金银花挥发油的提取及在卷烟中的应用

采用同时蒸馏萃取法提取金银花中挥发性成分,用气相色谱-质谱对挥发油化学成分进行分离鉴定并对其300℃,600℃,900℃的热裂解产物进行分析.结果表明:GC—MS共分离鉴定出121种有效成分,挥发性成分主要为单萜类和倍半萜类.挥发油在300℃时裂解产物为60种;在600℃时裂解产物为77种,在900℃时裂解产物为88种.单料烟加香的评吸结果表明:金银花挥发油能改善和修饰卷烟香气,具有增加清香香韵、减轻刺激性的作用.     

柚皮浸膏及其热裂解产物挥发性成分分析

为开发新的天然烟用香料,采用快速溶剂萃取(ASE)法制备柚皮浸膏,气相色谱/质谱法(GC/MS)测定了浸膏的挥发性成分,热裂解(Py)-GC/MS法测定了浸膏在氦气氛围中于300、450、600、750和900℃下的热裂解产物,并进行了卷烟加香试验.结果表明:①柚皮浸膏中共鉴定出53种挥发性成分,主要成分为萜类、醇类和酯类;②柚皮浸膏在300、450、600、750、900 ℃裂解温度下检测到的挥发性热裂解产物分别有23、30、35、50、55种;③300℃下柚皮浸膏中大部分成分都被热裂解,仅有糠醛、反式芳樟醇氧化物、顺式芳樟醇氧化物、香柏酮、棕榈酸5种成分未被完全热解,600℃下几乎消失殆尽,600℃以下主要是醛类、酮类、酯类和呋喃类物质,并开始产生苯类及稠环芳烃成分,且随着温度的升高而增大,600℃以上主要为笨类及稠环芳烃成分;④柚皮浸膏具有改善和修饰卷烟吸味、丰满烟气、减轻刺激性的作用.     

款冬花挥发油的提取及其在卷烟中的应用

采用同时蒸馏萃取-GC/MS法对款冬花挥发油进行了分离鉴定,并用该挥发油进行了卷烟加香试验.结果表明:①款冬花挥发油共鉴定出70种挥发性成分,主要有β-红没药烯、十六烷酸、匙叶按油烯醇、7,10,13-十六三烯醛、δ-杜松烯、亚油酸、亚麻酸、β-荜澄茄油烯和β-紫罗兰酮等;②款冬花挥发油具有改善和修饰卷烟香气,增加清香香韵,减轻刺激性的作用.该挥发油可用于卷烟加香.     

不同提取方法对怀菊花挥发油成分的影响及挥发油在卷烟加香中的应用

为研究不同提取方法对怀菊花挥发油成分的影响及挥发油在卷烟加香中的应用,分别采用了水蒸气蒸馏法和酶法提取怀菊花挥发油,通过GC/MS分析比较不同方法所提取的挥发油成分的差异,并用所得挥发油分别进行单料烟和配方烟丝的加香评吸试验.结果表明:①通过GC/MS分析从水蒸气蒸馏法提取的挥发油中共鉴定出41种成分,其中26种为已知...     

银杏叶挥发油热裂解产物分析及其在卷烟中的应用

采用同时蒸馏萃取法提取银杏叶挥发性成分,用气相色谱-质谱对挥发油及300、600、900℃热裂解产物进行了分析。结果表明,银杏叶挥发油共分离鉴定出104种化学成分,主要是醇、酮、醛类物质;挥发油在300℃热裂解后共分离鉴定出41种化合物,600℃热裂解后共鉴定出46种化合物,900℃热裂解后共鉴定出84种化合物。单料烟加香的评吸结果表明,银杏叶挥发油能与烟香谐调,提高香气质,增大香气量,余味有所改善。     

白豆蔻挥发油的GC／MS分析及在卷烟中的应用

采用超声波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法,从国产白豆蔻中提取挥发油.对其主要化学成分进行GC/MS分析,共鉴定出23个化合物,主要包括桉油精、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、松油醇、芳樟醇、柠檬烯等.并用白豆蔻挥发油进行了卷烟加香试验.结果表明,白豆蔻油能改善卷烟的烟气质,刺激性降低,在卷烟中具有一定的应用潜力.     

枫槭浸膏热裂解产物分析及其在卷烟中的应用

采用裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用(Py-GC-MS)模拟卷烟燃烧过程,将枫槭浸膏分别在不同温度(300℃,600℃,900℃)下进行热裂解,将热解产物直接引入气相色谱-质谱仪进行定性、定量分析,并进行卷烟加香实验.结果表明:枫槭浸膏裂解产物主要是醛类、酮类、酯类和杂环类物质,大多具有优雅的香味;随着裂解温度的升高,裂解产物变得较为复杂,这有助于提高卷烟香韵的丰富性.卷烟加香试验表明,枫槭浸膏在烟丝中的添加量宜控制在0.02%,可突出焦甜香韵和改善卷烟的抽吸品质.     

金莲花浸膏的热裂解行为及单料烟加香应用研究

在模拟卷烟点燃过程条件下对金莲花浸膏进行了热裂解,以气相色谱-质谱法测定其在不同温度（300、600、900 ℃）下的裂解产物,并进行单料烟加香研究。结果表明,在300、600、900 ℃的金莲花浸膏热解产物中分别鉴定出28、29和31种成分,裂解产物主要为酸类、酯类、醇类、酚类、醛类和酮类等对烟草香味有利的香味物质。金莲花浸膏具有改善和修饰单料烟吸味、丰满烟气、减轻刺激性的作用。     

辛夷挥发油化学组分的GC/MS分析及在卷烟加香中的应用

首次采用超临界CO2 流体萃取辛夷挥发油 ,平均出油率为 4 .15 %。利用GC、GC/MS法对辛夷挥发油进行了化学组分的定性和定量分析 ,共鉴定出 5 5种组分。并用辛夷挥发油进行了卷烟加香试验。结果表明 ,辛夷挥发油能明显改善和修饰卷烟香气 ,有降低烟气的粗糙度、改善吸味、减轻刺激性、去除杂气的作用。参考添加量为 1.5 0× 10 - 5～ 1.75× 10 - 5。     

3-吡啶甲酸叶醇酯的合成及其在卷烟加香中的应用

为了研究开发新型烟用香料,合成新型吡啶化合物,添加到卷烟中,并对其卷烟加香效果进行评价,以达到增补香气、改善卷烟吸食品质的效果。本试验以3-吡啶甲酸为原料,在氯化亚砜的作用下,酰氯化反应先制成3-吡啶甲酰氯盐酸盐,再与叶醇以物料比1:1,吡啶作为溶剂及缚酸剂,60 ℃条件下回流反应12 h,生成3-吡啶甲酸叶醇酯。通过1H NMR、13C NMR、IR和HRMS技术对其结构进行表征。对产物进行热重分析,研究了该化合物在300 ℃、600 ℃、900 ℃的热裂解行为,分析鉴定出50种裂解产物,其多数为致香物质;再对目标物进行卷烟加香评吸,结果表明3-吡啶甲酸叶醇酯能使卷烟香气质改善,香气量增加,减轻杂气和刺激性,达到烟香协调、余味净化的效果;并以添加浓度为1.50‰时,其加香效应最为合适。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.