喷丸残余应力场有限元模拟研究进展

喷丸强化处理工艺可以显著提高金属材料的抗疲劳和抗应力腐蚀等性能,这与喷丸后在金属表面层形成的残余应力场紧密相关,因此对喷丸残余应力的大小及分布进行预测具有重要意义.对近年国内外喷丸残余应力场的有限元模拟进行评述,总结出6种典型的残余应力分析模型,分别是二维轴对称模型、四对称面模型、三对称面模型、双对称面模型、单对称面模...     

喷丸强化残余应力对疲劳性能和变形控制影响研究进展

作为机械表面强化技术之一,喷丸强化使工件表层发生形变硬化,引入较高的残余压应力,减少了疲劳应力作用下微裂纹的萌生并抑制其扩展,从而显著提高零件的抗疲劳断裂和抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力。基于喷丸残余应力解析计算模型,从余弦函数模型、接触应力模型和球腔膨胀模型三个方面介绍喷丸强化残余应力的产生,进而对喷丸残余应力的仿真预测及影响规律进行论述。为了提高试件疲劳强度而引入的残余压应力会带来影响形位精度的变形,基于此阐述了喷丸残余应力对疲劳性能的影响及其在疲劳过程中的演化,同时论述了喷丸残余应力变形预测及控制的研究现状,最后对喷丸残余应力未来的研究内容与发展方向进行展望。     

Simulation on Residual Stress of Shot Peening Based on a Symmetrical Cell Model

The symmetrical cell model is widely used to study the residual stress induced by shot peening. However, the correlation between the predicted residual stresses and the shot peening coverage, which is a big challenge for the researchers of the symmetrical cell model, is still not established. Based on the dynamic stresses and the residual stresses outputted from the symmetrical cell model, the residual stresses corresponding to full coverage are evaluated by normal distribution analysis. The predicted nodal dynamic stresses with respect to four corner points indicate that the equi-biaxial stress state exists only for the first shot impact. Along with the increase of shot number, the interactions of multiple shot impacts make the fluctuation of the nodal dynamic stresses about an almost identical value more and more obvious. The mean values and standard deviations of the residual stresses gradually tend to be stable with the increase of the number of shot peening series. The mean values at each corner point are almost the same after the third peening series, which means that an equi-biaxial stress state corresponding to the full coverage of shot peening is achieved. Therefore, the mean values of the nodal residual stresses with respect to a specific transverse cross-section below the peened surface can be used to correlate the measured data by X-ray. The predicted residual stress profile agrees with the experimental results very well under 200% peening coverage. An effective correlation method is proposed for the nodal residual stresses predicted by the symmetrical cell model and the shot peening coverage.     

Shot peening simulation based on SPH method

Shot peening is a complex surface-treating process which is usually employed to improve the fatigue strength of metallic part or members. In dealing with shot peening simulation, existing literatures apply finite element method (FEM) to establish only a single shot or several shots models, thus the effect of a mass of shots impacting repeatedly and the interaction among adjacent shots are ignored. To overcome these defects of FEM models, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) coupled FEM modeling is presented, in which the shots are modeled by SPH particles and the target material is modeled by finite elements. Contact algorithm is used to simulate the interaction between shots and target. Utilizing this model, material model for shots is established, the relationships between compressive residual stress and peening frequencies, coverage, and velocities are analyzed. Steady compressive residual stress can be gotten by multiple peening; higher coverage can improve the compressive residual stress; faster velocities can induce greater and deeper maximum residual stress in target subsurface. The simulation results agree well with the existing experimental data. The study will not only provide a new powerful tool for the simulation of shot peening process, but also be benefit to optimize the operating parameters.     

TiB_2/Al复合材料喷丸后微区残余应力的有限元模拟

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元分析软件建立了颗粒增强TiB2/Al复合材料的喷丸模型,并对喷丸后残余应力分布进行了预测;然后对复合材料进行了喷丸试验,对残余应力进行了检测;将试验结果与模拟结果进行了对比。结果表明:该复合材料喷丸后残余应力分布的试验结果与模拟结果基本相符;喷丸后最表层部分增强体呈拉应力状态,在材料残余压应力场内,由于增强体和基体材料力学性能的差异,增强体的残余应力值普遍大于基体中的。     

喷丸三维残余应力场的有限元模拟

运用大型有限元计算软件ABAQUS建立了模拟喷丸残余应力场的三维有限元模型,预测了在相同喷丸强度下玻璃丸和钢丸两种类型弹丸喷射所产生的残余应力场。模拟过程中,分析了线性减缩积分单元的沙漏参数、材料的应变硬化率、喷丸覆盖率以及初始残余拉应力等因素对304不锈钢靶材残余应力分布的影响。从计算结果可以看出,钢丸喷丸产生的残余压应力层较深,但在高覆盖率时,玻璃喷丸产生的残余压应力的平均值比钢丸喷丸处理后产生的大。在有初始残余拉应力(250 Mpa)存在的情况下,两种类型的喷丸处理均能使304不锈钢靶材表面形成残余压应力层,这说明喷丸工艺可以提高奥氏体不锈钢焊接构件的抗应力腐蚀开裂能力。本研究成果为进一步探讨喷丸强化不锈钢焊接头抗应力腐蚀性能的机理奠定了基础。     

Kinematic modeling and deformation mechanics in shot peening of functional ceramics

The applications of functional ceramics are significantly limited by the brittleness and low reliability. Recent studies have shown that compressive residual stress can be created in ceramics by shot peening, which improves the contact strength and fatigue of ceramic components. However, the formation mechanism of residuals stress in shot peening is yet to understand. In this study, a pressure-dependent plasticity model has been incorporated into a finite element simulation model of shot peening to understand the process mechanism underpinning the residual stress formation. Since shot velocity is the key process parameter to dominate the impact energy which determines the deformation state of the peened surface and the resultant residual stress, a new kinematic model of shots has also been developed by incorporating air drag and travel distance inside and outside the peening nozzle. The results have shown that the shot velocity model can be used to predict shot velocity. The experiment-based model may help understand the process mechanism underpinning the residual stress formation.     

喷丸强化对轿车用新型齿轮钢表面应力状态影响的研究

应用单变量及正交试验,并配经X射线应力仪等系统地研究的喷丸工艺参数（丸粒速度、密度及喷丸时间）对工件表面残余应力及其分布的影响规律,试验结果表明：随着三种喷丸工艺参数值的提高,工件表面残余应力增大,尤其是在工件次表层峰值应力增大更明显,且内移,但当丸粒速度接近设备所产生的最大值时,则工件表层应力值几乎不再增加,并讨论了有关机理。     

DD3镍基单晶高温合金喷丸层残余应力的X射线衍射分析

对DD3镍基单晶高温合金表面进行喷丸处理,利用X射线衍射方法研究了喷丸层中残余应力沿层深的分布。结果表明:喷丸层中存在的残余压应力在层深为10μm处达到最大值,且随着层深的增加而降低;喷丸表层单晶组分中的残余压应力与多晶组分中的基本接近,次表层中两者存在较大差别,随着材料层深的增加二者的差别更加明显,单晶组分中的残余压应力水平更高,分布深度更大。     

激光冲击强化与喷丸提高不锈钢疲劳性能对比研究

对不锈钢材料1Cr11Ni2W2MoV进行了激光冲击强化和喷丸强化后表面粗糙度和残余应力测试分析,与喷丸相比,激光冲击强化对试件表面形貌和表面粗糙度的影响更小,产生的残余压应力更大。对光滑试件和2种强化后试件的振动疲劳对比试验表明,激光冲击强化能显著提高不锈钢材料振动疲劳寿命,是喷丸的2倍以上。     

航空铝合金激光激波强化工艺

用激光激波强化工艺对LY2航空铝合金进行了表面强化试验研究,测试了强化前后材料的性能.结果表明:经激光激波强化后材料表面残余压应力提高了约100 MPa,强化深度达1.5mm,是普通喷丸强化的2～5倍.     

铸态SiCW/Al复合材料的表面喷丸强化

对铸态20％SiCw/6A02Al复合材料进行了表面喷丸处理，测量了表层基体残余应力的分布情况， 建立了复合材料表层基体屈服强度的X射线试验方法，探讨了其表层喷丸强化效应。结果表明：经喷丸处理后复合材料表层基体呈现出较大残余压应力状态，X射线衍射峰半高宽度即显微组织强化效应明显增大，导致复合材料表层基体屈服强度提高。     

Compressive Residual Stress into Titanium Alloy Using Cavitation Shotless Peening Method

Cavitation shotless peening (CSP) method, where impacts are generated by a submerged cavitating jet (without shots), was used to introduce compressive residual stress in titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V for the purpose of enhancing the conventional fatigue and fretting fatigue life and strength. This method provided higher compressive stress at surface as well as up to a depth of 40 m from the surface than that with the shot peening method. Further, the surface treated by CSP was considerably less rough compared to that by the shot peening method, which is a highly desirable feature to improve the fretting fatigue performance.     

喷丸强化在新能源汽车轴齿上的应用

针对某新能源输入轴上仿真安全因子偏低的齿轮进行喷丸强化,结合其喷丸强化重点区域进行了有效的工装和喷丸饱和曲线工艺设计。同时,对喷丸后的齿面粗糙度以及规定位置进行了残余应力测试。喷丸后的输入轴应力合格及满足整车耐久测试要求,确认合理的喷丸能有效改善轴齿的应力状态,提高其弯曲和接触安全系数。     

Finite element analysis of shot-peening effect on fretting fatigue parameters

Shot peening is widely used to improve the fretting fatigue strength of critical surfaces. Fretting fatigue occurs in contacting parts that are subjected to fluctuating loads and sliding movements at the same time. This paper presents a sequential finite element simulation to investigate the shot peening effects on normal stress, shear stress, bulk stress and slip amplitude, which are considered to be the controlling parameters of fretting damage. The results demonstrated that among the modifications related to shot peening, compressive residual stress has a dominant effect on the fretting parameters.     

FEM of residual stress and surface displacement of a single shot in high repetition laser shock peening on biodegradable magnesium implant

Laser shock peening (LSP) is one of the prominent surface processing techniques to improve the mechanical characteristics by inducing compressive residual stress on the specimen surface. Generally, LSP is performed using high energy, low repetition pulsed laser. Recently, High repetition laser shock peening (HRLSP) on biodegradable magnesium alloys has been reported. Increased speed and reduced operating costs are the key highlights of HRLSP. This work is aimed towards understanding of the residual stress profile beneath the specimen surface, where a Finite element method (FEM) has been proposed to show the ability of a tightly focussed nanosecond laser pulse for peening magnesium. The depth of maximum compressive residual stress of 48 MPa at 28 mm beneath surface was the result of the simulation. Also the Von Misses stress was analytically found to be 31.5 MPa, which is similar to the value from FEM at 30 MPa. Furthermore, the plastic displacement of FEM at 4.02 µm compares reasonably well with the experimental result at 3.698 µm, thereby validating the Finite element model. If increase in CRS can be created by single shot of laser pulse, it can be concluded that the same can be done beneath the entire magnesium surface using appropriate scanning protocols.

     

Prediction of Cross-Tension Strength of Self-Piercing Riveted Joints Using Finite Element Simulation and XGBoost Algorithm

Self-piercing riveting(SPR)has been widely used in automobile industry,and the strength prediction of SPR joints always attracts the attention of researchers.In this work,a prediction method of the cross-tension strength of SPR joints was proposed on the basis of finite element(FE)simulation and extreme gradient boosting decision tree(XGBoost)algorithm.An FE model of SPR process was established to simulate the plastic deformations of rivet and substrate materials and verified in terms of cross-sectional dimensions of SPR joints.The residual mechanical field from SPR process simulation was imported into a 2D FE model for the cross-tension testing simulation of SPR joints,and cross-tension strengths from FE simulation show a good consistence with the experiment result.Based on the verified FE model,the mechanical properties and thickness of substrate materials were varied and then used for FE simulation to obtain cross-tension strengths of a number of SPR joints,which were used to train the regression model based on the XGBoost algorithm in order to achieve prediction for cross-tension strength of SPR joints.Results show that the cross-tension strengths of SPR steel/aluminum joints could be successfully predicted by the XGBoost regres-sion model with a respective error less than 7.6％ compared to experimental values.     

喷丸处理对重型运输车车架纵梁焊接变形的影响

以重型运输车车架纵梁做为研究对象,研究喷丸处理对车架焊接变形的影响.采用MSF-3M型应力分析仪测量了焊接试验件的应力,采用三坐标测量仪测量了焊接试验件的前后变形并应用Matlab软件生成试验件的三维图形,采取变形量数据的标准差对试验件的变形量进行分析.研究发现喷丸处理能够对焊接变形有明显的改善作用,喷丸处理对车架纵梁焊接变形能够有效控制.     

齿根过渡圆弧对全齿槽成形磨削温度和残余应力影响的研究

在齿轮全齿槽成形磨削过程中,考虑相邻三个热源（齿底热源、过渡圆弧热源、齿廓热源）的耦合效应,建立了磨削温度场的三维有限元仿真模型,计算了全齿槽成形磨削温度,并在此基础上,采用基于热-结构耦合的有限元方法计算了磨削引起的残余应力,分析了磨削温度场和残余应力场的分布特征,以及齿根过渡圆弧的大小对磨削温度和磨削后齿根处残余应力分布的影响。结果表明,过渡圆弧半径对磨削温度的影响相对较小,但对齿根处残余应力的影响较大;与没有过渡圆弧的齿槽相比,当过渡圆弧半径超过2 mm时,磨削后齿根最大残余应力降低20%以上。实验测量结果与有限元仿真结果一致,证明了模拟结果的正确性。     

Numerical simulation of Almen strip response due to random impacts with strain-rate effects

Almen intensity is used in the shot peening industry as a standard measure of the residual stress during shot peening and it is employed to ensure the quality of the peening of identical parts. However, relating the intensity to the residual stresses in the strip needs to be established with confidence by realistic simulations. An improved FEM-based approach that simulates the actual process of Almen strip peening is presented in this paper. This approach has some unique features such as employing randomly located shots impacting on a slice of Almen strip and the inclusion of strain-rate dependent target material properties and the lateral deflection of the strip for improved accuracy. The intensity, the corresponding residual stresses and roughness match well with available experimental results. Further, it is shown in this study that the Almen intensity can be correlated well with the residual compressive stresses of the target material using a parameter that depends on the relative dynamic yield strength of the target material.