turnover events. The present mining company is pumping water from below the chemocline to a copper
precipitation plant, after which time the Cu-depleted and Fe-enriched water is returned to the pit. Continued operation of
this facility may eventually change the density gradient of the lake, with a return to holomictic conditions. A conceptual
model illustrating some of the various physical, chemical, and microbial processes responsible for the unusually poor water
quality of the Berkeley pit lake is presented. 相似文献
7.
Pollution of Water and Stream Sediments Associated with the Vale De Abrutiga Uranium Mine,Central Portugal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract.
The Vale de Abrutiga uranium deposit, located in Central Portugal near the Aguieira dam reservoir, was surface mined. Low-grade ore and waste rock were deposited on permeable ground, close to the mine, and were not revegetated. A lake has formed in the open pit. Surface waters draining the mine site are acidic, have high conductivity, and high concentrations of U, SO42-, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ra, Cu, Th, and Pb. The groundwater and the water from the reservoir cannot be used for human consumption or irrigation. The sampled waters show higher contaminant concentrations in winter than in summer. Stream sediments have high geoaccumulation indices for U, Fe, Ag, Zn, Cr, Co, and Pb. In general, sediments bordering the dam reservoir have higher metal contents in winter than in summer. 相似文献
8.
D. H. M. Alderton T. Serafimovski B. Mullen K. Fairall S. James 《Mine Water and the Environment》2005,24(3):139-149
Abstract Pollution from current and past mining is a significant problem in several parts of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
Water from six different mining areas in Macedonia was analysed to assess the effects of metalliferous mining activities.
Drainage sediments at all locations show evidence of physical and chemical contamination; water compositions, however, were
more variable. Low pH water associated with mining has led to the dissolution of minerals and the mobilization of metals from
the ores and the host rocks. Only Sb was noted to exhibit enhanced mobility in higher pH waters. The Zletevo Pb-Zn mine discharges
low pH water that has high levels of several metals, including Al, Zn, Cd, and Fe; sediment concentrations are grossly elevated
for several km downstream. Toranica and Sasa Pb-Zn mines exhibit similar sediment contamination of Pb, Zn, Cd, and other ore-related
metals. However, concentrations of metals in waters are far lower at both of these mines, due to less pyrite in the ore and
the buffering of the acid waters by carbonate host lithologies. At the Buchim copper mine, waters are both acidic and high
in dissolved solids; Cu concentrations exceed 100 mg/L. Krstov Dol and Alshar are small, disused As-Sb mines that discharge
waters that exceed potable values for some contaminants (e. g. As), but this may be related to the mineralization of the bedrock
rather than the mines. In general, metal concentrations decreased downstream from the source due to dilution from other rivers
and coprecipitation of metals on other mineral phases (e. g. Fe-, Al- and Mn-oxides, and hydroxides). 相似文献
9.
Abstract. In the Eastern Middle Anthracite field of Pennsylvania, a
formerly acidic (pH = 3.6) surface mine lake (initially
approximately 45,000m3 in volume) is
being reclaimed using fluidized bed combustor (FBC) ash. The pH
of the water in the pit dramatically increased when the alkaline
ash was added. The pH of the water is now well buffered, and has
not dropped below a value of 11.0 since March 2000. Analysis of
data from samples collected over the past six years indicate
that the lakes alkalinity is controlled by carbonate, silicate,
and hydroxide reactions. The relative importance of these
factors varies with ash input, and can be determined in a
predictable fashion. Laboratory tests determined that the mass
of CaO was more significant than the particle surface area on
the pH of the solution. Using only alkaline material, the
transition between caustic and carbonate alkalinity was
apparent, though this did not account for interaction with
silicate minerals, which should be considered when using
alkaline ash for reclamation. Field data indicate that with
time, the pH will again decrease but will be buffered by calcite
present on both the upper walls of the mine pool and within
pores of the FBC ash. Less than 1% of the ash is currently used
to increase the pH and alkalinity, so a large reserve exists for
long term buffering capacity. 相似文献
10.
Abstract. Due to operational and regulatory practicalities, pit lakes will continue to be common legacies of mine lease relinquishments.
Unplanned or inappropriate management of these geographical features can lead to both short- and long-term liability to mining
companies, local communities, and the nearby environment during mining operations or after lease relinquishment. However,
the potential for pit lakes to provide benefit to companies, communities, and the environment is frequently unrecognised and
yet may be a vital contribution to the sustainability of the open-cut mining industry. Sustainable pit lake management aims
to minimise short and long term pit lake liabilities and maximise short and long term pit lake opportunities. Improved remediation
technologies are offering more avenues for pit lakes resource exploitation than ever before, at the same time mining companies,
local communities, and regulatory authorities are becoming more aware of the benefit these resources can offer. 相似文献
11.
Abstract. The basic chemical properties of Tertiary (T) and Quaternary (Q) aquifers near the Piaseczno opencast sulphur mine and the
water in the open pit, along with the stratigraphy and hydrogeology of the area, were characterized to assess the feasibility
of inundating the mine with ground water. Ground water quality varied markedly in the opencast area. A distinct stratification
was noted in the pit water; total dissolved solids, calcium, chloride, hardness, and hydrogen sulphide increased from the
top water level to the bottom of the pit lake. The concentrations of SO42- and Cl- in the opencast water were very high, especially in the hypolimnion zone. Based on our preliminary analysis, it appears that
an artificial lake formed in the Piaseczno open pit could be used in the future as a fish and wildlife habitat as well as
for recreational purposes. 相似文献
12.
Abstract. Permitting of open pit mines that intersect the
groundwater table necessitates the use of sophisticated
numerical models to determine the temporal impact of pit lake
hydraulics. However, while mine feasibility and the potential
environmental influences of open-pit dewatering can be estimated
using conventional screening-level methods, to date there have
been few published transient analytical solutions to estimate
the pit lake recovery duration and inflow rates. The
Comprehensive Realistic Yearly Pit Transient Infilling Code
(CRYPTIC) described here is based on the Jacob-Lohman equation,
modified to include the pit geometry and effects of
precipitation and evaporation from the pit lake surface as well
as the input/output of external flows. It assumes that the
aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic with laterally extensive
horizontal flow but differs from other methods in that it
includes transient inflows. CRYPTIC was used to successfully
model the Berkeley Pit Lake (Butte, Montana) recovery data and
its predictions also compared favorably with results from the
Pipeline Pit (north-central Nevada) numerical model. However,
while this analytical approach provides useful hydraulic
insights at the feasibility stage of mine planning, more
detailed analysis is required to determine critical mine
permitting requirements. For example, the lateral extent of the
drawdown cone, time to maximum extent of dewatering, and
temporal effects on springs and seeps require deployment of a
full numerical code and substantially more data. 相似文献
13.
Christopher H. Gammons 《Mine Water and the Environment》2006,25(2):114-123
Abstract. The Lexington tunnel is the last accessible underground mine working in the Butte, Montana mining district. Used as recently
as 1993, the tunnel and adjacent workings have been abandoned for over 10 years. Although the Lexington tunnel is over 200
m above the regional water table, perched water is present over much of its extent. Mine water near the portal is moderately
acidic (pH 4 to 5), with extremely high concentrations of metals, including Cu (up to 1000 mg/L) and Zn (up to 1400 mg/L).
In the middle reaches of the tunnel, the quality of the water is much better, with near-neutral pH, high bicarbonate alkalinity,
and lower concentrations of heavy metals. The low acidity and metal content is attributed to a lack of pyrite and other sulfides
in this portion of the mine, as well as the presence of carbonate minerals, such as rhodochrosite (MnCO3), in exposed veins. Sulfide minerals are more widespread further back in the tunnel, and are now oxidizing rapidly, leading
to pockets of severe acid drainage (pH< 3, dissolved Zn up to 5000 mg/L).
Geochemical modeling suggests that the near-neutral waters—the most voluminous type encountered in the Lexington tunnel—are
close to equilibrium saturation with rhodochrosite and hydrous Zn-carbonate (ZnCO3•H2O). The Eh of these waters is most likely controlled by redox reactions involving dissolved Mn2+ and secondary, Zn-rich, hydrous Mn-oxides. In contrast, the Eh of the acidic waters appears to be controlled by reactions
involving Fe2+ and Fe3+. Most of the acidic waters are saturated with K-jarosite, which forms delicate, straw-like dripstones at several localities.
Decaying mine timbers could be an important renewable source of organic carbon for heterotrophic microorganisms, such as iron-
and sulfate-reducing bacteria, especially deeper in the mine workings where the ground is saturated with anoxic ground water. 相似文献
14.
Jeffrey A. Simmons Tim Andrew Andrew Arnold Neodesha Bee Joshua Bennett Miriam Grundman Kelsy Johnson Russell Shepherd 《Mine Water and the Environment》2006,25(4):241-245
Abstract. In-stream limestone sand addition (ILSA) has been employed as the final treatment for acid mine drainage discharges at Swamp
Run in central West Virginia for six years. To determine the small-scale longitudinal variation in stream water and sediment
chemistry and stream biota, we sampled one to three locations upstream of the ILSA site and six locations downstream. Addition
of limestone sand significantly increased calcium and aluminum concentrations in sediment and increased the pH, calcium, and
total suspended solids of the stream water. Increases in alkalinity were not significant. The number of benthic macroinvertebrate
taxa was significantly reduced but there was no effect on periphyton biomass. Dissolved aluminum concentration in stream water
was reduced, apparently by precipitation into the stream sediment. 相似文献
15.
Buffering of Acidic Mine Lakes: The
Relevance of Surface Exchange and Solid- Bound
Sulphate 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract. Buffering mechanisms in an acidic mine lake in Lusatia,
Germany were investigated. The titration curve has four sections
with different buffering mechanisms: (1) buffering by free
hydrogen ions and hydrogen sulphate (pH = 2.55-2.9), (2)
buffering by Fe with bound SO4 (pH =
2.9-4.3), (3) buffering by Al with bound
SO4 (pH = 4.3-5.5), and (4) buffering by
surface exchange of SO4 and basic cations
(pH > 5.5). Three different phase models were applied to
simulate the titration curve: (1) an iron and aluminium
hydroxide model; (2) an iron and aluminium hydroxysulphate
model; and (3) an iron hydroxide model with surface exchange for
SO4, Ca, and Mg, coupled with an
aluminium hydroxysulphate model. The uncertainty of model input
parameters was accounted for in a sensitivity analysis. Only the
third model, which considers surface exchange, was able to
adequately reproduce the measured titration curve. 相似文献
16.
Abstract Batch incubation and flow-through column experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of emulsified soybean oil for in situ
treatment of acid mine drainage. Addition of soybean oil, soluble substrates, and a microbial inoculum to the batch incubations
resulted in complete depletion of SO4, 50% reduction in Fe, and an increase in pH to >6. A one time injection of emulsified soybean oil, lactate, yeast extract,
and a microbial inoculum stimulated SO4 and metal ion reduction for ≈300 days in laboratory columns packed with mine tailings receiving influent solutions with
a pH≈3 and≈5. In all emulsion treated columns, SO4 and Fe were reduced, pH increased to >6, and Al, Cu and Zn removal efficiency was 99% or greater. Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were
removed as metal sulfides and/or carbonates with removal efficiency decreasing with increasing metal sulfide solubility. The
low pH and high heavy metals concentrations did not significantly inhibit biological activity. However, SO4 removal with associated precipitation of metal sulfides may have been limited by the short hydraulic retention time (6-7
days) of the columns. There was a significant hydraulic conductivity loss in one of the four treated columns, indicating that
hydraulic conductivity loss may be an issue under certain conditions. 相似文献
17.
Abstract.
Drainage systems in large surface mines are designed to
accomplish three basic objectives: keeping working conditions
dry, stable and safe; lowering hydrostatic pressure and
increasing the effective stress of soil to improve slope
stability; and ensuring pit floor workability. This can be
achieved with drainage facilities that include channels, water
collection sumps, and pump stations. We report the development
of a computer-aided system called Dewatering of Open Pit Mines
(DEWOP), which can assist open pit mine designers to solve
water-related problems. The system was developed in a Visual
Basic object programming language, taking advantage of
multi-user, open database connectivity, such as Microsoft
Access, for storage and processing of information. In tests at
coal and copper surface mines, it reduced drainage facilities
costs by 8%. 相似文献
18.
Christopher H. Gammons John J. Metesh Dean M. Snyder 《Mine Water and the Environment》2006,25(2):100-107
Abstract. This paper outlines general trends in the geochemistry of the more than 10,000 km of flooded underground mine workings in
the Butte mining district. The waters in question range in pH from 4 to 8, are all moderately to strongly reducing, and show
a huge range in concentration of dissolved metals such as Al, As, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Metal concentrations and total acidity are
highest in the Kelley mine shaft, which was the main dewatering station used to pump ground water from the underground mine
complex during active mining operations. In contrast, metal concentrations are much lower in the outer portions of the district
where many of the mines contain hydrogen sulfide formed by sulfate-reducing bacteria. In comparison to the other heavy metals,
concentrations of Pb and Cu are quite low in the flooded mine shafts. An interesting inverse correlation between pH and water
temperature is noted, which may be partly caused by exothermic pyrite oxidation reactions in the central portion of the district. 相似文献
19.
Abstract Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) and flow-through reaction cells are fairly new passive treatment alternatives to conventional
lime treatment of acidic rock drainage (ARD). They are ideal for the treatment of flowing ARD and are particularly useful
when contaminants are likely to persist for several years. This paper describes column tests performed to simulate a PRB constructed
using Bauxsol™, a chemically and physically treated bauxite refinery residue, as a reactive material. This experimentation
shows promising results for the Bauxsol™ PRB method in neutralizing pH and removing metals from acidic mine effluents. 相似文献
20.
A. K. Soni 《Mine Water and the Environment》2007,26(2):110-118
Abstract. Hydrogeological study of the Manikgarh and Naokari limestone mining areas, located in the Chandrapur region of central India,
indicate that the mining operations should not cause environmental problems. Conversion of hill mining to pit mining at the
Manikgarh Limestone Mine should be feasible and safe. At the Naokari Limestone Mine, a partial diversion of a seasonal stream,
the Bop Nala, has been proposed to simplify mining and maximize production; this can be done without significantly altering
the natural drainage pattern of the area and is not expected to have any adverse effects on the hydrological regime of area. 相似文献