胡麻粗纱煮漂工艺研究

胡麻粗纱煮漂工艺是胡麻纺纱的关键，直接影响成纱质量。根据胡麻纤维的特性，采用碱煮后亚氧漂工艺。通过生产实践，给出胡麻粗纱煮漂工艺条件，能有效地去除纤维上的杂质，提高白度和纤维素含量。     

胡麻针织纱粗纱煮漂工艺研究

针对胡麻纤维特点,采用短麻湿纺复精梳工艺路线,开发生产出纯胡麻中支纱。分析了胡麻纤维的化学成分、聚合度、结晶度和取向度,胡麻针织纱粗纱煮漂工艺是胡麻针织纱纺纱的关键,它直接影响成纱的质量,通过生产实践,探讨了胡麻粗纱煮漂工艺方法及胡麻粗纱煮漂的工艺流程,给出了工艺参数和配方。     

亚麻粗纱染色的工艺研究与生产实践

根据亚麻纤维的特性，探讨了亚麻粗纱染色前处理的工艺要求，重点讨论了亚麻粗纱染色工艺的选择及染色时的注意事项，意在为亚麻纤维染色提供一个新的途径。     

亚麻粗纱染色工艺探讨

针对亚麻纤维染整加工存在的问题，探讨亚麻粗纱染色工艺的可行性，确定最佳亚麻粗纱染色工艺参数。     

亚麻粗纱染色的工艺合理性及技术可行性探讨

讨论了亚麻粗纱染色的工艺合理性和技术可行性以及亚麻粗纱染色存在的染色均匀性、色光、染色牢度等技术问题和生产管理问题，特别提出了亚麻粗纱染色水洗工序的重要性和注意要点。分析了各项技术问题的原因井提出了解决问题的方法或途径。介绍了该项技术的现状和研究开发方向。     

胡麻纺织品染色工艺的研究

对胡麻纺织品的染色工艺进行了探讨，筛选出适用染料并制定最佳染色工艺，对影响染色均匀性、染色牢度，鲜艳度和染深性的各各因素进行试验分析，得出胡麻染品的色泽鲜艳度和染色牢度不低于棉的结论。     

亚麻色纺纱高效短流程生产工艺研究与实践

 探讨了亚麻粗纱高效短流程煮漂及染色工艺，通过对粗纱煮漂半制品质量指标、粗纱染色效果及染色纤维的可纺性能测试分析，得出：染色牢度和色泽指标与传统工艺相符、50mm以下短纤维率34.0%，低于传统工艺35.4%；纤维长度平均长度77.5mm，比传统工艺提高了11.3mm，纤维长度整齐度较好，符合后道纺纱要求。探讨的新工艺与传统工艺相比减少了纺纱厂的烘干、包装、染色前的络筒、染色时的预处理工序，纺厂到染厂的运输、装卸等环节，提高了生产效率，减少水耗、能耗和污水处理的压力。     

亚麻纱染色工艺的研究

以亚麻粗纱和纱线两种染色方式分别论述了亚麻纱的染色工艺,对接枝亚麻染色也做了探讨。     

亚麻粗纱化学脱胶后染色工艺的探讨

通过对亚麻粗纱化学脱胶后的染色试验，提高了色织布及针织产品的档次和水平，是一个较为可行的工艺。     

湿纺粗纱染色在亚麻/丝绢混纺纱上的应用分析

本文系统的介绍了一种新的粗纱染色工艺,即以适当的工艺线路,最适合的工艺参数,把亚麻纤维里面的非纤维成分合理的清除,并且使亚麻纤维在经过脱胶、漂白、染色等工艺以后,保证丝绢不破坏产生的情况下,在细纱机上以染过色之后的亚麻/丝绢混纺粗纱来纺制色纱。     

Digestion, milk production and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows fed flax hulls and infused with flax oil in the abomasum

Flax hull, a co-product obtained from flax processing, is a rich source of n-3 fatty acids (FA) but there is little information on digestion of flax hull based diets and nutritive value of flax hull for dairy production. Flax oil is rich in α-linolenic acid (LNA) and rumen bypass of flax oil contributes to increase n-3 FA proportions in milk. Therefore, the main objective of the experiment was to determine the effects of abomasal infusion of increasing amounts of flax oil on apparent digestibility, dry matter (DM) intake, milk production, milk composition, and milk FA profile with emphasis on the proportion of LNA when cows were supplemented or not with another source of LNA such as flax hull. Six multiparous Holstein cows averaging 650±36 kg body weight and 95±20 d in milk were assigned to a 6×6 Latin square design (21-d experimental periods) with a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were: 1) control, neither flax hull nor flax oil (CON), 2) diet containing (DM basis) 15·9% flaxseed hull (FHU); 3) CON with abomasal infusion of 250 g/d flax oil; 4) CON with abomasal infusion of 500 g/d flax oil; 5) FHU with abomasal infusion of 250 g/d flax oil; 6) FHU with abomasal infusion of 500 g/d flax oil. Infusion of flax oil in the abomasum resulted in a more pronounce decrease in DM intake for cows fed the CON diets than for those fed the FHU diets. Abomasal infusion of flax oil had little effect on digestibility and FHU supplementation increased digestibility of DM and crude protein. Milk yield was not changed by abomasal infusion of flax oil where it was decreased with FHU supplementation. Cows fed FHU had higher proportions of 18:0, cis9-18:1, trans dienes, trans monoenes and total trans in milk fat than those fed CON. Proportion of LNA was similar in milk fat of cows infused with 250 and 500 g/d flax oil in the abomasum. Independently of the basal diet, abomasal infusion of flax oil resulted in the lowest n-6:n-3 FA ratio in milk fat, suggesting that the most important factor for modification of milk FA profile was the amount of n-3 FA bypassing the rumen and not the amount of flax hull fed to dairy cows. Moreover, these data suggest that there is no advantage to supply more than 250 g/d of flax oil in the abomasum to increase the proportion of LNA in milk fat.     

胡麻中支纱的生产实践

胡麻是一种资源丰富的纺织原料。利用亚麻湿纺生产线条件,采用短麻精梳工艺路线,突破传统的工艺、技术路线,优选工艺参数,开发生产出了胡麻45.45tex纯胡麻中支纱,对比行业标准,胡麻纱线质量稳定,产品成本较低,在市场上有一定的竞争力,经济效益显著。     

Microencapsulation of flax oil with zein using spray and freeze drying

Microencapsulation of flax oil was investigated using zein as the coating material. Central Composite Design - Face Centered was used to optimize the microencapsulation with respect to zein concentration (x₁) and flax oil concentration (x₂) using spray drying. Also, freeze drying was carried out at two zein:oil ratios. The quality of microcapsules was evaluated by determining encapsulation efficiency, flowing properties (Hausner ratio), and evaluating the morphology with scanning electron microscopy. The response surface model for microencapsulation efficiency showed a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.992) and a non-significant lack of fit (p = 0.256). The maximum microencapsulation efficiencies were 93.26 ± 0.95 and 59.63 ± 0.36% for spray drying and freeze drying, respectively. However, microcapsules prepared by spray and freeze drying had very poor handling properties based on the Hausner ratio. The bulk density decreased with an increase in zein concentration at the same flax oil concentration. The morphology of the flax oil microcapsules depended on the zein:flax oil ratio and the process used for microencapsulation. Flax oil microcapsules prepared by spray drying appeared to be composed of heterogeneous spheres of various sizes at high zein:flax oil ratios. Microcapsules prepared by freeze drying resulted in agglomerated small spheres. These microcapsules might find a niche as functional food ingredients.     

胡麻纤维化学成分定量分析方法的研究

针对亚麻及胡麻的特性,提出一种麻成分的分析方法.通过对亚麻及胡麻各项化学组分的测试对比分析发现:胡麻纤维木质素组分的质量分数比亚麻纤维高,纤维素组分的质量分数比亚麻低,果胶组分的质量分数大大高于亚麻纤维.     

废弃亚麻热解处理吸油材料的制备及其吸附性能

为合理利用废弃亚麻,为废弃纺织品的再利用开辟新途径,以废旧亚麻为原料进行热解处理,研究热解处理后亚麻的吸油性能。利用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射等手段对亚麻纤维的化学结构、形貌、结晶情况等进行了表征,比较了改性前后纤维的接触角、吸油倍率,测试了热解亚麻的制成率,并分析了温度、时间、废水含油量、重复吸油次数等参数对吸油倍率的影响。实验结果表明:热处理后亚麻的亲水性基团减少,纤维表面粗糙程度提高,纤维内部部分结晶区受到破坏,拒水亲油性能提高,吸油倍率约是未处理亚麻的1.5倍,在吸附时间为10 min左右,热处理亚麻可达到吸油平衡,具有较好的快速、重复吸油能力。     

胡麻纤维纺制针织纱的工艺实践

胡麻是一种资源丰富的纺织原料。利用亚麻湿纺生产线，采用短麻精梳工艺路线，突破传统的工艺、技术路线，优选工艺参数，开发牛产出了45．5tex纯胡麻纱，对比行业标准，胡麻纱线质量稳定，产品成本较低，经济效益显著。     

Abomasal or ruminal administration of flax oil and hulls on milk production, digestibility, and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows

Four ruminally fistulated primiparous lactating Holstein cows were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of the site of administration (rumen or abomasum) of flax oil and flax hulls on diet digestibility and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows. The treatments were 1) oil and hulls administered in the rumen and abomasal infusion of water (RUM/RUM), 2) oil and hulls infused in the abomasum (ABO/ABO), 3) oil administered in the rumen and hulls infused in the abomasum (RUM/ABO), and 4) oil infused in the abomasum and hulls placed in the rumen (ABO/RUM). Cows on the ABO/ABO and RUM/RUM treatments had the highest and lowest amounts of basal dry matter eaten, respectively. Higher dry matter digestibility was obtained when flax oil bypassed the rumen (ABO/ABO and ABO/RUM) compared with when flax oil was administered directly in the rumen (RUM/ABO and RUM/RUM). Apparent digestibility of ether extract was higher when flax hulls were administered in the rumen (RUM/RUM and ABO/RUM) compared with when flax hulls were infused in the abomasum (ABO/ABO and RUM/ABO). The lowest digestibility of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber was obtained when both flax products were added in the rumen, which may be attributed to the high amount of oil present in the rumen (7.8% of total dry matter input). The lowest yield of 4% fat-corrected milk was obtained for cows on the RUM/RUM treatment, probably as a result of lower dry matter intake and digestibility of fiber. Milk concentrations of protein, fat, total solids, and lactose were similar among treatments. Administration of oil and hulls in the rumen resulted in the highest concentrations of intermediate products of biohydrogenation and total trans fatty acids in milk fat compared with the other treatments. All ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in milk fat were lower than the 4 to 1 ratio recommended to improve human health. These results suggest that the presence of both flax oil and flax hulls in the rumen decreases 4% fat-corrected milk yield and digestibility but provides a desirable fatty acid profile of milk to enhance consumers’ health.     

Effects of changing the essential and functional fatty acid intake of dairy calves

There is limited information on the effects and requirements of specific fatty acids for dairy calves. The starter diet based on corn and soybean meal, which is typical in the United States, is low in C_18:3, and the ratio of C_18:2 to C_18:3 is quite high relative to recommendations for human infants. Additionally, other functional fatty acids (C_20:4, C_20:5, C_22:6) elongated from C_18:2 and C_18:3 have proven benefits in monogastric species. Thus, the effect of adding Ca salts of flax oil (high in C_18:3) or fish oil (high in C_20:4, C_20:5, C_22:6) to the starter diet of calves less than 3 mo old was investigated. In trial 1, 48 Holstein bull calves [43.2 ± 1.4 kg of body weight (BW); 12/treatment] that were 2 to 3 d of age were fed 1 of 4 starter treatments containing A) no flax or fish oil (control), B) 0.125% Ca salt of flax oil, C) 0.250% Ca salt of flax oil, or D) 0.250% Ca salt of fish oil. Starters and water were fed free-choice to calves. During the first 56 d, calves were individually penned. From arrival until d 28, calves were fed a 26% crude protein, 17% fat milk replacer. From 56 to 84 d, calves were penned in groups of 6 and maintained on their same starter blended with 5% chopped grass hay. Trial 2 used 96 Holstein steer calves (66.3 ± 3.11 kg of BW; 24/treatment) that were 59 to 60 d old in a 28-d trial. These calves had been managed for their first 56 d in the same way as the calves from trial 1 before starting trial 2. Trial 2 evaluated increasing concentrations of Ca salt of flax oil within a starter blended with 5% chopped grass hay and fed with water free-choice. The 4 treatments were A) 0%, B) 0.083%, C) 0.167%, and D) 0.250% Ca salt of flax oil. In trial 1, there were no differences among calves fed the control diet and calves fed the diet supplemented with flax oil. In trial 1, average daily gain (ADG) increased linearly as flax oil increased in the starter from d 0 to 56 and from d 56 to 84, and hip width change increased linearly as flax oil increased in the starter. Serum urea nitrogen and serum glucose concentrations decreased as flax oil increased in the diet. In trial 2, ADG and feed efficiency increased linearly as flax oil increased in the starter. Serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations increased as flax oil increased in the diet. Supplementing a Ca salt of fish oil had no effect on any variables measured. Supplementing C_18:3 (linolenic acid) as a Ca salt of flax oil to the corn and soybean meal-based diet of dairy calves less than 3 mo old resulted in increased ADG and feed efficiency.     

胡麻籽功能成分的研究与应用进展

胡麻是一种重要的油料作物。胡麻籽中含有诸多的营养保健功能成分。本文介绍了胡麻胶、胡麻油、木酚素、胡麻蛋白的营养保健功能价值及研究和应用进展。认为研究开发利用胡麻籽有着广阔的前景和重要的意义。