Improved experimental-analytical approach to compute speed-varying tool-tip FRF

Chatter stability prediction is crucial to improve the performances of modern milling process, and it gets even more important at high speeds, for which very productive cutting parameters can be achieved if the suitable spindle speed is selected. Unfortunately, the available chatter predictive models suffer from reduced accuracy at high speed due to inaccuracies in the input data, especially the machine tool dynamics that is acquired in stationary configurations but could sensibly change with spindle speed. In this paper, an efficient method to identify the speed-varying Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) under operational conditions is presented. The proposed approach is based on the definition of some experimental chatter limits (i.e., chatter frequency and related depth of cut), obtained by a dedicated test, called Spindle Speed Ramp-up. The experimental results are then combined with the analytical stability solution. By minimizing the differences between the experimental and predicted chatter conditions, a dedicated algorithm computes the speed-varying FRFs. Few tests and simple equipment (i.e., microphone) are enough to calculate the FRFs in a wide range of spindle speeds. The proposed technique was validated in real machining applications, the identified tool-tip FRFs are in accordance with expected trend reported in scientific literature. Speed-varying stability lobe diagram reconstructed with the computed FRFs is proven to be accurate in predicting stable cutting parameters.     

Chatter prediction based on frequency domain solution in CNC pocket milling

Chatter has been a problem in CNC machining process especially during pocket milling process using an end mill with low stiffness. Since an iterative time-domain chatter solution consumes a computing time along tool paths, a fast chatter prediction algorithm for pocket milling process is required by machine shop-floor for detecting chatter prior to real machining process. This paper proposes the systematic solution based on integration of a stability law in frequency domain with geometric information of material removal for a given set of tool paths. The change of immersion angle and spindle speed determines the variation of the stable cutting depth along cornering cut path. This proposed solution transforms the milling stability theory toward the practical methodology for the stability prediction over the NC pocket milling.     

Robust regenerative chatter stability in machine tools

The expeditious nature of manufacturing markets inspires advancements in the effectiveness, efficiency and precision of machining processes. Often, an unstable machining phenomenon, called regenerative chatter, limits the productivity and accuracies in machining operations. Since the 1950s, a substantial amount of research has been conducted on the prevention of chatter vibration in machining operations. In order to prevent regenerative chatter vibrations, the dynamics between the machine tool and workpiece are critical. Conventional regenerative chatter theories have been established based on the assumption that the system parameters in machining are constant. However, the dynamics and system parameters change due to high spindle speeds, tool geometries, orientation of the tool with respect to the rest of the machine, tool wear and non-uniform workpiece material properties. This paper provides a novel method, based on the robust stability theorem, to predict chatter-free regions for machining processes, by taking in account the unknown uncertainties and changing dynamics for machining. The effects of time-variant parameters on the stability are analyzed using the robust stability theorem. The experimental tests are performed to verify the stability of SDOF and MDOF milling systems. The uncertainties and changing dynamics are taken into account in order to accommodate the optimal selection of machining parameters, and the stability region is determined to achieve high productivity and accuracy through applications of the robust stability theorem.     

Time domain coupled simulation of machine tool dynamics and cutting forces considering the influences of nonlinear friction characteristics and process damping

A higher machining ability is always required for NC machine tools to achieve higher productivity. The self-oscillated vibration called “chatter” is a well-known and significant problem that increases the metal removal rate. The generation process of the chatter vibration can be described as a relationship between cutting force and machine tool dynamics. The characteristics of machine tool feed drives are influenced by the nonlinear friction characteristics of the linear guides. Hence, the nonlinear friction characteristics are expected to affect the machining ability of machines. The influence of the contact between the cutting edge and the workpiece (i.e., process damping) on to the machining ability has also been investigated. This study tries to clarify the influence of the nonlinear friction characteristics of linear guides and ball screws and process damping onto milling operations. A vertical-type machining center is modeled by a multi-body dynamics model with nonlinear friction models. The influence of process damping onto the machine tool dynamics is modeled as stiffness and damping between the tool and the workpiece based on the evaluated frequency response during the milling operation. A time domain-coupled simulation approach between the machine tool behavior and the cutting forces is performed by using the machine tool dynamics model. The simulation results confirm that the nonlinear frictions influence the cutting forces with an effect to suppress the chatter vibration. Furthermore, the influence of process damping can be evaluated by the proposed measurement method and estimated by a time domain simulation.     

考虑模态耦合的球头铣刀颤振稳定域建模方法

球头铣刀广泛应用于曲面加工中,因此构造出针对球头铣刀的颤振稳定域叶瓣图意义重大。利用精细积分法对铣削系统二阶动力学方程进行时域数值求解,由切削刃与切触区域不同时刻的关系,确定出时域数值求解方程中所需要的刀刃瞬时切削部位,通过Floquet定理获得了高精度的颤振稳定域叶瓣图,并在三轴数控机床上进行了正确性试验验证。试验结果与预测结果相一致,表明所提供的方法能够为球头铣刀实现无颤振切削加工提供有力的技术支撑。     

Proposal of “Curved-Profile Wiper Turning” for efficient,stable, and smooth finishing

This paper presents an efficient, stable, and smooth turning method for curved-profile workpieces. Conventional wiper tools can achieve high efficiency, high chatter stability, and smooth surfaces at the same time only for linear-profile workpieces. A novel method is proposed, which extends the wiper tool concept to the curved-profile turning. In this method, a suitable wiper-edge radius is chosen for better smoothness, and the tool posture is controlled for higher regenerative chatter stability. Curved-profile turning experiments are conducted, and high efficiency, high chatter stability, and smooth surfaces are achieved at the same time by the proposed method.     

车削Inconel 625锯齿形切屑形成对颤振影响的试验研究

为研究高温合金Inconel 625车削过程中锯齿形切屑的产生对颤振的影响,本文通过有限元软件对车削刀具、机床主轴等部件进行模态仿真,获取对应的模态频率;进行不同切削参数的车削试验,采集加速度信号并进行频域分析以获取其FFT功率谱。通过超景深显微镜观察切屑形态,并计算不同切削参数下的切屑锯齿化频率。对比仿真和试验结果发现:当切屑锯齿化频率接近于车床某部件的主振频率时,产生了较大的颤振峰值,这说明锯齿形切屑的产生会诱导切削颤振发生,对切削过程稳定性产生了不利的影响。     

Chatter stability prediction for high-speed milling through a novel experimental-analytical approach

Chatter prediction is crucial in high-speed milling, since at high speed, a significant increase of productivity can be achieved by selecting optimal set of chatter-free cutting parameters. However, chatter predictive models show reduced accuracy at high speed due to machine dynamics, acquired in stationary condition (i.e., without spindle rotating), but changing with spindle speed. This paper proposes a hybrid experimental-analytical approach to identify tool-tip frequency response functions during cutting operations, with the aim of improving chatter prediction at high speed. The method is composed of an efficient test and an analytical identification technique based on the inversion of chatter predictive model. The proposed technique requires few cutting tests and a microphone to calculate speed-dependent chatter stability in a wide range of spindle speed, without the need of stationary frequency response function (FRF) identification. Numerical and experimental validations are presented to show the method implementation and assess its accuracy. As proven in the paper, computed speed-dependent tool-tip FRF in a specific configuration (i.e., slotting) can be used to predict chatter occurrence in any other conditions with the same tool.     

Hybrid model- and signal-based chatter detection in the milling process

Chatter causes machining instability and reduces productivity in the metal cutting process. It has negative effects on the surface finish, dimensional accuracy, tool life and machine life. Chatter identification is therefore necessary to control, prevent, or eliminate chatter and to determine the stable machining condition. Previous studies of chatter detection used either model-based or signal-based methods, and each of them has its drawback. Model-based methods use cutting dynamics to develop stability lobe diagram to predict the occurrence of chatter, but the off-line stability estimation couldn’t detect chatter in real time. Signal-based methods apply mostly Fourier analysis to the cutting or vibration signals to identify chatter, but they are heuristic methods and do not consider the cutting dynamics. In this study, the model-based and signal-based chatter detection methods were thoroughly investigated. As a result, a hybrid model- and signal-based chatter detection method was proposed. By analyzing the residual between the force measurement and the output of the cutting force model, milling chatter could be detected and identified efficiently during the milling process.

     

基于颤振预报和预测的稳定性控制理论及方法研究

针对由颤振预测控制策略指导的稳定切削控制方法实时动态调整能力差的缺点,综合颤振预报、预测理论,进行了稳定性在线寻优控制理论及方法的研究。基于刀具—工件系统铣削再生颤振动力学模型,研究了考虑系统结构参数(刀具、工件装夹刚度)和加工参数(切削加工参数优化选择)的切削稳定性评价方法,提出了以扩大稳定性区域和稳定最大材料切除率为控制目标的机床稳定性控制方法。形成了以"预报—控制—效果评估—再控制"为步骤的在线监测、智能诊断和实时控制的集成一体化策略。设计并实施了稳定性控制理论验证实验,获得了与理论分析一致的结论。     

Integration of cutting force control and chatter suppression control into automatic cutting feed adjustment system design

Abstract

This study designed an automatic cutting feed adjustment system for computer numerical control (CNC) turning machine tools, which integrate the operational characteristics of cutting force control and chatter suppression control to shorten the machining time and maintain the quality of workpieces. The setting of appropriate machining conditions (such as cutting feed, spindle speed and depth of cut) to consider both machining quality and efficiency often causes difficulties for machine tool operators. Therefore, this study uses cutting force control to design an automatic cutting feed adjustment method for cutting tools, and then, the chatter suppression control design is used to modify the cutting force command to suppress cutting chatter. The experimental results of the CNC turning machine tool show that the use of the cutting force control to adjust the cutting feed can shorten the machining time; however, the cutting chatter results in larger surface waviness on the workpiece surface. When the cutting force command is properly modified by actuating the chatter suppression control, the workpiece shows better surface roughness with prolonged machining time. Therefore, the cutting tests demonstrate that the proposed system is feasible for satisfying the machining requirements of the manufacturing processes of mechanical parts for high speed and high accuracy.     

Modeling dynamics and stability of variable pitch and helix milling tools for development of a design method to maximize chatter stability

Chatter is one of the major limitations in milling operations causing poor quality and reduced productivity. Stability diagrams can be used to identify deep stable pockets which usually occur at high spindle speeds. However, the required high cutting speeds may not be applied in some cases due to machinability or machine tool limitations. It is known that variable pitch and helix tools help suppressing chatter even at low cutting speeds. These tools may offer high productivity if they are properly designed. The literature on variable geometry milling tools is mainly limited to modelling and simulation whereas for industrial applications design guidelines are needed for selection of variation pattern and amount which is the focus of this paper. Dynamics and stability of variable pitch and helix tools are modelled and solved in frequency domain as well as using Semi-Discretization Method employing multiple delays. A practical but accurate design method is presented for selection of the best variation combination to maximize chatter free material removal rate without using time consuming computer simulations. Increased stability with the tools designed using the proposed method is demonstrated by several examples which are verified experimentally.     

机床主轴组件刚度ANSYS分析

有限元法是在工程分析中获得广泛应用的数值方法。阐明了用有限元法分析计算机床主轴组件刚度的步骤和方法,介绍了弹簧单元和考虑剪切变形的梁单元的刚度矩阵,简述了有限元分析软件ANSYS的方程求解器的使用。用软件ANSYS,对CK6132数控车床主轴组件进行了刚度计算和切削稳定性判别。     

机床主轴组件刚度ANSYS分析

有限元法是在工程分析中获得广泛应用的数值方法。阐明了用有限元法分析计算机床主轴组件刚度的步骤和方法，介绍了弹簧单元和考虑剪切变形的梁单元的刚度矩阵，简述了有限元分析软件ANSYS的方程求解器的使用。用软件ANSYS，对CK6132数控车床主轴组件进行了刚度计算和切削稳定性判别。     

Chatter prediction utilizing stability lobes with process damping in finish milling of titanium alloy thin-walled workpiece

Machining chatter often becomes a big hindrance to high productivity and surface quality in actual milling process, especially for the thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy due to poor structural stiffness. Aiming at this issue, the stability lobes are usually employed to predict if chatter may occur in advance. For obtaining the stability lobes in milling to avoid chatter, this article introduces an extended dynamic model of milling system considering regeneration, helix angle, and process damping into the high-order time domain algorithm which can guarantee both high computational efficiency and accuracy. Via stability lobes, the reasonability and accuracy of the proposed method are verified globally utilizing specific examples in literature. More convincingly, the time-domain numerical simulation is also implemented to predict vibration displacement for partial stability verification. In this extended model, process damping is well-known as an effective approach to improve the stability at low spindle speeds, and particularly, titanium alloy as typical difficult-to-machine material is generally machined at low spindle speeds as well due to its poor machinability. Therefore, the proposed method can be employed to obtain the 3D stability lobes in finish milling of the thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V. Verification experiments are also conducted and the results show a close agreement between the stability lobes and experiments.     

Sensitivity analysis on ram speed of a direct extrusion process model using a porthole die through CEL method

Prediction of machine tool chatter requires the characterization of dynamic of the machine-tool-workpiece system by means of frequency response functions (FRFs). Uncertainties of the measured FRFs result in uncertainties of the calculated stability diagrams, therefore robustness of stability prediction against parameter perturbations is of high importance. Although there exist methods to determine robust stability in terms of stability radii, these methods either give a conservative estimate of the real uncertainties or are limited to perturbations of a few modal parameters, only. In this paper, a frequency-domain approach is presented to determine robust stability boundaries using the measured FRFs directly without any modal parameter identification. The method is based on an envelope fitting around the measured FRFs combined with some considerations of the single-frequency method. The application of the method is demonstrated in case of a turning operation, where the machine tool structure is characterized by a series of FRF measurements.     

Identifying bifurcation behavior during machining process for an irregular milling tool geometry

High-productivity machining processes cause tool and material defects and even damages in machine spindles. The onset of self-excited vibration, known as chatter, limits this high material removal rate. This chatter vibration refers to machining instability during cutting processes, which results in bifurcation behavior or nonlinear effect wherein the tool and the workpiece are not engaged with each other. In particular, bifurcation for low-radial immersion conditions can be easily promoted and identified. In this study, an experiment on an irregular milling tool as a variable helix and variable pitch geometry was conducted under a flexible workpiece condition. The bifurcation behavior from regenerative chatter was identified and quantified from displacement sensor and inductive sensor measurements. A series of cutting tests was used to measure the vibration signals, which were then analyzed based on the frequency spectrum, the one-per-revolution effect, and the Poincaré section. According to results, Hopf bifurcation and period-one bifurcation instabilities apparently occurred to validate chatter stability prediction through a semi-discretization method. However, period-doubling bifurcation was only determined during the unstable cutting of a uniform tool that was not in variable helix/pitch or an irregular milling tool. An irregular tool geometry caused the modulation of the regenerative effect to suppress chatter, and period-doubling instability could not be exhibited during cutting as a regular tool behavior. This period-one chatter instability of an irregular milling tool should be identified and avoided by practitioners to achieve high productivity in machining using the aforementioned irregular milling tools.     

The development of embedded device to detect chatter vibration in machine tools and CNC-based autonomous compensation

The chatter vibration stands for a sudden relative vibration appeared between a material and a tool while processing with a machine. This vibration is a factor that seriously affects the quality of processed materials as well as being a factor which causes serious damages to the tool and the machine. This study is related to the detection and compensation of chatter vibration that can compensate chatter vibration faster and produce processed goods with more precision by autonomous compensation. The above-mentioned chatter vibration compensator includes the chatter vibration sensor and the chatter compensator that estimates the compensation value according to the sensor detecting the chatter vibration of machine tool and the chatter vibration detected from the sensor while having a feature of being organized by interlocking with the machine tool controller.     

FUZZY STABILITY ANALYSIS OF MODE COUPLING CHATTER ON CUTTING PROCESS

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基于模态柔度和能量分布的机床动态优化设计

使机床切削点动柔度最大值在整个工作频率范围内最小,是机床实现无颤振稳定切削和高精度切削加工的要求,也是对其进行动态优化设计所应达到的目标。基于模态柔度和能量分布的机床结构动态优化设计原理,实现了一种以降低切削点交叉动柔度值为目标的优化方法。该方法利用切削点交叉动柔度与模态柔度的关系,首先寻找薄弱模态,再分析薄弱模态上各部件和环节的能量分布,确定该模态上的薄弱环节,然后在一定的约束条件下,改进这些环节的设计参数,从而实现优化目标。以某型万能工具铣床为例,在整机建模分析计算的基础上,阐述了该优化方法的具体应用。通过模态柔度和能量分布计算,判明该机床的薄弱环节是横梁-水平主轴体系统,针对薄弱环节设计参数的改进实现其质量和刚度的优化,优化后的静柔度和模态柔度都有较大的降低,而固有频率则相应提高,切削点动柔度的最大值降低近18%。并在此基础上进行结构改进设计,改进前后机床的谐响应分析和切削试验对比结果表明优化方法有效地改善了机床的动态性能,再生颤振稳定性得到大幅提高。