Migration and institutional quality across Italian provinces: The role of human capital

A recent literature strand has emphasized the importance of international migration on the institutional quality of sending and receiving countries. On the contrary, there is no evidence of the effects of intra-national, interregional mobility on government quality, a phenomenon which is particularly relevant in countries affected by significant internal dualism. Using a system generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM) estimator on a 2004–2012 panel dataset, this paper empirically investigates the relationship between internal net-migration and institutional quality of Italian provinces. The findings show that migration has a relevant and positive effect on the quality of institutions only when the human capital content is taken into account.     

Reciprocal link between exit from unemployment and geographical mobility

"Is geographical migration a consequence of the end of unemployment or does it help in finding a job? This question is approached within the general framework of human capital theory.... A model is introduced in the form of a system of two simultaneous equations with qualitative endogenous variables. The test is based on a 1993 survey of 1,176 young rural people of seven areas of France. A main finding is that migrations of young rural people are essentially the result of professional preoccupations. However, migration is not a factor which always helps in finding a job, when people are unemployed. When a young person has a good initial training, he or she has to migrate (and leave a rural area) to get a job. Yet, migration does not seem to be necessary for less trained people."     

Dilemmatic experiences of young migrants in Accra,Ghana: The merciless hands of pirate urbanization and landlordism

The general pattern of internal migration in Ghana has been north to south. While a number of studies have focused on the vulnerabilities and urban problems associated with this pattern, the dynamics of internal migration with emphasis on young people in a slum setting have not been explored. To accomplish the goal of understanding the dynamics of internal migration among young people from the north of Ghana to Old Fadama, an Accra slum in the south, two specific objectives have been pursued. First, I explore the housing and environmental stressors encountered by young migrants at the destination and their proposed strategies to deal with these stressors and second, I explain how government policies are lagging behind to deal with these stressors. I use insights from the concepts of pirate urbanization and landlordism to show that substandard structures and the monetization of equity (property) among the relatively more privileged in the slum exacerbate the predicaments of these migrants. Drawing on the concepts of sovereign power and non-sovereign power, I suggest that lessons from the elements of these concepts (such as ethnic net-like organizations and governmental agencies) provide entry points for programmatic and policy directions aimed toward these young migrants in a high-risk environment. I use a mixed-methods approach to examine the objectives of this work. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with young migrants (aged 10–29) in Old Fadama. I find that the major stressors faced by these young people include poor shelter, lack of sanitation, poor health outcomes, and human right violations, and these are exacerbated by the privatization of squatting.     

高校青年人才生存现状与隐性流动状态调查研究——基于秦皇岛13所高校的实证分析

课题组向秦皇岛地区13所高校各类岗位青年人才发放调查问卷,调查内容包括基本信息、收入水平、住房条件、工作满意度和胜任度、人际关系和成就感、学历进修、社会流动等方面,调研结果表明,高校青年人才的生存现状令人担忧,隐性流动已成为青年人才流动的重要形式,生存状态不理想和职业理想失落分别是青年人才隐性流动的根本原因和心理驱动。在对调研结果分析的基础上,课题组从岗位流动、人事管理、分配制度、激励机制、组织文化和人才管理等多个方面提出了对策。     

Immigration and the City: Some Demographic Facts and Issues

Unquestionably, migration has become a predominant factor in the growth of all mainland capital cities of Australia, partly because of the relatively low fertility extant, partly because of the level of immigration to Australia and, also, because of high levels of interstate internal migration. In fact, the migration components oif growth have varied for decades between Australian cities – with strong overseas migration and internal migration together resulting in annual rates of growth of over 3 per cent per annum in Perth, and strong internal migration and lesser but significant immigration sustaining almost comparable growth rates in metropolitan Brisbane. Much of the internal migration net gain to these two cities comprises migration from Sydney and Melbourne, particularly the former.     

The returns to migration and human capital accumulation pathways: non-metropolitan youth in the school-to-work transition

The school-to-work transition comprises a critical period of human capital development for young people. As school-to-work pathways become increasingly diverse and complex, there is growing evidence that transitions during this period significantly influence individual career trajectories and long-term earning capacities. For non-metropolitan youth, this period of the life course often involves migration to urban centres in the search for better educational and employment opportunities. Drawing on longitudinal data, this paper examines the influence of migration and school-to-work pathways on entry-level wages for non-metropolitan youth in Australia. Our results highlight that migration from non-metropolitan communities to urban centres leads to higher entry-level wages, but these wage gains are not immediate, rather they are realised at a period 3 years post-migration. Individuals remaining in non-metropolitan communities were found to experience pathways that lead to lower wage returns. Furthermore, unobserved attributes, such as motivation and aspirations, were found to be a major factor explaining the higher wage returns achieved by non-metropolitan migrants. Findings have important consequences for policy in their potential to contribute to new evidenced-based policy designed to entice the return of young people to non-metropolitan communities and ameliorate the long-standing net loss of young population from regional areas.     

Family formation,parental background and young adults’ first entry into homeownership in Britain and Germany

Abstract

Although previous research shows that family dynamics and parental socioeconomic status influence the timing of young adults’ first entry into homeownership, much less is known about how the role of family factors may vary across countries with different housing systems. In this article, we use panel survey data from Britain and Germany to compare how family life course careers and parental socioeconomic background influence young adults’ initial entry into homeownership in these two divergent national contexts. The results show that in Britain, first-time homeownership transitions are tightly synchronized with partnership formation. By contrast, in Germany first moves into homeownership typically occur later around or after the arrival of children. Parental owner-occupation accelerates entry into homeownership in both contexts, while the effects of other parental characteristics are relatively muted. Furthermore, the results highlight how individual socioeconomic factors are critical determinants of entering owner-occupation. This is particularly true in Britain where there is a strong socioeconomic gradient in first-time homeownership transitions.     

Analyzing migration decisionmaking: relationships between residential satisfaction,mobility intentions,and moving behavior

"The author examines the role of residential satisfaction and mobility intentions vis-a-vis structural variables in migration decisionmaking with the aid of data drawn from the 1985-1989 waves of the American Housing Survey. A conceptual model is derived which is based on behavioral theories developed in social psychology, namely the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior. Several previously ignored links among structural variables, mobility predispositions and moving behavior are incorporated. Empirical analyses show that, although satisfaction and intentions are important predictors of mobility, most of the structural variables that are commonly known to be related to migration also have direct effects on subsequent moving behavior, independent of satisfaction and intentions."     

Population change and migration in Britain since 1981: evidence for continuing deconcentration

Recent trends in spatial distribution and internal migration in Britain are reviewed using small-area statistics from the 1981 and 1991 censuses. "The results indicate that the differentials in the population growth rate between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan Britain narrowed somewhat between the 1970s and the 1980s, but the negative relationship between urban status and population change remained very clear. Moreover, contrary to the experience of the U.S.A. and a number of European countries, in the mid-1980s Britain saw a resurgence of nonmetropolitan growth which had widespread impact across the country."     

The dynamics of spatial labor mobility in the Netherlands

"This paper discusses several factors that may explain [the] dynamic properties of internal labor migration. [The authors] focus especially on the influence of labor market and housing conditions on the mobility of people. A two-stage, generation-allocation model is proposed to investigate the role of different factors in the explanation of aggregate interregional migration flows. This model is applied to recent data on interprovincial labor migration in the Netherlands. The results indicate that housing supply seems to be an important determinant of temporal developments of spatial mobility, and that also the conditions on national and regional labor markets are associated with specific properties of recent migration patterns."     

The decline of a homeowning society? Asset-based welfare,retirement and intergenerational equity in Australia

Researchers have increasingly recognised a link between homeownership levels and retirement policy, particularly in English-speaking welfare states. Housing is central to asset-based welfare policies, which may enable households to efficiently manage life course risks, but may exacerbate wealth inequality and expose them to market volatility. Australia presents an important case for understanding the dynamics of asset-based welfare, with its retirement approach combining high homeownership rates and a limited public pension. This paper investigates emerging generational differences in homeownership in Australia. Recent research has identified declining homeownership amongst younger cohorts. Using cross-sectional data, we explore alternative theoretical explanations for this trend. We find no evidence that declining homeownership reflects changing investment choices or delayed family formation. Instead, recent trends are consistent with intensifying inequalities based on class and care responsibilities. This casts doubt on the viability of Australia as a homeownership society and asset-based retirement policies in a financialised economy.     

Queering Mobility in Urban Gauteng: Transgender Internal Migrants and Their Experiences of “Transition” in Johannesburg and Pretoria

Migration studies in post-Apartheid South Africa have maintained a strong focus on cross-border mobility while often narrowing health-related research to HIV/AIDS concerns and framing gender in woman-oriented approach with a gradually emerging area of research on migrant sex workers. This article offers to bridge certain gaps in migration research on health, internal mobility, and gender. It revolves around experiences of black unprivileged transgender internal migrants accessing medical services in the public health sector in urban Gauteng, in particular, Johannesburg and Pretoria. The article explores their experiences of migration focusing on analysis of their “transition”—both “gendered transition” (different medical interventions that alter/modify gender-related attributes of the body) and “spatial transition” (diverse mobility patters, relocation, renegotiation of place of living and belonging)—and ways they negotiate belonging. The analysis outlines challenges that transgender individuals face in the public health sector and affects these challenges have on mobility of transgender South Africans. Further, the article delves into exploration of transgender internal migrants’ experiences and understanding of “migration” that arises from sense of (non)belonging and ways to negotiate dynamic subjective sense of being (or not) part of physical (and sometimes imaginary) social groups and places, such as family/home, local (“host”) community, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community, and religion/spirituality.     

Commuting effects in Okun's Law among British areas: Evidence from spatial panel econometrics

This paper examines Okun's Law using a spatial panel approach on NUTS 3 data for Great Britain over the period 1985–2011. The basic specification used as a starting point for the spatial analysis is the relationship between real output growth and unemployment rate changes. This is extended to incorporate spatial lags, to test for the presence of commuting effects, and to accommodate spatial residuals dependence. We estimate various spatial panel models, controlling for heterogeneity across areas, and find consistent evidence of a significant Okun's coefficient. Results also show that spillover effects from labour mobility and interregional linkages matter and have important implications for the validity of the empirical law.     

南京市农民工就业迁移轨迹研究——基于“时间-空间-社会”三维视角的分析

职业流动及其相伴的就业迁移是个体社会经济地位获得或改变的重要方式之一,同时也是一个时间、空间和社会多维互动的过程,从“时间-空间-社会”多维视角研究农民工的就业迁移有助于更系统性地探寻其城市生活轨迹和市民化进程。本文借鉴个体行为轨迹分析的相关研究,将农民工就业迁移的空间、时间和社会三要素相结合,构建了“时间-空间-社会”路径分析方法;并进一步以2015年南京市主城农民工问卷调查所获取的回溯数据为基础,分维度探讨了农民工的就业迁移轨迹。结果显示,南京市农民工就业迁移的社会流动过程具备若干生命历程特征和空间依赖特征。这一结论对我国农村劳动力转移和市民化进程中的相关政策制定有着积极意义。     

My First DIY Job

<正>DIY is popular among young people.I did my first DIY job yesterday.Last week I bought some paint and two brushes on the Internet.I read the instructions before painting.At first,I painted all the walls blue.But the room looked a little boring.Then I decided to draw some colorful fish and a boat on the wall.There was paint all over the floor.I had     

Migration and housing tenure in South East England

"A substantial literature has developed regarding the relationship between migration and housing tenure in Britain.... It is important to control for individual characteristics before the independent effect of tenure on mobility can be determined. This paper is a report of an investigation of this relationship in the South East of England, in which the Sample of Anonymised Records, a unique individual-level British data source for this type of study, were used. The study continues with a consideration of the influence of housing on migration into the South East from the North of Britain for those in manual and nonmanual occupations."     

Migration and the quasi-labor market in Russia

"This paper explores the twin concepts of labor demand and labor mobility during the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The study uses a detailed data set on labor stock, industrial labor demand, and labor flows for the 1980s in the Yaroslavl' Oblast, and data on migration and regional labor markets for all Russian regions in the 1990s. Contextual features, such as the social contract, full employment, methods of labor allocation, and a generally low rate of geographic mobility, distinguish the centrally planned quasi-labor market from the labor market in capitalist democracies. The findings suggest that net in-migration induces employment change in the current period rather than in a future period. The job creation effects appear concurrent with migration during the Soviet period. In the post-Soviet period, migration and employment relationships are not predictable based on the same relationships during the Soviet period."     

Inferring migration flows from the migration propensities of infants: Mexico and Indonesia

The need for methods of indirectly estimating migration flows is particularly important in developing countries, where migration data are often incomplete and inaccurate. This paper focuses on the use of an indirect internal migration estimation method applied to Mexican and Indonesian census data. It shows that the mobility propensities of infants can be used to infer the corresponding propensities of all other age groups. However, the promise of this method is reduced in instances of inadequate data, and great care must be taken to identify outlying values in the data and to correct obviously erroneous patterns. Future work increasingly will be directed to this issue.     

Considering,planning, and realizing migration in early adulthood. The influence of life-course events and perceived opportunities on leaving the city in Germany

Despite the common acknowledgement that migration is a process, the vast majority of empirical migration studies focus on actual moves without paying attention to the stages preceding them. We use an analytical framework in which the migration process is subdivided into a phase of decision-making, consisting of considering and planning the move, and another phase of realizing it. We investigate which part both life-course events and perceived opportunities play in each stage of the migration process for moves out of the city among young adults aged 18–29 years. The data come from a representative survey in two German cities (Magdeburg and Freiburg) and were gathered via a two-wave design in 2006 and 2007. Results from a generalized ordered logistic regression analysis of not considering, considering, or planning migration reveal that perceived opportunities and life-course events are important predictors of considering and planning migration, whereas beginning tertiary education and beginning a job are particularly important to entering the planning stage. Results from a binomial logistic regression of moving versus staying show that resources are particularly important for putting the decision in favor of migration into action.     

Effect of green building certification on organizational productivity metrics

There is increasing interest in understanding how office accommodation affects organizational productivity. Data on metrics of engagement, job satisfaction, job performance and facility complaints for thousands of employees (n?=?14,569) of a large Canadian financial organization were analysed to explore differences in outcomes between those working in green-certified office buildings (n?=?10) and those in otherwise similar conventional buildings (n?=?10). Overall, green-certified buildings demonstrated higher scores on survey outcomes related to job satisfaction, value to clients and stakeholders, evaluation of management, and corporate engagement. There was also a tendency for manager-assessed job performance to be higher in green-certified buildings. Nevertheless, not all green-certified buildings outperformed all conventional buildings, and superior performance was not exhibited on all outcomes examined. A key observation is that such metrics are routinely recorded by organizations, but relating them to building characteristics is new. Recognition of such datasets opens up many promising avenues for buildings research.