2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和3-三氟甲基吡啶的制备

研究了以3-甲基吡啶、氟化氢和氯气为原料在流化床反应器中一步法气相氯氟化反应制备2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和3-三氟甲基吡啶的工艺,并对催化剂进行了筛选和考评,发现CrO-Al、CrCl-Al的活性较佳。以CrO-Al为催化剂,空速为288 h^-1,温度为300℃时,2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和3-三氟甲基吡啶的总收率最高,为66.6%,且失活催化剂在350℃,氮气和空气的体积比为1:1的混合气体下再生后,其催化活性基本可以恢复,2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和3-三氟甲基吡啶的总收率均保持在66%左右。根据实验结果提出了反应机理和结焦机理。对催化剂进行了BET、TG和NH₃-TPD表征,发现催化剂失活的主要原因是积炭覆盖了催化剂表面以及孔道,使催化剂强酸中心大量减少所致。     

2,3-二氯-5-三氯(氟)甲基吡啶的制备

以2,3-二氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶为原料,在一定温度和含有一种或多种钼、钨或钌化合物作催化剂下,与氯气反应进行氯化,得到高收率和高纯度的2,3-二氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,再用氟化氢氟化,得到2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶。     

三氟甲基苯的合成

三氟甲基苯是一种重要的有机化工中间体,广泛应用于医药 农药 染料等领域。该文对三氯甲基苯与氟化氢氟化合成三氟甲基苯的催化剂、反应温度和反应时间进行了研究,实验结果表明:氟化催化剂采用氧化汞或氟化汞比较好;反应温度-20～-10℃较好;反应时间长有利于氟化。反应的转化率和选择率均可达到98%。     

2-氨甲基-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的制备

采用一锅法,以2-氰基甲基-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶为原料,在甲醇中与氢氧化钠70℃得到中间产物2-(3-氯-5-三氟甲基-2-吡啶)乙酰胺,之后再与氢氧化钠和次氯酸钠溶液在10℃反应制得2-氨甲基-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶盐酸盐,收率98.57%。该方法避免高压反应,原材料易得,收率较高。     

农药中间体2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的合成

[目的]以2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶生产过程中过度氯代产生的副产物2,3,6-三氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶为原料制备2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶。[方法]以2,3,6-三氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶为原料，经过水解、加氢脱氯、氯代反应制备2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶，并进行工艺优化。[结果]最优反应条件下，工艺总收率57.7%，产品纯度为99.3%。[结论]该工艺开发出一条新的制备2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的路线，变废为宝，原料成本低，适合工业化生产。     

2-氨基-5-甲基吡啶重氮化合成2-氯-5-甲基吡啶的方法研究

以2-氨基-5-甲基吡啶为原料,经重氮化、氯代热解反应制得了2-氯-5-甲基吡啶,研究了浓盐酸用量、亚硝酸钠用量、氯代温度、氯代时间、不同氯代剂对2-氯-5-甲基吡啶收率的影响。优化工艺条件为:氯化亚铜为催化剂,n(2-氨基-5-甲基吡啶)∶n(盐酸)=1∶3、n(2-氨基-5-甲基吡啶)∶n(亚硝酸钠)=1∶1.1、重氮化温度为0～5℃,氯代温度45℃、氯代时间8 h、稀盐酸为氯代剂,优化条件下产品的收率为74.76%。     

2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的应用、合成及其市场浅析

介绍了2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的性质与用途;综述了2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的合成方法,通过比较认为以3-甲基吡啶为原料气相氯化氟化一步法合成2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶具有原料便宜易得、工艺简单、可连续大规模生产、环境友好等优点,但其技术难度非常大;并指出了其在国内外几个主要厂家的生产情况以供同仁参考。     

2-（4’-羟基苯氧基）-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的合成

以对苯二酚与2，3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶单醚化合成精吡氟氯禾灵的重要中间体2-（4’-羟基苯氧基）-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶。探讨并得到了反应的最佳工艺条件：K2CO3为缚酸剂，二甲基亚砜和甲苯为溶剂，n（2，3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶）：n（对苯二酚）：n（K2CO3）=1：2：1．08，不需要脱水。在回流条件下加入2，3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶并反应5h。在此条件下，2，3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的转化率100％，产品的选择性大于98％。     

3-甲基吡啶法生产2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶

叙述了2 -氯 -5 -三氟甲基吡啶的四种合成方法 ,着重介绍了3 -甲基吡啶法生产2 -氯 -5-三氟甲基吡啶的生产工艺及其特点。     

2-氟-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的合成方法评述

2-氟-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶是一种重要的含氟吡啶类中间体,在农药、医药合成中有广泛的应用。综述了2-氟-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的常用合成路线,并对各条合成路线作了比较和评价。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。