950～1100℃下纯钛NaF活化包埋渗铝的动力学研究(英文)

在温度为950、1025、1100℃,包埋层成分为10%Al+5%NaF+85%Al_2O_3(质量分数)的条件下,在纯钛上渗铝0~6 h。对样品上的渗铝层进行了表征。动力学研究表明,含铝气体通过包埋层的扩散过程是速率控制步骤。通过计算得到这个步骤的活化能为161.8 kJ/mol。通过包埋层中及样品表面气体的分压预测样品渗铝后的增重。在950℃的增重预测值与实验值吻合得很好,而在1025℃和1100℃的增重预测值比实验值高。     

包埋渗剂Al含量对N80套管钢渗层组织和性能的影响

选用不同Al含量配比的渗铝剂,对N80套管钢进行包埋渗铝处理,形成渗铝层。阐述了包埋渗铝过程,并依次表征了不同Al含量渗剂所得渗铝层的金相组织、元素分布、物相组成和显微硬度。结果表明:采用不同Al含量的渗剂在950℃真空条件下可以在N80钢基体表面获得450～650μm厚度连续的渗铝层组织;渗铝层厚度随渗剂中Al含量增加而增厚;渗层组织从表面向基体方向Al含量呈梯度减少;渗剂中Al含量的不同引起渗层的物相变化,10%和20%Al含量的渗剂所得渗层组织为Fe3Al相,35%Al含量的渗剂所得渗层组织为FeAl相;不同Al含量渗剂下所得渗铝试样渗层组织的显微硬度均高于基体,从渗层表面向基体方向延伸,显微硬度逐渐降低趋于平缓。     

碳钢渗铝的组织与腐蚀行为研究

对Q235钢进行了粉末包埋渗铝实验,采用X射线衍射仪分析了渗铝层的相成分,并对渗铝层的微观组织和渗铝钢的耐蚀性能进行了测试。结果表明:配方为20%铝粉+40%Al2O3+20%石墨粉+18%Fe2O3+2%NH4Cl是比较合理的,经980℃×6 h扩散渗铝处理后,渗层致密、均匀、连续,表面质量较好;钢表面渗铝层主要由Fe Al和Fe Al3金属化合物组成,渗层组织主要是针状组织;电化学测试表明,碳钢渗铝后在Na Cl水溶液中的耐蚀性明显好于未渗铝的碳钢。     

渗铝改性离子镀NiCrAlY涂层的高温热腐蚀行为

为了进一步改善离子镀NiCrAlY涂层的抗热腐蚀性能,采用粉末包埋法在离子镀NiCrAlY涂层表面上进行渗铝,研究了涂层渗铝前后在850℃含氯硫酸盐膜下的热腐蚀行为.结果表明:在25%NaCl 75%Na2SO4熔盐中850℃热腐蚀40h时,未渗铝的NiCrAlY涂层生成的是外层以Cr2O3为主的氧化膜,渗铝后的NiCrAlY涂层仅生成一层Al2O3膜;未渗铝的NiCrAlY涂层在腐蚀50h后失去保护作用,而渗铝涂层在腐蚀100h后表面仍形成以Al2O3为主的保护膜.因此,渗铝处理可以明显提高原涂层的抗热腐蚀性能.     

AZ91D镁合金表面真空扩散渗铝层结构及性能研究

采用真空固态扩散渗铝的方法,在420℃对AZ91D镁合金进行表面合金化改性处理.对渗铝层的组织结构、耐腐蚀性能、显微硬度等进行了研究,测量了该合金扩散渗铝前后试样的电化学腐蚀极化曲线.结果表明,真空固态扩散在AZ91D镁合金表面获得了均匀致密的渗铝层,渗铝层由表及里依次由Al3Mg2最外层,β-Mg17Al12次外层,以及以β-Mg17Al12为主的β-Mg17Al12+α-Mg两相组织内层构成,该渗铝层明显改善了AZ91D镁合金在质量分数5%NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能,并提高了材料的表面显微硬度(1600～1800 MPa).     

渗铝改性离子镀NiCrAIY涂层的高温热腐蚀行为

为了进一步改善离子镀NiCrAIY涂层的抗热腐蚀性能,采用粉末包埋法在离子镀NiCrAIY涂层表面上进行渗铝,研究了涂层渗铝前后在850℃含氯硫酸盐膜下的热腐蚀行为。结果表明：在25 % NaCl +75 010 Na2 S04熔盐中850℃热腐蚀40h时,未渗铝的NiCrAIY涂层生成的是外层以Cr2 03为主的氧化膜,渗铝后的NiCrAIY涂层仅生成一层Al2 03膜;未渗铝的NiCrAIY涂层在腐蚀50h后失去保护作用,而渗铝涂层在腐蚀lOOh后表面仍形成以Al2 03为主的保护膜。因此,渗铝处理可以明显提高原涂层的抗热腐蚀性能。     

稀土改性Fe-Al层表面Al2O3 薄膜的物相分布

在760 ℃下采用稀土改性包埋渗铝以及原位氧化方法制备Fe-Al/Al₂O₃复合涂层,研究了渗铝层和氧化膜的微观组织和相分布。结果表明,稀土改性渗铝层可分为3层：外层渗铝层、过渡层和内扩散层。渗铝层主要由FeAl相和Fe₃Al相组成。FeAl相主要集中在渗铝层的外层,为Al₂O₃氧化膜的选择性氧化提供了有利条件。氧化膜表面呈α-Al₂O₃脊状结构。此外,表面氧化铈的存在是由于氧化初期Ce向外扩散且与O₂的优先反应。氧化膜可分为2层,即纯α-Al₂O₃层和主要由α-Fe(Al)和Al、Fe、Ce的混合氧化物组成的过渡层。     

Super304H钢表面铝扩散涂层的组织结构和抗蒸汽氧化性能

目的以Super304H钢为基体制备铝扩散涂层,提高其抗蒸汽氧化性能。方法通过料浆渗铝的方法在Super304H表面制备铝扩散涂层,采用不连续称重法对渗铝Super304H在650℃纯水蒸气中的氧化动力学进行研究,并使用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对铝扩散涂层以及氧化膜的物相组成和微观组织结构进行表征和分析。结果渗铝过程中,料浆层中的Al向Super304H基体内扩散,而基体中的Fe向外扩散,形成接近化学平衡配比的FeAl外层和贫Al的FeAl中间层。Al不断通过FeAl层向奥氏体(γ)基体中扩散,使得基体中Al的浓度升高,当Al的浓度增加至临界值时,导致局部区域析出NiAl,后者的形核和长大进一步加剧其周围基体中Ni的贫化。随着γ基体中Ni元素含量的持续降低及Al含量持续升高,γ基体将变得不稳定,并逐步转变为铁素体(α-Fe),最终形成由α-Fe和弥散分布其中的NiAl相组成的互扩散层。在FeAl中Cr元素和水蒸气分子的共同作用下,铝扩散涂层在650℃纯水蒸气中形成连续致密且与基体结合紧密的α-Al_2O_3膜,显著地降低了Super304H的氧化速率。结论采用料浆渗铝法,可在Super304H钢表面制备出三层结构的铝扩散涂层,由外到内依次为FeAl外层、贫Al的FeAl中间层、由α-Fe和弥散分布其中的NiAl组成的互扩散层。这种结构的铝扩散涂层在650℃纯水蒸气中可形成α-Al_2O_3膜,降低Super304H的氧化速率,提高其抗蒸汽氧化性能。     

低温助渗剂Zn对N80套管钢低温渗铝层组织的影响

选用不同Zn含量配比的包埋渗剂,采用低温粉末包埋法对N80套管钢进行表面渗铝处理,依次对不同渗剂配方下所得到渗层的微观形貌、元素组成和显微硬度进行测试,分析了低温助渗剂Zn对所得渗铝层的影响.结果表明:与渗剂中添加Zn所得渗铝层相比,未添加Zn所得渗铝层均匀、致密,显微硬度较高;渗铝层厚度随Zn含量的改变呈现非线性的变化,当Zn:Al=40∶60(质量比)时,所得渗铝层的厚度可以达到80μm;不同渗剂配比下所得渗铝层主要由Al元素和Fe元素组成,渗层组织从表面向基体方向Al含量呈梯度减少,当渗剂中加入助渗剂Zn后易生成富含低铝相渗层.     

K444合金表面CVD渗铝涂层在750℃空气中耐NaCl腐蚀行为

采用化学气相沉积(CVD)法在镍基高温合金K444表面制备了渗铝涂层。850、950和1050℃制备的涂层均为双层结构,外层是NiAl相,内层为互扩散区。涂层随沉积温度升高而增厚,3个沉积温度制备的CVD渗铝涂层厚度分别约为6.2、12.5和30.3μm。研究了K444合金及3个温度制备的CVD渗铝涂层在750℃NaCl+Air条件下的腐蚀行为。结果表明,K444合金表面发生氧化和氯化反应,腐蚀严重。而CVD渗铝涂层表面生成了保护性Al₂O₃,抗NaCl腐蚀能力增强,1050℃沉积温度下制备的CVD渗铝涂层抗腐蚀能力最强。     

Kinetic study on NaF-activated pack-aluminizing of pure titanium at 950–1100 °C

Pure titanium samples were aluminized at 950, 1025 and 1100 °C for 0-6 h in a pack containing 10%Al+5%NaF+ 85%Al₂O₃ in mass fraction. The aluminized layers formed on the samples were characterized. The kinetic studies indicated that the diffusion of Al-bearing gases through the pack is the rate-controlling step in this process. The activation energy of 161.8 kJ/mol was calculated for this step. In addition, the mass gains of the aluminized samples were predicted using the partial pressures of gases in the pack and those adjacent to the samples surface. The predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental measurements at 950 °C but are higher than those measured at 1025 and 1100 °C.     

加速固体粉末渗铝的两段法新工艺

采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计等仪器，研究了经两段法固体粉末渗铝工艺处理后，HK40钢渗铝层的组织和性能。试验结果表明，该渗铝层是由NiAl相和Ni3Al相组成，与传统固体粉末法渗铝工艺相比，具有渗速快、渗层显微硬度过渡平缓、渗层表面质量好等特点，并对加速渗铝过程的原因进行了初步探讨。     

耐热钢HP40Nb的中温粉末法渗铝及其抗渗碳特性

以铝铁为供铝剂、氯化氨为活化剂、碳化硅为填充剂,研究了耐热钢HP40Nb在800～900℃间的粉末法渗铝特性,采用固体强化渗碳方式来研究不同状态试样的抗渗碳能力。研究表明:渗层表面质量很高,渗层与基体结合良好,渗层主要由沉积区和过渡区两部分组成,较之高温渗铝,渗层厚度较薄;采用直流电场增强法对HP40Nb粉末法渗铝渗层相组成种类影响不大,但能使其800℃时的渗铝速度提高近7倍。所试验渗铝层在1000℃强化渗碳条件下表现出优良的抗渗碳特性。     

不锈钢表面粉末包埋渗铝过程及渗铝层表征

采用固体粉末包埋法对00Cr17Ni14Mo2和1Cr18 Ni9Ti 不锈钢进行渗铝，形成富铝表层.阐述了不锈钢表面渗铝过程，并且对不锈钢渗铝层的成分、结构和形貌进行了表征.分析了合金中Ni元素对渗铝过程的影响.结果表明：渗铝层呈多层结构，渗层与基体及层间结合良好，界限明显、齐整.渗层组织主要由FeAl相组成，并含一定量的Ni3Al相.      

The effects of ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) on pack aluminizing for the fabrication of Pt-modified aluminide coatings at low temperatures

An 8–9 μm thick Pt layer was coated on a superalloy and transformed to a Ni–Pt alloy layer by the interdiffusion of Ni and Pt at 1050 °C for 3 h. The surface of the Ni–Pt alloy layer was pack aluminized to form a Pt-modified aluminide coating. Ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) was applied to the alloy layer prior to pack aluminizing. The effects of UNSM on Pt-modified aluminide coatings fabricated at 750, 850, 950, and 1050 °C were studied. The treated Ni–Pt alloy layers had finer grain sizes than the untreated specimens. In addition, UNSM made the grain size of the Ni–Pt alloy finer and reduced the surface roughness. During pack aluminizing, the Pt-modified aluminide coatings fabricated following UNSM uptook more Al and were thicker than the untreated Pt-modified aluminide coatings at the various temperatures (750, 850, 950, and 1050 °C). The untreated Pt-modified aluminide coatings with pack aluminizing performed at 750 and 850 °C were composed of only a two-phase (NiAl + PtAl₂) layer, due to insufficient diffusion of Pt at the lower temperatures. However, two-phase and one-phase (NiAl) layers were obtained in the treated Pt-modified aluminide coatings which were pack-aluminized at 750, 850, 950, and 1050 °C, due to the diffusion of Pt through the greater amount of grain boundaries and increased volume generated by UNSM before the pack aluminizing. Additionally, the treated coatings had smoother surfaces even after the pack aluminizing. During cyclic oxidation at 1150 °C for 1000 h, the treated Pt-modified aluminide coatings aluminized at relatively low temperatures (750 and 850 °C) showed better cyclic oxidation resistance than the untreated Pt-modified aluminide coating aluminized at 1050 °C.     

分散剂Y2O3对渗铝层的影响

通过改变传统渗剂来研究分散剂（Al2O3，Y2O3）在渗铝过程中的作用和对渗铝层的影响。利用XRD和SEM对渗层相的组成、氧化前后表面形貌进行分析。结果表明：分散剂Y2O3在最初的渗铝过程中参加了渗铝过程，不仅防止铝粉粘结，而且影响渗层相的组成。分散剂为Al2O3时，渗层主要为Al3Ti＋AlTi＋AlTi3相，而分散剂中含有Y2O3时，渗层土要为AlTi3相，这与传统渗铝机理认为分散剂在渗铝过程中不参加渗铝反应相矛盾。同时，分散剂也影响着渗铝层氧化前后的表面形貌及Al2O3的晶格类型。     

A study on composite coatings of yttrium ion-plating and pack aluminizing for high-temperature applications

Yttrium (Y) was incorporated by an ion-plating method either before or after pack aluminizing to maximize the corrosion resistance of IN 713C. Various combinations of pack aluminizing and yttrium-ion plating were examined with respect to coating sequence, aluminum activity, and corrosive environment. Of all the various coating combinations examined, the best corrosion resistance was obtained from H/A + Y (high-activity aluminizing + Y-ion plating) type composite coatings. Uniformity of the Y deposition was greatly dependent upon the surface condition of the aluminide-coating layer. The high-activity aluminide coating gave better uniformity of Y deposition than did the low-activity-aluminide coating.Improvement of corrosion resistance by the Y-modified-aluminide composite coatings of H/A + Y type occur because the presence of Y between the Al₂O₃ columns improves Al₂O₃ scale adherence and substantially prevents depletion of Al in the aluminide-coating layer.     

Effect of Al Content on Microstructure and Cyclic Oxidation Performance of Pt-Aluminide Coatings

The effect of Al content, i.e., the amount of Al picked up during aluminizing, on the microstructure and cyclic oxidation properties of Pt-aluminide coatings has been investigated. The cast Ni-base superalloy CM-247 was used as the substrate material and a single-step, high-activity pack aluminizing process was used to produce the Pt-aluminide coatings. The Al content of these coatings was varied by using packs with different compositions of the Al source. Pt-aluminide coatings having three different Al contents, namely 6.5, 16, and 21 mg cm^-2, were evaluated for their cyclic oxidation resistance at 1200°C in air. It was found that the Pt-aluminide coatings, irrespective of their Al contents, evolve in the same manner during aluminizing and result in a three-layer structure with an outer PtAl₂+NiAl two-phase layer, an intermediate NiAl layer, and the inner interdiffusion layer. The stability of this three-layer coating structure over long periods of aluminizing, however, is dependent on the availability of Al from the pack during this period. Below a certain threshold Al availability, the two-phase outer layer transforms to a single-phase NiAl structure causing the coating to change from its three-layer structure to a two-layer one. Cyclic oxidation results indicate that, while a minimum Al content in Pt-aluminide coatings is essential for deriving the best oxidation performance, increasing the Al content beyond a certain level does not significantly enhance oxidation behavior. The effect of Al content on aspects, such as coating degradation and nature of coating–surface damage during cyclic oxidation, is also discussed.     

纯铜Al_2O_3表面弥散强化的研究

用渗铝—内氧化技术进行了纯铜Ａｌ２Ｏ３表面弥散硬化。研究了渗剂铝含量对渗层铝浓度分布的影响和纯铜渗铝内氧化后的显微组织及性能。结果表明：在本实验条件下，渗层表面铝浓度与渗剂中铝含量相当。用内氧化技术可在渗铝的表层生成弥散细小的Ａｌ２Ｏ３，而且其数量可控。     

AZ31镁合金包埋渗Al涂层的显微组织与性能

采用包埋渗法在AZ31镁合金表面制备Al涂层.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、背散射电子成像(BSEI)和能谱仪(EDS)等技术对Al涂层的物相、显微组织和成分进行表征分析.结果表明,包埋粉的成分对涂层的物相、显微组织和厚度有显著影响.对于以AlCl3粉末为活化剂的样品,涂层较厚,涂层从表面到内部由呈梯度分布的相和组织构成,...