热轧板常化工艺对取向硅钢冷轧板退火组织和性能的影响

试验研究了取向硅钢(/%:0.046C,3.07Si,0.09Mn,0.029P,0.004S,0.005 Al,0.001Ti,0.001 40,0.009 6N)2.66 mm热轧板1 100℃2 min空冷10 s至960℃3min空冷常化后,经一次冷轧,中间退火,二次冷轧0.3 mm板,820℃5 min空冷初次再结晶退火,并经1 050℃空冷二次再结晶退火后的组织、织构和磁性能。通过对比常化和无常化样品的初次再结晶退火后试样以及二次再结晶退火后试样的组织和性能,得出常化工艺对退火过程的影响。结果表明,热轧板常化处理可以降低冷轧板初次退火后的初次再结晶晶粒尺寸,使∑₉晶界和大角度晶界百分含量增加,高斯取向晶粒含量增加,还可以使二次再结晶晶粒增大,提高磁感应强度、降低铁损。     

IF钢罩式退火与连续退火再结晶模拟试验

对ＩＦ钢罩式退火（ＢＡ）和边续退火（ＣＡ）的再结晶过程进行了模拟试验与分析,结果表明：ＢＡ工艺的再结晶中晶粒有一个从饼状晶粒向等轴晶粒转变的过程;而ＣＡ工艺的再结晶过程中再结晶晶粒一开始就呈等轴状,而后逐步不断长大。     

不同退火工艺下TWIP钢微观组织及力学性能演变

摘要：以在650℃温轧的Fe-24Mn-2Al-1Si-0.05C TWIP钢为研究对象,通过金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、室温拉伸等实验手段,研究温轧TWIP钢在回复退火、部分再结晶退火、高温短时退火以及高温退火等不同退火工艺下其微观组织及力学性能的演变。结果表明,随着退火工艺的改变,实验钢的微观组织由回复退火时包含高密度位错、形变孪晶等的变形晶粒逐渐向高温退火时的无畸变再结晶晶粒转变;而部分再结晶退火时,实验钢的微观组织由未再结晶区的变形晶粒和细小的再结晶晶粒混合组成。随退火工艺的改变,实验钢拉伸前、后的硬度变化趋势为先下降然后基本不变最后上升;实验钢的变形机制逐渐由位错滑移为主向孪生滑移为主转变。     

俄罗斯新利佩茨克钢铁公司硅钢生产情况

俄罗斯新利佩茨克钢铁公司年产48万t优质电工钢。用160t氧气转炉炼钢，铸坯尺寸为（240～250mm）×（1120～1280mm），重达30t。板坯在2000mm连轧机上热轧，成品尺寸为（2．0～2．5mm）×（1080～1280mm），热轧板于1150℃温度下退火，酸洗后在1400mm四机架连轧机上冷轧，轧到0．35mm，在1050℃可控的H2＋N2保护气氛中脱碳、再结晶退火。[第一段]     

Ti-IF钢回火过程的再结晶规律

本文对比研究了Ti-IF钢罩式退火工艺下的再结晶规律及连续退火工艺下再结晶规律。分别采用随炉升温到不同温度测定再结晶规律,和采用到温入炉保温100s出炉测定再结晶规律。模拟罩式退火采用两阶段随炉升温,所测试样的名义再结晶温度为620,实际的再结晶温度为660℃,实验钢在随炉升温至660℃下完成再结晶过程历时68min;700℃、720℃再结晶的新晶粒开始长大;800℃时,再结晶的晶粒等轴化。模拟连退采用快速升温到不同温度,试样到温入炉保温100s出炉空冷,660℃再结晶开始形核,700℃形核的数量开始增加,720气：形核数量急剧增加,800 ～840℃再结晶晶粒长大,晶粒均匀化,900℃发生二次再结晶,晶粒反常长大。     

H68TM带退火工艺的理论分析

本文通过对晶粒长大及再结晶过程的分析找出了H68TM带退火工艺的理论依据,最终实现了对H68TM带的晶粒度控制。     

0.02%C钢深冲板St15再结晶退火织构演变的模拟

用二维元胞自动机方法 ,以 0 .0 2 %C铝镇静钢深冲板St15热轧、冷轧、退火再结晶组织和织构以及再结晶演变的实验结果为初始条件和参照 ,分别对 1.2mm冷轧深冲板 5 6 0～ 6 2 0℃退火再结晶和 70 0℃晶粒长大过程进行计算机模拟。得出 ,冷轧深冲板 5 6 0～ 6 2 0℃加热 12 0min再结晶完成 ,平均再结晶晶粒为 6μm ,再于 70 0℃加热 10h ,晶粒长大尺寸和织构趋于稳定 ,平均晶粒尺寸为 34μm ,织构以有利织构组分 { 111}〈110〉和 { 111}〈112〉织构为主。模拟结果与实验数据相符     

SPCC薄板冷轧及连续退火工艺研究

对SPCC薄板进行了冷轧及连续退火模拟试验。研究了冷轧及连续退火工艺对SPCC薄板再结晶组织的影响效果,以及再结晶晶粒尺寸对SPCC薄板力学性能的影响规律。研究发现,经工艺参数优化,可显著降低退火薄板的再结晶晶粒尺寸,同时提高薄板的屈强比性能指标。在晶粒尺寸最为细小的5.23μm SPCC薄板中得到市场上同类产品中最高的屈强比性能。     

冷轧压下率和退火温度对H62黄铜组织性能的影响

利用OM、SEM和室温拉伸试验系统研究了冷轧压下率和退火温度对黄铜组织性能的影响.结果表明:随压下率和退火温度的增加,H62黄铜晶粒尺寸均逐渐增大,强度逐渐降低,伸长率先上升后下降;400℃退火时,α相开始发生再结晶,β相沿α相晶界均匀分布,500℃及以上退火时,α相已完成再结晶,β相将逐渐回溶到α基体中;H62黄铜在56.5%的冷轧压下,600℃退火时能获得最优的力学性能.     

ITER用高性能轧制W板制备及其组织性能研究

以纯度为99.95%的钨粉为原料,在200 MPa压力下冷等静压成形,2 300℃于H2气氛中进行烧结制得钨烧结坯。钨烧结坯在1 250~1 500℃于H2气氛中经过4道次轧制制得接近理论密度的钨板。通过金相、维氏硬度和高温拉伸强度分析了轧制过程和退火过程中钨板组织和性能的变化规律。通过电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析了退火过程中钨板织构的衍变。结果表明:轧制过程中钨板的密度、维氏硬度和高温抗拉强度随材料变形量的升高而增大,经过4道次轧制钨板的密度可接近理论密度,维氏硬度和高温抗拉强度分别为HV450和540 MPa;轧制态的钨板晶粒组织有明显沿RD方向拉长,1 350℃退火时,形变织构明显减弱,晶粒取向分布趋于随机。通过统计面积分数分析得到1 350℃钨板晶粒再结晶组织比例占65.8%。     

Effect of steel-drawing-sheet annealing conditions on surface carbon combustion rate

The level of surface-carbon contamination exerts an adverse influence on the subsequent coating process such as phosphating and painting. In evaluating quantitatively surface carbon by the combustion technique, the temperature programmes adopted do not exceed 500°C in the case of sheet produced by continuous annealing system and 600°C for batch-annealed sheet, this to avoid matrix-carbon combustion. In this paper two hypotheses are discussed, concerning the reasons why evolution of the matrix carbon occurs at different temperatures in the two types of steel products. It is shown that different grain sizes generated by the batch and continuous annealing processes induce diversity in the different surface reactivities, in fact, grain size and hence the concentration of surface grain boundaries increases the oxidation rate of carbon.     

Thermal stability and recrystallization of nanocrystalline Ti produced by cryogenic milling

The grain growth, thermal stability, and recrystallization behavior of a cryomilled Ti alloy with a grain size of about 21.2 nm were examined using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Isochronal heat treatments at different temperatures were applied to study the thermal stability and recrystallization behavior of this alloy system. The average grain size increased from 20 to 80 nm in the temperature range of 200 °C to 350 °C, and then significantly decreased to 15 nm during annealing at 400 °C to 450 °C. This phenomenon was rationalized on the basis of a recrystallization mechanism. When the annealing temperature increased from 450 °C to 720 °C, the grain size increased slightly from 15.2 to 27.5 nm. In addition, the isothermal grain growth behavior in this alloy was investigated in the temperature range of 150 °C to 720 °C, and the resulting grain growth activation energy was analyzed to rationalize the underlying grain growth mechanisms. An interesting scientific question that arises from the present work is whether a decrease in grain size can be obtained in nanocrystalline (nc) materialsvia a recrystallization mechanism. The present results show that indeed a smaller grain size is obtained after annealing at elevated temperatures (500 °C to 720 °C) in cryomilled nc Ti, and the experimental results are explained on the basis of a recrystallization mechanism.     

The Influence of Rapid Annealing Cycles on the Recrystallisation Behaviour of Cold Rolled Ultra Low Carbon and Low Carbon Steel

For ultra low carbon (ULC) and low carbon steel (LC), the influence of heating rate, annealing temperature, and holding time on the recrystallisation behaviour and the resulting grain size was investigated. For ULC smallest grain sizes of about 9 μm were obtained at the lowest heating rate whereas for LC significant smaller grain sizes of about 5 μm were determined at the highest heating rate. Furthermore, the evolution of the grain size distribution with varying heating rate, annealing temperature, and holding time was studied in dependence of the rolling and normal direction. The state of the as‐hot rolled microstructure as well as the precipitation state exert a strong influence on the development of the recrystallised microstructure along the different directions for both steel grades. The inherent prolonged microstructure due to the cold rolling process is still obvious just after recrystallisation. With ongoing annealing and grain growth, the aspect ratio approaches the equiaxed state. This change proceeds faster for the ULC steel grade. With increasing annealing temperature, the bimodal character of the grain size distribution disappears and the distribution becomes more homogeneous.     

Microstructural evolution of submicron sized ferrite in bimodal structural ultrafine grained ferrite/cementite steels by annealing below austenized temperature

The microstructural evolution of submicron sized ferrite in bimodal structural ultrafine grained ferrite/cementite steels with 0.15 pct carbon content and 0.45 pct carbon content upon annealing below the austenized temperature was investigated. The average grain sizes of the ferrites with a normal density and with a high density of cementite particles were plotted, respectively, as a function of the annealed temperature and time, and exhibited different coarsening behaviors. The average grain sizes of the ferrites with a normal density of cementite particles gradually coarsened by increasing the annealing temperature or time, while those with a high density of cementite particles hardly changed at first, and then coarsened after reaching a certain annealing condition. The coarsening of the ferrite grain size in the steel with 0.15 pct carbon content occurred much more readily than that in the steel with 0.45 pct carbon content upon annealing. The spacing and the critical spacing of cementite particle were measured and hypothetically calculated, respectively. The size and the distribution of cementite particles was one of the critical factors affecting the microstructural evolution in this type of cementite particle spherodized steels. Most of the coarsening of the ferrite grain size occurred after the cementite particle spacing reached the required critical value.     

退火工艺对GH4169合金带材组织和力学性能的影响

为解决GH4169合金带材国产化制备工艺不成熟导致的组织及性能控制不稳定问题,对厚度为0.4 mm的GH4169合金带材的热处理工艺进行研究。讨论了不同退火温度、不同保温时间对带材金相组织、力学性能的影响,结果表明,退火温度对带材显微组织和力学性能存在显著影响,随着退火温度的提高,合金带材晶粒尺寸增大,同时合金抗拉强度、屈服强度和硬度呈下降趋势,而伸长率呈升高趋势;适当缩短保温时间可以使晶粒尺寸均匀,并起到细化晶粒的作用,与此同时,合金力学性能表现出抗拉强度、屈服强度和硬度增大,同时伸长率呈下降趋势。综合分析组织及性能,0.4 mm的GH4169合金带材最佳退火工艺为退火温度1 050℃、保温时间1.5 min,在该工艺下带材的晶粒度为8.5级,抗拉强度为870.5 MPa,屈服强度为389.5 MPa,伸长率为51.5%,维氏硬度为204HV1。     

Thermal expansion behaviors in nanocrystalline materials with a wide grain size range

Thermal expansion behaviors of nanocrystalline (NC) Ni-P alloy samples with grain sizes ranging from a few to 127 nm were studied experimentally using thermal mechanical analysis. Porosity-free NC Ni-P samples with a wide grain size range were synthesized by completely crystallizing amorphous Ni-P alloy at different annealing temperatures. Measurements showed that the linear thermal expansion coefficient (α_L) increases markedly with a reduction of the average grain size in the as-crystallized NC Ni-P samples. The thermal expansion coefficient was also found to decrease during grain growth in the as-crystallized NC sample upon annealing. From the grain size dependence of α_L in these NC samples, we deduced that the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the interfaces and the nm-sized crystallites diminishes when the grain size becomes smaller. This tendency agrees well with other experimental results on the structural characteristics of the interfaces and the nm-sized crystallites in NC materials.     

Heating Rate Effects on Recrystallized Grain Size in Two Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloys

A method has previously been described whereby a fine and stable grain size may be achieved in conventional, heat-treatable aluminum alloy sheet by thermomechanical processing. The present work has examined the final recrystallization stage more closely. In particular, the effects of heating rate on recrystallized grain size have been determined and explained. It has been shown that heating rates greater than about 5 K . s^-1 should be employed in the final recrystallization stage in order to obtain maximum benefit from the fine grain processing technique. The coarser recrystallized grain sizes obtained with slower heating rates are mainly due to early activation of the most highly favored nucleation sites. Thermal recovery of the matrix defect structure below the recrystallization temperature is an additional, though less significant, effect. The influence of the degree of cold work and the volume fraction of insoluble particles on recrystallized grain size is discussed in relation to the heating rate.     

Formability behavior of brass alloy sheet: the role of twins in microstructure

Quantitative understanding of the process and formability parameters involved in grain size and the formation of annealing twins after plastic straining is important in the control of the manufacturing process. There is a synergistic effect of strain and temperature on the density of annealing twins. Formability of brass alloy sheets was studied after annealing of 65% cold worked (CW) samples at different temperatures (300–600°C). Tensile, deep drawing and Erichsen tests were carried out at room temperature to evaluate formability of alloy. Effect of annealing temperature on density, distribution and size of twins is investigated. It was shown that annealing of brass alloy resulting in formation of annealing twins which at higher annealing temperature were reduced by increasing grain size. Best deep drawability would be achieved by annealing at moderate temperature 400–450°C which microstructure consists of fine grain and twin bands. Work hardening exponent of samples was calculated based on the tensile test data and correlated with stretch ability of annealed brass sheets. It was found that the sheets annealed at 600°C possess best ductility and high average n-value.     

Recrystallization and grain growth in titanium: I. characterization of the structure

Transmission electron microscopy, quantitative optical microscopy, and texture studies were made on swaged and recrystallized titanium wire of three impurity contents: zone refined, a special lot of intermediate purity, and commercial A-70. The electron microscopy studies revealed that a) during recrystallization a number of processes overlap, and b) during grain growth there occurs a decrease in the dislocation density within the grains along with the increase in the average grain size. The quantitative microscopy studies indicated that the linear intercept grain size distribution is approximately log normal and that for a given mean grain size the distribution is relatively independent of the combination of annealing time and temperature used to obtain it. Moreover, there exists a range of grain sizes in space, the numbers of grains in each class interval changing with increase in grain size. The so-called grain shape factor decreases with increase in mean grain size (annealing time) at a constant temperature and with decrease in temperature for a constant grain size. The texture of the as-swaged wire and the changes in the texture during grain growth are in qualitative accord with those previously reported for deformed and recrystallized titanium. Impurity content influences the degree of these various structural characteristics but not their substance. K. Okazaki, Formerly Visiting Research Associate, Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky.