水热法制备杂化型MoO3/CeO2复合催化剂的电化学性能及表面结构

以CeO2为载体和钼酸铵为原料,在70℃下,采用水热法制备了MoO3含量分别为0、5wt%、7.5wt%、10wt%、12.5wt%、15wt%和20wt%的杂化型MoO3/CeO2复合催化剂.采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线能谱仪(EDS)等对所制备催化剂的结构、形貌以及表层MoO3与CeO2之间的相互作用进行分析;并以硫酸溶液水电解为目标反应,对杂化材料进行了电催化活性测试,考察MoO3含量对复合催化剂反应活性的影响.结果表明,杂化型MoO3/CeO2催化剂的电催化活性明显优于纯CeO2,当MoO3的质量含量为12.5wt%时,所制备复合催化剂的电催化活性和导电性较佳.活性提高的主要原因是MoO3在CeO2表面上的单层分散阈值在12.5wt%～15wt%之间,MoO3通过Mo O Ce化学键而牢固结合在CeO2表面,改善了杂化型MoO3/CeO2复合催化剂的表面性能.     

PANI/CeO_2/WC复合材料的制备及性能

采用原位聚合法分别制备聚苯胺/二氧化铈(PANI/CeO2)、聚苯胺/碳化钨(PANI/WC)、聚苯胺/二氧化铈/碳化钨(PANI/CeO2/WC)复合材料,通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)和拉曼光谱(Raman)对三种复合材料进行物相和结构分析,并且通过交流阻抗和阳极极化测试材料在65g/L Zn2++150g/L H2SO4体系中的电化学行为。通过实验数据分析,得到了一些具有一定学术意义与应用价值的结果。     

接枝聚合聚苯胺/CeO2-COOH复合材料的性能及聚合机制

对二氧化铈(CeO2)进行羧基化改性得到羧基化二氧化铈(CeO2-COOH),并与苯胺(An)接枝聚合得到核壳结构聚苯胺/二氧化铈复合材料(PANI/CeO2-COOH)。采用红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射、热重分析、扫描电子显微镜及旋转圆盘电化学测试技术分析材料的结构及性能。结果表明,CeO2-COOH的CeIII/CeIV的比值接近1,具有较高的表面氧空位;PANI/CeO2-COOH中PANI接枝效果较好,而且与纯PANI结构相同;CeO2-COOH与PANI之间通过价键接枝形成的PANI/CeO2-COOH复合材料起始分解温度在228℃左右,且在200~600℃内的分解速率较慢,表现出较好的热稳定性;在1mol/LH2SO4中对电极进行循环伏安和恒电流充放电测试,PANI/CeO2-COOH复合材料电极不仅具有良好的峰对称性和最高阳极峰电流,而且还具有较好的电容性能,当电流密度为0.5A/g时,比电容达到149.5F/g。     

Sn含量对Al-Zn合金组织与溶解性能的影响

为了改善Al-Zn合金组织,有效调控合金的溶解速率,采用光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和电化学工作站等测试手段,研究了不同Sn含量对铸态Al-Zn合金微观组织和电化学性能的影响规律。结果表明:合金主要由Al基体相、Al_(0.71)-Zn_(0.29)相和Sn相组成,随着Sn含量的增加,析出相在晶界处的含量明显增加,尺寸逐渐增大,且由颗粒状逐渐转变为长条状;当Sn含量从0.1wt%增加到2wt%时,合金的平均晶粒尺寸从194.54μm减小到65.33μm,溶解速率和电化学活性不断提高; Sn含量继续增加,合金的平均晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,溶解速率和电化学活性下降。     

介孔碳化钨负载铂催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

采用硬模板法制备了介孔碳化钨(m-WC), 进一步还原铂的前驱体(H2PtCl6)得到Pt/m-WC催化剂。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试手段对样品的物相、结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明, 所制得的m-WC载体为单一的碳化钨相, 孔径为10~20 nm, Pt/m-WC催化剂中Pt的粒径约为3.4 nm, 主要以金属态形式存在, 相对比较均一的Pt纳米粒子均匀地分散在载体的表面和孔道中。电化学测试结果表明, 与普通WC载Pt催化剂(Pt/c-WC)相比, Pt/m-WC催化剂具有较大的电化学活性表面积, 对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和更好的稳定性。     

纳米WC的合成及Pt/WC电催化性能的研究

以钨粉为钨源, 酚醛树脂(PF)为碳源, 采用溶胶?凝胶法合成纳米碳化钨(WC). 以甲醛(HCHO)为还原剂, 在含有纳米WC的氯铂酸(H₂PtCl₆·6H₂O)悬浮液中还原氯铂酸制备纳米WC负载纳米Pt的复合粒子, 再采用Nafion溶液制备质子交换膜燃料电池工作电极. 运用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及透射电镜(TEM)等对前驱体及试样进行表征, 并在酸性介质中采用循环伏安法测试工作电极的电化学催化活性. 结果表明: 采用溶胶?凝胶工艺制备的WC沿(100)晶面择优取向, 其晶面间距为0.25nm, Pt主要沿(111)晶面择优取向, 其晶面间距为0.23nm. 10wt% Pt/WC在0.5mol/L H₂SO₄中的催化电流密度达到28.5mA/cm², 并发现纳米WC与Pt之间存在协同催化作用.     

多孔Ni-WC复合材料的脉冲电沉积及其电催化析氢性能

以海绵镍为基体,采用单脉冲电沉积与复合镀相结合的方法制备了多孔Ni-WC复合电极材料;运用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征镀层的表面形貌和相结构,并研究了WC浓度和脉冲参数对多孔Ni-WC复合电极在0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄溶液中的电催化析氢性能的影响。结果表明:Ni-WC复合材料的表面晶粒细小、致密,呈多孔结构。随着镀液中WC浓度、脉冲电流密度和占空比的增大,多孔Ni-WC复合电极的析氢阴极极化减小,交换电流密度增大,电化学交流阻抗减小,Ni-WC多孔电极的析氢活性增强。循环伏安曲线和计时电流曲线表明,多孔Ni-WC复合电极具有较好的抗腐蚀性和析氢稳定性。     

Fe对Mn/CeO2-TiO2催化剂低温NH3选择性催化还原NO的影响

以锰氧化物为活性组分,CeO2-TiO2为载体制备了Mn/CeO2-TiO2催化剂.考察了Fe的加入对Mn/CeO2-TiO2的低温NH3-SCR活性的影响.并采用BET比表面积,H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了表征.活性结果表明,Fe的引入显著改善了Mn/CeO2-TiO2的NH3-SCR活性,催化剂在113～250℃之间表现出良好的NO去除效率.表征结果表明,Fe的引入促进了锰物种在CeO2-TiO2表面的分散,降低了Mn-Fe/CeO2-TiO2中锰物种的还原温度.XPS分析指出Mn-Fe/CeO2-TiO2表面Mn以+4价存在,而Fe主要以+3价的Fe2O3存在,且Fe与载体表面间存在强相互作用.     

LDO/CeO_2纳米复合材料的合成及性能研究

以水热法合成出的Mg-Al类水滑石为载体,用Ce(NO3)3·6H2O和HMT作原料,水热合成出LDO/CeO2纳米复合材料,并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和冷场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)对样品结构和形貌进行了表征。此外,以H2O2为氧化剂,研究了该复合材料对罗丹明B模拟废水的催化氧化性能,结果表明,相同条件下制备出的LDO/CeO2纳米复合材料比纯CeO2具有更高的催化活性;当CeO2的负载量为50%,LDO/CeO2的投加量为0.2g时,罗丹明B模拟废水的降解接近完全,且催化剂重复使用5次后,脱色率仍保持85%以上。     

WC/天然沸石纳米复合材料的微结构表征及性能

以酸处理后天然沸石为载体, 偏钨酸铵(AMT)为钨源, 经混合球磨制备了AMT/天然沸石复合前驱体, 在CH₄/H₂混合气氛中升温至900℃进行还原碳化, 制备了碳化不同时间的系列WC/天然沸石纳米复合材料. 采用XRD、TEM、HRTEM、STEM-Z衬度像等方法对样品的物相、微观结构和WC空间分布进行系统表征. 采用三电极体系粉末微电极方法测试了样品在碱性溶液中的电化学催化活性. 结果表明: 由于载体天然沸石孔隙和表面积优势, AMT/天然沸石前驱体在CH₄/H₂混合气氛中能快速还原并碳化, 形成小尺寸和高分散的以活性相W₂C和WC为主的WC/天然沸石纳米复合材料, 并以碳化还原4 h获得的碳化钨晶粒度最小, 分散性最佳, 含量相对最高, 并具有最佳的电催化活性.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...