An advanced FEA based force induced error compensation strategy in milling

The study introduces a multi-level machining error compensation approach focused on force-induced errors in machining of thin-wall structures. The prediction algorithm takes into account the deflection of the part in different points of the tool path. The machining conditions are modified at each step when the cutting force and deflection achieve a local equilibrium. The machining errors are predicted using a theoretical flexible force-deflection model. The error compensation is based on optimising the tool path taking into account the predicted milling error. The error compensation scheme is simulated using NC simulation package and is experimentally verified.     

Geometry prediction of EDM-drilled holes and tool electrode shapes of micro-EDM process using simulation

EDM is an efficient machining process for the fabrication of a micro-metal hole with various advantages resulting from its characteristics of non-contact and thermal process. However, this process has a serious problem caused by the tool wear, which significantly deteriorates the machining accuracy. In this paper, a geometric simulation model of EDM drilling process with cylindrical tool is proposed to predict the geometries of tool and drilled hole. The geometries of tool and workpiece are represented by two-dimensional matrix. For accurate prediction of their geometries, the tool motion, the sparking gap width, the spark frequency, the crater made by a single spark, and the tool wear ratio are considered as simulation parameters. To verify the simulation model the prediction results are compared with the actual experimental ones. Consequently, it is shown that the geometry prediction results match the experimental ones well within the error of 13%. Developed model can be used in offline compensation of tool wear in the fabrication of a blind hole. For the purpose of this, a compensation scheme based on the developed model is introduced, it is then demonstrated that the scheme is successfully applied to an actual micro-hole machining.     

Integrated machining error compensation method using OMM data and modified PNN algorithm

This paper presents an integrated machining error compensation method based on polynomial neural network (PNN) approach and inspection database of on-machine-measurement (OMM) system. To improve the accuracy of the OMM system, geometric errors of the CNC machining center and probing errors are compensated. Machining error distributions of a specimen workpiece are measured to obtain error compensation parameters. To efficiently analyze the machining errors, two machining error parameters, W_err and D_err, are defined. Subsequently, these parameters can be modeled using the PNN approach, which is used to determine machining errors for the considered cutting conditions. Consequently, by using an iterative algorithm, tool path can be corrected to effectively reduce machining errors in the end-milling process. Required programs are developed using Ch language, and modified termination method are applied to reduce computation times. Experiments are carried out to validate the approaches proposed in this paper. The proposed integrated machining error compensation method can be effectively implemented in a real machining situation, producing much fewer errors.     

石材桥式切割机数控系统的刀补研究

为了实现对石材轮廓的精确加工,不同刀具的刀补模块设计是开发数控系统的关键技术。通过对C机能刀补算法的研究,简述了刀补转接的几种类型及其判断算法,结合石材桥式切割机的加工特点,对锯刀、铣刀、磨刀的刀补算法进行了设计。采用PC+运动控制卡的硬件结构,以Visual C++作为开发软件,设计了石材桥式切割机的数控系统软件。运行石材桥式切割机的数控系统,对锯刀、铣刀、磨刀刀补进行仿真,并在工厂中进行加工测试。结果表明:该切割机能稳定运行,其刀补算法实现了自动刀具补偿功能。     

基于多体系统理论的数控机床加工精度几何误差预测模型

针对多轴联动数控机床加工精度误差补偿问题,从分析数控机床误差产生机制和建立精度误差补偿模型的角度,提出基于多体系统理论的数控机床加工精度几何误差预测模型。分析B-A摆头五轴龙门数控机床的拓扑结构关系、低序体阵列、各典型体坐标变换,推导出B-A摆头五轴龙门数控机床的精度几何误差预测函数模型。采用平动轴十二线法误差参数辨识算法,计算出B-A摆头五轴数控机床21项空间几何误差,为精度几何误差预测函数提供有效的误差参数。该精度误差参数建模方法,对不同结构和运动关系的数控机床具有通用性,为后续数控机床误差动态实时补偿提高切削加工精度提供了理论基础。     

CNC系统刀具半径补偿功能的实现

介绍了CNC系统中刀具半径补偿的原理，提出了完整的几何转接分类算法，用VB6．0开发刀补算法程序，实现了平面轮廓的刀具半径补偿功能，该算法效率高，能够满足CNC加工的需要。     

基于CS-GMC(1,N)的数控机床全新热误差建模优化方法

为降低机床热误差对数控加工精度的影响,提高灰色模型GMC(1,N)的预测精度,将布谷鸟搜索（CS）算法引入GMC(1,N)灰色模型中,用于优化灰色模型GMC(1,N)的生成系数,构建了基于CS-GMC(1,N)的数控机床热误差预测模型。以小型三轴立式数控铣床为研究对象进行了主轴热误差实验,热误差预测性能分析结果表明：CS-GMC(1,N)模型的预测精度高于PSO-GMC(1,N)模型,为机床主轴热误差建模及后续热误差补偿提供了参考。     

五轴数控机床非线性误差建模及补偿方法

针对五轴数控机床后置处理中由于平动轴和旋转轴的联动产生的非线性误差,提出一种基于误差建模的非线性误差在线预测与补偿方法.根据任意两个相邻刀位数据点产生的非线性误差,获得误差的分布特征,建立起误差分布模型;利用最小二乘法求解出非线性误差的数学表达式,经与误差许用值相比较来确定新的刀位点,从而实现非线性误差的在线预测及补偿...     

基于热误差补偿的加工中心在线检测软件的研究

对加工中心在线检测软件误差补偿技术进行研究,基于Windows平台开发了在线检测误差补偿软件,并对软件开发中的关键技术：建立检测系统的几何误差与热误差综合模型,测头误差处理技术进行了研究。该检测软件可以同时对测头误差、机床几何误差与热误差进行补偿,有效地提高了在线检测精度。软件系统在MAKINO立式加工中心上进行丁实验验证。     

基于支持向量机的加工误差预测建模方法研究

误差补偿是提高机械加工精度的有效途径,其中误差的建模是关键.在分析现有加工误差预测技术不足的基础上,提出基于支持向量机的加工误差回归建模和预测方法,并对实际应用中的问题进行了分析和总结.通过实例验证及与其它建模方法的对比,表明该方法具有优良的预测性能,为加工误差预测提供了一种新的可行方法.     

Integrated real time compensation system for errors introduced by measurement probe and machine geometry in commercial CMMs

In this paper, an integrated real time compensation system has been proposed for the errors introduced by the probe and machine geometry in commercial CMMS. For efficient probe error mapping, a compact notation (ε, θ) for probing direction and corresponding concentric diagram is proposed. A set of integrated volumetric error equations are also proposed for the volumetric error map integrating the probe error and the machine geometric error. For the real time error compensation scheme, an interface box and an appropriate software driver have been designed and implemented between the CMM and machine controller. The data flow is intercepted and corrected according to the integrated volumetric error map without the controller being noticed. Thus the real time error compensation system has been successfully implemented for the machine with minimum interference to the existing coordinate measurement system. The developed system has been applied to a commercial CMM on the shop floor, and the measurement accuracy has been improved remarkably.     

基于UKF薄壁件加工变形预测技术研究

薄壁件加工中的零件变形和让刀是影响加工精度的主要原因,首先,根据零件加工路径构建UKF预测模型;之后,把数控机床误差和在机测量系统误差作为已知噪声输入到UKF算法中,在机检测系统对序中尺寸进行测量作为过程转移噪声,上次过程转移噪声输入到下次预测中;最后,使用MATLAB预测出零件变形量。上次状态转移噪声输入到UKF算法中以提高预测对真实加工环境的模拟,运用在机检测技术把零件加工数据传输到UKF算法中提高变形预测精度,为薄壁件数控加工序中补偿提供数据依据。     

精密加工中心直线轴复合误差建模研究北大核心

为提高精密机床加工精度,针对直线轴几何误差与热误差两类重要误差项进行分析,并提出一种复合定位误差建模方法。首先对两端固定式丝杠进给系统的热误差机制进行分析,建立正弦函数误差表达式,利用有限元法提取丝杠表面温度并作为输入量代入到热误差模型中。利用切比雪夫多项式建立静态几何误差预测模型。将两模型叠加,得到复合定位误差模型。对精密加工中心直线轴进行检测实验,实验值与预测模型对比后发现预测精度达到85%以上,验证了复合误差模型具有较高的预测精度,为直线轴定位误差补偿提供了参考。     

能够进行热误差补偿的加工中心在线检测软件的研究

研究了加工中心在线检测软件误差补偿技术，基于Windows平台开发了误差补偿软件，并对软件开发中的关键技术：建立检测系统的几何误差与热误差综合模型，测头误差处理技术进行了研究。可以同时对测头误差、机床几何误差与热误差进行补偿，有效地提高了在线检测精度。软件系统在MAKINO立式加工中心上进行了实验验证。     

Identification and compensation of geometric errors of rotary axes on five-axis machine by on-machine measurement

The geometric errors of rotary axes are the fundamental errors of a five-axis machine tool. They directly affect the machining accuracy, and require periodical measurement, identification and compensation. In this paper, a precise calibration and compensation method for the geometric errors of rotary axes on a five-axis machine tool is proposed. The automated measurement is realized by using an on-the-machine touch-trigger technology and an artifact. A calibration algorithm is proposed to calibrate geometric errors of rotary axes based on the relative displacement of the measured reference point. The geometric errors are individually separated and the coupling effect of the geometric errors of two rotary axes can be avoided. The geometry error of the artifact as well as its setup error has little influence on geometric error calibration results. Then a geometric error compensation algorithm is developed by modifying the numeric control (NC) source file. All the geometric errors of the rotary errors are compensated to improve the machining accuracy. The algorithm can be conveniently integrated into the post process. At last, an experiment on a five-axis machine tool with table A-axis and head B-axis structure validates the feasibility of the proposed method.     

Computer-aided accuracy enhancement for multi-axis CNC machine tool

A computer-aided error compensation scheme has been developed to enhance the accuracy of multi-axis CNC machine tools by compensating for machine geometric and thermal errors in software way. Stationary geometric errors including the coupling effect of linkage errors between machine slides are calibrated off line. Dynamic thermal errors are predicted on line by an artificial neural network model. Because machine errors are variant with the cutting time and slide positions, a PC based compensation controller has been developed to upgrade commercial CNC controllers for real-time error compensation. The real-time compensation capability is achieved by digital I/0 communication between the compensation controller and CNC controller without the need of any hardware modification to the machine servo-drive loops. The compensation scheme implemented on a horizontal machining center has been proven to improve the machine accuracy by one order of magnitude using a laser interferometer and cutting test.     

基于SSA-BP的电主轴热误差优化建模

为解决某加工中心电主轴的热误差补偿问题，建立预测精度高、鲁棒性强的热误差补偿模型。搭建实验台，利用美国雄狮回转误差分析仪采集电主轴的温度场和热误差数据。介绍麻雀搜索算法(SSA)原理、具体优化流程。采用SSA优化BP神经网络的权值和阈值，建立SSA-BP神经网络预测模型。与之前建立的BP神经网络预测模型相比，优化后预测效果更优，为电主轴热误差建模提供新的思路。     

5-Axis adaptive flank milling of flexible thin-walled parts based on the on-machine measurement

Deformation of the part and cutter caused by cutting forces immediately affects the dimensional accuracy of manufactured parts. This paper presents an integrated machining deviation compensation strategy based on on-machine measurement (OMM) inspection system. Previous research attempts on this topic deal with deformation compensation in machining of geometries in 3-axis machine tools only. This paper is the first time that concerned with 5-axis flank milling of flexible thin-walled parts. To capture the machined surface precision dimensions, OMM with a touch-trigger probe installed on machine׳s spindle is utilized. Probe path is planned to obtain the coordinate of the sampling points on machined surface. The machined surface can then be reconstructed. Meanwhile, the cutter׳s envelope surface is calculated based on nominal cutter location source file (CLSF). Subsequently, the machining error caused by part and cutter deflection is calibrated by comparing the deviation between the machined surface and the envelope surface. An iteration toolpath compensation algorithm is designed to decrease machining errors and avoid unwanted interference by modifying the toolpath. Experiment of machining the impeller blade is carried out to validate the methodology developed in this paper. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in machining error compensation.     

基于半闭环控制的数控系统反向间隙补偿

在半闭环控制的机床中反向间隙是影响机床定位精度和加工精度的一项重要因素,对其进行反向间隙补偿是一项非常重要的工作.文章提出了基于半闭环控制下的间隙补偿原理,通过间隙模型仿真验证了补偿算法的可靠性,并且在开放式数控系统实验平台上实现了算法的嵌入,实际的测量结果论证了算法的正确性.实验表明,通过该间隙补偿方法可以有效地降低因反向间隙所造成的轮廓误差.     

Deformation prediction and error compensation in multilayer milling processes for thin-walled parts

Deformation prediction and error compensation are effective approaches to improve machining accuracy in milling thin-walled parts. In this paper, it is considered that the machining deformation of the previous layer will influence the nominal cutting depth of the current layer. Therefore, a dynamical model is established to predict the deformation in multilayer machining a thin-walled part. The coupling relation between cutting force and machining deformation is taken into account using iterative computation. The dynamical model is validated by comparing the simulation result with the experimental one. A new approach of active error compensation is proposed, in which the machining error is compensated at each layer. By comparing the simulation results of compensation at the last layer with the results of compensation at per-layer, a conclusion is drawn that compensation at per-layer makes smaller machining errors and the errors are more uniform.