Introduction.

In the articles presented in this issue, developments in professional psychology following World War II are described. Elizabeth B. Wolf recounts her experiences as a graduate student in clinical psychology in the period just before the "psychotherapy revolution" and gives us a glimpse of clinical psychology in action during the 1940s and how she bartered her way into an internship. Dr. Wolf, still active in clinical psychology training, also discusses the early evolution of clinical psychology training programs. Milton F. Shore chronicles the rise and fall of the community mental health movement in our country and addresses the strengths and weaknesses of these programs and psychology's contributions to them. Robert Perloff, who characterizes himself as an "applied generalist," relates how his training in industrial psychology set the stage for his role in the development of consumer psychology and led to his interest in knowledge utilization. Each of these reminiscences catches the enthusiasm and optimism that pervaded professional psychology in the postwar years. These articles challenge us to recapture that optimism and commitment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Industrial–organizational psychology: "Open thy ears O house of Israel."

Explores the relationship between industrial–organizational psychology and common sense from several approaches. First, literature is reviewed pertaining to the inherent problems of developing a science of human behavior in the context of commonly held beliefs about the subject. Second, the results of a study are presented that indicate that 359 nonpsychologists (college students and managerial groups) were able to intuit the findings of recent research in industrial–organizational psychology and, therefore, that at least a portion of this discipline is commonsensical. Finally, it is suggested that the commonsense character of the discipline may be traced to matters about which psychologists have received repeated warnings in the past. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology in the human sciences in France, 1920–1940: Ignace Meyerson's historical psychology.

Between World War I and World War II, psychology adopted a direction open to other human sciences; I. Meyerson was the main organizer of this choice. Leading the Société de Psychologie and the Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique, he tried to construct an individual and collective psychology that reflected not only the scientific preoccupations of his masters and friends but also their political choices: They had been the founders of the Human Rights League at the end of the 19th century. Behind Durkheim and Seignobos, with Mauss, Levy-Bruhl, and Blondel, Meyerson answered the new historians' call for a unified science of "mentalities," a historical psychology of collective representations. Meyerson offered to sociologists, anthropologists, linguists, and historians several forums to debate in which psychology was the unifying science. But at the end of World War II, his psychology was marginalized, and a positivistic and behavioristic way was preferred. Meyerson's historical psychology disappeared from academic psychology, but historians have preserved its legacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Construction Engineering and Management Undergraduate Education

Construction education is not new. It was a part of the practical aspects of many early civil engineering degree programs. As early as the 1920's, specializations in construction engineering were found in a few civil engineering programs, paralleling structural engineering and other areas. However, the gradual need for more specialization than could normally be integrated in the civil engineering degree eventually led to the formation of some construction specialty degree undergraduate programs, particularly after World War II. This paper documents the historical evolution of construction education, promotes construction as a stand-alone professional engineering discipline, provides information for schools that are interested in starting an undergraduate construction engineering and management (CEM) degree program, and discusses the engineering accreditation aspects of the CEM curriculum and the role of the construction industry in the CEM curriculum development.     

Hugo Münsterberg: Victim or visionary?

Historical treatments of Hugo Münsterberg have been less than adequate. Münsterberg was an early leader in the application of psychology in business and industry, was central to the development of psychology as a science in the US, and wrote and spoke on a broad range of issues. This article covers his contributions and examines possible reasons for his obscurity. Among those reasons are the various transitions occurring in psychology during his active period, his own personal characteristics, the tension between the US and Germany before World War I, and his untimely death. Although Münsterberg has name recognition among contemporary industrial–organizatonal psychologists, few are aware of his substantive contributions to the field. This article is intended to enhance that awareness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Master's programs in industrial/organizational psychology: Current status and a call for action.

Reviews published and unpublished sources to describe characteristics of terminal master's programs in industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology and argues that systematic attention should be paid to issues of education, employment, and professional identity for these master's graduates. The 55 or more programs represent a 3-fold increase in listings in less than a decade. In psycholoy departments, programs enrolled 59% of new I/O graduate students and awarded 67% of terminal graduate degrees during a 1-yr period. Important characteristics include length (about 2.5 yrs), many part-time and employed students, applied focus, emphasis on both industrial and organizational topics, but emphasis on either "psychology core" or technical I/O training. Most graduates find private sector employment, apparently moving away from organized I/O psychology. Implications for the profession are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Normalizing the ideal: Psychology, schooling, and the family in postwar Canada.

Reviews the book, Normalizing the ideal: Psychology, schooling, and the family in postwar Canada by Mona Gleason (1999). The history of psychology in Canada has not received the attention it deserves. This book is a bold attempt to sketch the development of the discipline and its influence on child-rearing practices and education in post-war Canada. Unfortunately, the author appears to have been guided by a theoretical perspective that can best be characterized as an uninspiring blend of Michel Foucault, Christopher Lasch, and reductionist 1970s feminist scholarship. Gleason's portrayal of the development of psychology, is inadequate on several counts. First, throughout the book, psychology is presented as a monolithic discipline characterized by complete consensus, theoretical unity, and a single-minded purpose of influencing society. Second, Gleason claims that psychologists forced their definitions of normalcy upon an unsuspecting and innocent population by intruding into previously private realms and extending the tentacles of its expertise in building up a professional tyranny. Third, Gleason frequently criticizes psychology for reinforcing and reproducing the social status quo and presenting the ideal family in terms of white, middleclass, heterosexual, and patriarchal ideals. Fourth, she seems to condemn psychologists for inflicting their ideas on an unsuspecting population because they were driven by ulterior motives such as self-aggrandizement and an attempt to increase their own professional power. Gleason's is the first book to provide an overview of the influence of psychology on Canadian society after World War II. Her analysis would have gained from investigating and highlighting the different and at times mutually exclusive ideas, motives, and theories of Canadian psychologists instead of assuming their uniformity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Image of a global village": Global theorizing and local knowledge.

'Globalization' provides an ambiguous cliché for psychology as the North American and European version of the discipline is being exported widely. After providing a brief history of globalization and the failure of its intended effects I discuss three episodes of psychology's place in a globalized marketplace of ideas; the pre-1900 development of psychology in Germany and North America, the failure of phenomenological psychology in Europe after World War II and the current state of the professionalization of psychology. Psychology has, thus far, largely followed the enthusiasms of the globalizers. While it is far too late to create 'indigenous psychologies,' theory remains a vehicle of questioning, coaxing, and resistance through which to engage the multiplicity of subjectivities that confront us. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology in flux: The academic-professional bipolarity.

The "main fission in psychology is that between academic psychology and professional psychology." Clinical, industrial, and social psychology, among other applied fields, have expanded dramatically since World War II. Experimental psychology itself is now being professionalized. Serious problems stem from the fact that most graduate curricula are oriented to training "pure scientists" as scholars while most psychology graduates will "wind up in professional work outside universities and colleges." One solution is "to set up a school forthrightly embracing both academic and professional graduate training." There would be an "academic department" and a separate "professional department." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Bruce V. Moore: First president of Division 14.

Bruce V. Moore was elected as the first president of Division 14 of the American Psychological Association (APA), after the creation of APA's divisional structure in the post-World War II merger of APA and the American Association of Applied Psychology. Moore's professional career is described, emphasizing his contributions to the development of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology and to graduate education in professional psychology. Several lessons that can be gleaned from Moore's career that would benefit contemporary I/O psychologists are noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hugo Münsterberg: A study in the history of applied psychology.

Discusses the work of H. Münsterberg (1863–1916), an almost forgotten figure in American psychology. The 25 yrs he spent in the US marked a major change in the role of psychology; from a totally academic discipline, it grew into a broad field with strong professional and applied aspects. Münsterberg played a leading part in that shift. A pioneer in the areas of forensic psychology, business and industrial psychology, and film criticism, he also wrote extensively on philosophy, psychotherapy, experimental and educational psychology, and current affairs. In 20 books and approximately 50 magazine and newspaper articles, he popularized psychology as none since W. James had done, and he created in the mind of the general reader the expectation that psychology could contribute to the betterment of American life, labor, education, and entertainment. In the 2 yrs prior to his death, Münsterberg's active partisanship of the German viewpoint in World War I made him a focus of anti-German sentiment that swept through the US, which in turn contributed to his early death and to his posthumous neglect. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CPA: The First Ten Years.

The roots and early stresses of organizational psychology in Canada are described. The impetus of World War II manpower selection and training and the immediate post war growth of universities are seen as central to the beginning years of the Canadian Psychological Association. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Out of the ghetto: Integrating Catholics into mainstream psychology in the United States after World War II.

The American Catholic Psychological Association (ACPA) was a voluntary association that formed and then transformed itself during a distinctive period of American history. Socially, American Catholics were primed to emerge from what they called their “ghetto,” as this formerly largely immigrant group began to enter the economic and social mainstream. Institutions of higher education and psychology were recipients, moreover, of federal funding in the wake of World War II, and some of this money flowed to Catholic institutions. The ACPA began in 1947 as a way to bring Catholics in greater numbers into psychology and also to bring a Catholic perspective to bear on psychology. This article describes and analyzes the major initiatives of the ACPA: the establishment of undergraduate and graduate programs in psychology at Catholic colleges; placement services for members; and the development of psychological assessment programs for candidates for the religious life. In these ways, empirical psychological categories became part of Catholic discourses about psychological life. The ACPA voluntarily restructured itself in the late 1960s in response to a changed social environment and to a consensus that its first aim had been achieved. New issues were surfacing, making a denominational group irrelevant. The ACPA became Psychologists Interested in Religious Issues (PIRI) in 1970. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Veterans Administration psychology: Six decades of public service (1946-2006).

Psychologists in the Veterans Administration (VA), now the Department of Veterans Affairs, have contributed 60 years of public service to the treatment of our nation's veterans, enhanced by their involvement in clinical research supporting that care. From the development of new mental health care programs following World War II to their role in today's polytrauma centers caring for severely wounded veterans, VA psychologists have not only provided distinguished service to veterans but also provided insights for the entire profession in the care of veterans. This article highlights some of their contributions to practice and research as VA psychology and its training program celebrate their 60th anniversary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Epilogue.

Discusses the state of industrial/organizational psychology, particularly focusing on the interface between pure and applied psychology. For example, the editors argue that the basic theoretical understanding of human motivation has been advanced more by industrial psychologists than by laboratory studies. They seek to assert the unity of the science and the profession and the desirability of including training for both pure and applied aspects in graduate programs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical psychology comes of age.

Reviews the history of organized psychology in the US since the establishment of the American Psychological Association in 1892. Topics explored include the impact of World War II, new support for practitioners, development of professional training, growth in the 1970s and 1980s, organized psychology's response to growth, and the 1987 National Conference on Graduate Education. The statement by J. D. Black (1949), that psychology is well-grounded and its status secure, is confirmed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

British female academics and comparative psychology: Attempts to establish a research niche in the early 20th century.

Why was there a preponderance of women engaged in laboratory-based studies of animal behavior in Britain in the early years of the 20th century? As a new experimental subject with recently neglected potential, animal psychology then represented an opportunity for women to make further inroads into academic science. Because the study of psychology before World War I offered negligible professional opportunities for the application of the subject, the intake of students was restricted. Perhaps this encouraged academic access to it by aspiring female scientists who felt that career prospects, uncertain and socially unexpected of them in any case, were worth chancing for greater long-term rewards. The academic circumstances and contributions of 3 British female pioneers in experimental comparative psychology are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reminiscences of early doctoral training programs in clinical psychology.

Although the origins of clinical psychology may be traced to the efforts of L. Witmer in the last century, contemporary clinical psychology, involving therapy as well as diagnostics, evolved in the years immediately following World War II. The 1st specialty programs leading to the PhD in clinical psychology were instrumental in shaping that evolution. This article describes the state of training before the specialty programs and how the specialty programs were developed. Their significance to licensing, accreditation standards, and other professional issues is explored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)