海洋细菌和舟形底栖硅藻在辣椒素防污涂层上的附着行为与机制

针对目前含辣椒素防污涂层抑菌、抑藻试验主要集中在如金黄色葡萄球菌等特定菌种的情况,为了考察含辣椒素防污涂层对海洋微生物的影响,选取大连黄海海域的天然海洋细菌和舟形底栖硅藻作为研究对象,通过对添加辣椒素海水饱和溶液（60 mg/L）的天然新鲜海水和舟形底栖硅藻进行培养,研究了辣椒素对海洋细菌和底栖硅藻生长活性的影响。通过海洋细菌附着试验、海洋细菌的分层取样试验和底栖硅藻的叶绿素a值测定,研究了辣椒素及辣椒素涂层对海洋细菌和舟形底栖硅藻的作用机制。结果表明,海水饱和溶液浓度的辣椒素并不会对海洋细菌和舟形底栖硅藻的生长活性造成影响;含辣椒素防污涂层能够通过辣椒素的驱避作用有效地抑制海洋细菌在涂层表面附着;而辣椒素对舟形底栖硅藻在涂层上的附着无抑制作用。     

PTFE/FEVE氟碳防污涂层的表面特性与海藻附着

以FEVE氟碳树脂为成膜物、超细PTFE粉末为低表面能功能添加剂,试制了PTFE质量百分比分别为10 %、20 %、30 %的氟碳防污涂料,利用扫描电镜和表面形貌仪试验研究了涂层中PTFE含量对涂层表面形貌的影响,借助生物学方法、体视显微镜和图像分析方法研究了涂层表面特性对海洋微藻(舟形底栖硅藻)和大型藻(水云藻)附着的影响.结果表明,随着防污涂层中PTFE含量的增加,涂层的表面粗糙度降低,平滑性和致密性提高,涂层上底栖硅藻和水云藻的附着量随之减少.     

舰船防污涂层技术的发展现状与趋势

分析了国内外舰船防污涂层技术的发展现状及新型无毒防污涂料研发的最新进展,指出新型防污涂层技术将向着防污涂料的无毒化、成膜物质的水性化、颜填料的超细化和防污机理的协同化方向发展,低表面能防污涂料将成为无毒防污涂层技术发展的主流.     

Nano-TiO2/FEVE氟碳涂层的水云藻附着性能

为了研发新型无毒舰船防污涂料,以FEVE氟碳树脂为成膜物、纳米TiO2粉末为功能添加剂,试制了系列Nano–TiO2/FEVE氟碳涂层,研究了纳米TiO2含量对大型藻(水云藻)附着行为的影响。结果表明,水云藻的附着量随着涂层中纳米TiO2含量的增加而减少,当纳米TiO2含量达到0.8%时,水云藻附着量降至最少,纳米TiO2含量由0.8%增大至2%,水云藻的附着量增大,纳米TiO2含量继续增大至4%,涂层上水云藻的附着量反而减小。纳米TiO2对水云藻的附着具有明显的阻止作用,可以成为一种安全环保的防污功能添加剂。     

纳米复合海洋防污涂料研究进展

海洋生物污损带来巨大的损失是亟须解决的难题。开发含纳米填料的无机-有机杂化涂料是传统防污手段的绿色替代方案,然而目前缺乏纳米复合涂料在海洋防污领域应用的系统报道。综述无机纳米材料改性聚合物涂料的研究进展,按照防污机制的不同,重点总结低表面能纳米复合防污涂料、超疏水纳米复合防污涂料、释放型纳米复合防污涂料、催化型纳米防污涂料、多因素协同纳米防污涂料的研究现状,对其防污特性进行分析,并指出各类涂层所存在的问题。最后,提出无机纳米材料在聚合物中的稳定分散、多种防污机制协同优化、无机纳米复合涂层的长效防污性能保障是纳米防污涂料在海洋防污领域所面临的难题及未来发展方向,填补了纳米复合涂料在海洋绿色防污领域应用系统报道的空白。     

船舶海洋污损生物防治技术及装置研究进展

海洋污损生物增加附着基体的摩擦阻力,甚至对基体的腐蚀产生影响。海洋污损生物的附着过程主要分为三个过程,同时在粘附界面存在多种粘结作用。材料学、防污涂层、电化学、电解技术、超声波和紫外照射等技术是目前海洋污损生物防治的主要方法;在石油平台常用物理除污装置进行防污,而电解防污装置则在船体、管道等的污损生物防治中广泛使用。对海洋环境无污染、防污时间长、防污效果明显、经济是海洋污损生物防治技术的一种趋势,装置设计简单、易于操作、能耗低则是防污装置的发展方向。     

溶蚀型海洋防污涂料制备及其性能

目的 合成具有溶蚀性能的丙烯酸基体树脂,用该树脂制备中期效短期效溶蚀型海洋防污涂料。方法 自由基聚合法合成具有溶蚀性能的丙烯酸基体树脂,用该基体树脂配以市场价格较便宜性价比较高的有机类防污剂代森锌、吡啶硫酮锌、敌草隆等,颜填料,助剂等制备溶蚀型海洋防污涂料。通过实海挂板试验、耐淡水浸泡测试、涂层微观样貌对涂层进行表征。结果 丙烯酸基体树脂聚合物的数均分子量控制在25 000左右较为合适,即聚合反应温度控制在110 ℃,引发剂用量为4份时较为合适。羧酸单体的含量为25%~30%时,基体树脂具有较好的溶蚀性能。制备的溶蚀型防污涂料经24个月实海挂板试验验证,具有优异的防污期效,经过12个月淡水浸泡,涂层不起泡、不脱落。防污涂层表面微观样貌表征,基体树脂的溶蚀性能,防污剂溶出后,涂层表面粗糙度增大,表面留有孔洞。结论 该溶蚀型防污涂料具有优异的防污性能,能够防止海洋附着生物对船底和其他海洋设施的污损,可适用于中小型渔船对短期效海洋污损防护需求。     

舰船用防污涂料的研究进展

对近年来防污涂料的工业化进展进行了分析,介绍了从传统型的防污涂料到新型的无毒防污涂料的重要研究成果,探讨了新型的无毒防污涂料的发展趋势。     

中科院海洋所“环境友好型海洋防腐蚀和防附着新技术开发与产品化”通过中期检查

正日前,由中国科学院海洋研究所张盾研究员主持的国家公益项目"环境友好型海洋防腐蚀和防附着新技术开发与产品化"顺利通过中期检查,并获评优秀。该项目针对我国目前海洋长效防护材料技术落后和迫切需要解决防污涂料中的DDT、TBT污染源头问题的现状,旨在突破国外专利技术壁垒,形成具有我国自主知识产权的高延展性绿色新型钢筋混凝土涂料技术,开发出具有自主知识产权的基于材料结构特性的新型海洋防附着涂层材料,努力实现量产并在海洋构筑物、船舶、平台等海洋设施上应用和推广。     

钛及钛合金防污技术国内外研究现状

钛合金耐海水腐蚀性能好,但是在海水中容易在合金表面生长海生物。在开发海洋资源的同时,防止海生物污损就成为迫切需要解决的问题。防止海洋污损生物附着的方法常用的有十几种:如涂刷防污漆、电解海水生成次氯酸盐、电解重金属法、机械清除法、过滤法、加热法、超声波防污等方法。本文从钛及钛合金防污技术概述、国内外钛及钛合金防污技术现状两方面进行了综述,希望大家有一个全面了解。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。