改性芳纶纤维/天然橡胶复合材料的制备及性能表征

采用傅里德-克拉夫茨反应原理在芳纶纤维表面接枝环氧氯丙烷,用偶联剂二次改性,研究表面接枝对芳纶纤维结构与性能的影响,并测试了改性芳纶纤维/炭黑/天然橡胶的力学性能。结果表明:改性后芳纶纤维表面的含氧量增加,偶联剂成功引入到芳纶表面,明显增加了芳纶的表面粗糙度和表面活性,降低了芳纶纤维的结晶度,但是对芳纶纤维晶体结构的影响不大,接枝环氧氯丙烷-偶联剂改性的芳纶纤维/炭黑/天然橡胶复合材料相比于未改性芳纶纤维/炭黑/天然橡胶复合材料力学性能有明显提高,橡胶加工流变性能分析表明芳纶纤维接枝环氧氯丙烷-偶联剂二次改性增大了复合材料的储能模量和损耗模量,减小了损耗因子从而改善了芳纶纤维与橡胶基体的界面结合强度。     

芳纶纤维与树脂基体改性对复合材料剪切性能的影响

芳纶纤维表面惰性会影响其与树脂间的浸润性能和界面结合强度,因此限制了芳纶纤维复合材料在航空、航天、输电等领域的应用。为了对比纤维表面改性和树脂基体改性技术对芳纶纤维复合材料层间剪切性能的影响,文中结合光学和力学测试方法对不同改性技术及处理过程对芳纶纤维表面刻蚀的影响机制开展了深入研究。结果表明,乙酸酐化学刻蚀会对芳纶纤维表面基团产生影响且增加表面粗糙度。热氧化刻蚀处理后表面粗糙度显著增加,具有明显“沟壑”状。然而,当乙酸酐化学刻蚀处理时间高于6 h、热氧化刻蚀处理时间高于4 min时,纤维内部结构就会受到损伤,导致复合材料层间剪切性能降低。超声浸渍改性处理后,纤维表面粗糙度有一定增加,纤维表面附着的气体将会排出,超过20 min后改性效果趋于稳定。使用偶联剂改性树脂基体可以增加纤维表面的键合作用,当添加量超过3%时,树脂分子间的过度交联导致复合材料层间剪切性能下降。研究结果为提高芳纶复合材料浸润性能和界面强度提供了理论依据,对航空航天、电力系统中芳纶复合材料设计及制造研究具有参考价值。     

硅烷偶联剂及氧化石墨烯二次改性对芳纶纤维界面性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

为改善芳纶纤维(PPTA)与丁腈橡胶(NBR)复合材料之间的界面强度,采用硅烷偶联剂A172和氧化石墨烯(GO)对芳纶纤维表面进行接枝改性处理,并对处理前后的芳纶纤维进行化学结构、表面形貌及H抽出力分析。利用SEM对抽出纤维表面和橡胶基芳纶纤维复合材料截面进行微观结构分析。结果表明:硅烷偶联剂和氧化石墨烯对芳纶纤维进行二次表面改性后,纤维表面含氧基团增加,化学活性提高,处理后表面存在明显的表层附着物,纤维结构未发生明显损伤且表面粗糙度得到明显改善。每个处理阶段后H抽出力均有提高,且氧化石墨烯二次改性后的芳纶纤维H抽出力提高效果最佳,从18.192 MPa提高到48.748 MPa,芳纶纤维与丁腈橡胶的界面结合力得到了显著提升,从而证实了硅烷偶联剂和氧化石墨烯二次改性芳纶纤维的有效性,为橡胶基芳纶纤维复合材料性能的研究提供了参考。     

多巴胺处理芳纶对增强天然橡胶复合材料性能的影响

采用磷酸溶液对芳纶纤维进行表面处理,再用多巴胺对纤维进行涂覆,将得到的纤维经过环氧(溶于丙酮溶液中)的浸泡,将处理后的纤维、液体橡胶和天然橡胶制成母炼胶,制备芳纶纤维增强天然橡胶的复合材料。考察了磷酸、多巴胺、环氧对纤维的改性效果及对复合材料力学性能的影响。红外光谱、扫描电镜检测表明芳纶的改性改善了纤维表面与复合材料间的界面粘接,力学性能显示多巴胺、环氧对芳纶纤维的处理使复合材料的力学性能提高,几乎都提高了20%以上。橡胶加工流变性能分析表明不同的改性都增大了复合材料的储能模量和损耗模量,从而改善了纤维与橡胶基体的界面粘合。     

芳纶纤维表面改性技术及相关机理的研究进展

综述了目前国内外芳纶表面改性的常用方法及研究进展,介绍了芳纶结构对界面粘结性及复合材料力学性能的影响,并对芳纶接枝改性的机理进行了探讨,认为根据分叉纤维模型理论,接枝改性法可以有效提高复合材料性能.     

芳纶表面改性及其与丁腈橡胶复合材料的性能研究

为增强对位芳纶纤维(PPTA)与丁腈橡胶(NBR)之间的界面粘结强度,采用多巴胺(DA)-硅烷偶联剂对芳纶纤维联合改性并制备PPTA/NBR复合材料。结果表明,纤维改性后表面粗糙度增加;表面元素含量和种类都发生较大变化;在H试样抽出测试中,改性后的PPTA帘线/NBR试样抽出力相对于未改性试样增大64.02%,且黏附橡胶较多。改性后的PPTA/NBR试样,纤维含量相同时,断裂伸长率和拉伸强度相对未改性的PPTA/NBR试样增大;随着纤维含量的增加,使用同种方法处理的PPTA/NBR复合材料断裂伸长率减小,拉伸强度先增大后减小。     

LiCl处理对芳纶纤维表面结构与性能的影响

为提高芳纶纤维与复合材料基体间的界面强度,首先,使用LiCl乙醇溶液处理芳纶纤维一定时间;然后,对LiCl处理芳纶纤维表面的化学组成、微观形貌、单丝拉伸强度及芳纶纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的界面性能等进行了测试分析。结果表明:使用LiCl乙醇溶液处理芳纶纤维后,芳纶纤维表面的含氮官能团含量增加;处理后,芳纶纤维表面有刻蚀出的沟槽,表面粗糙度增大,进而改善了芳纶纤维与环氧树脂基体的界面粘接性能,使芳纶纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的层间剪切强度由处理前的21.75 MPa提升到37.98 MPa;最佳处理时间为3~4 h,而处理时间过长会导致芳纶纤维的单丝拉伸强度及复合材料的层间剪切强度下降。所得结论证实使用LiCl处理芳纶纤维是一种有效的表面改性方法。      

表面处理对芳纶纤维物理和机械性能的影响

为了提高界面结合能力,采用空气等离子体对芳纶纤维表面进行改性,通过扫描电子显微镜观察处理前后纤维表面形貌的变化情况,对纤维力学性能及摩擦性能进行测试,优选出最佳处理工艺。进一步研究了纤维表面改性处理方式对纤维集合体力学性能和防刺性能的影响。结果表明:表面改性后芳纶纤维的摩擦系数增大,但强力有所下降,空气等离子体处理最佳条件为50Pa、50W处理5min。芳纶纤维表面经过等离子体改性后,无纺布锥刺的最大压缩载荷同比未处理样品提高了5.27%。     

γ-射线辐照Armos纤维对AFRC界面性能的影响

为改善Armos纤维和环氧树脂间的界面结合性能,采用对环氧树脂/丙酮溶液浸泡的Armos纤维进行γ-射线辐照改性处理,探索辐照剂量对其芳纶纤维增强复合材料(AFRC)界面性能的影响.研究结果表明:在辐照剂量200～1000kGy,AFRC的层间剪切强度(ILSS)和界面剪切强度(IFSS)均增加,且500kGy界面强度较未处理的提高幅度最大;经γ-射线辐照处理的芳纶纤维,表面氧含量有大幅度提高,使得纤维表面活性增大;辐照处理后纤维表面较未处理的纤维表面粗糙度有所增加;纳米硬度仪测试AFRC横断面纤维、界面和基体的纳米硬度,表明辐照可以提高复合材料的硬度.     

具有液晶性能的改性芳纶的合成

利用界面聚合法对间位芳纶进行表面接枝改性,制备出新型具有液晶性能的芳纶。采用傅立叶转换红外光谱(FT-IR)对芳纶表面结构进行表征。由扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片可以看出,改性后的芳纶表面变得粗糙,改性后纤维直径约为20μm。利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对改性后纤维进行热性能分析,结果表明纤维具有液晶性能,在升、降温过程中的介晶相范围分别为192℃~237℃和147℃~209℃。接枝改性后的芳纶可以增加纤维与基体间的界面粘合性,提高复合材料的力学性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from