三重介质凝析气藏等效数值模拟方法

为了正确模拟复杂孔、洞、缝三重介质碳酸盐岩凝析气藏的开发动态,在前人研究的基础上,提出了一种适合于该类凝析气藏的等效数值模拟方法.通过单个岩块概念模型,以含孔、洞、缝三重介质的等效单重介质精细模型计算结果为正确结果,以孔、洞所属的岩块系统气采出程度为主要对比指标,建立拟相渗和拟毛管力曲线,对比分析了气藏有水和无水两种情况下不同模型计算结果.结果表明,对于三重介质无水凝析气藏,直接采用双重介质模型可正确等效模拟;对于有水情况,需首先通过单个岩块概念模型模拟建立起拟相渗和毛管压力曲线,然后应用采用拟曲线的双重介质模型可正确等效模拟.     

塔中高—特高含凝析油凝析气藏注水驱油研究

通过建立凝析油最大反凝析速度判别方法,对不同相态凝析气藏凝析油析出速度变化特征进行分析,准确判定了近井地带凝析油的反凝析程度。在此基础上,通过精细裂缝-基质双重介质凝析气藏数值模拟模型,对塔中Ⅰ号气田Ⅱ区洞穴型、缝洞型高—特高含凝析油凝析气藏注水驱油效果进行了研究,分析了凝析油反凝析程度、水侵模式、裂缝物性及发育程度、裂缝与基质耦合程度和注水速度对气藏储层系统注水驱油效果的影响。研究表明,反凝析程度严重且注入水可形成强能量次生边底水的凝析气藏,具有强油水置换能力,适合注水驱油开发,注水驱油机理分析与现场先导试验结果一致。研究结果为塔中裂缝性双重介质储层高—特高含凝析油凝析气藏中后期增产方案的制订提供了依据。     

凝析油气藏拟组分数值模拟方法

采用自动法进行了饱和压力拟合、相图计算及拟组分划分,运用权函数及两点上游权法解决了计算中的弥散及稳定性问题,在考虑油气混相程度对相对渗透率和毛管力的影响下,深入研究并建立了多拟组分下三维三相的数学模型。借用sPE4271文中的一例进行了模拟计算,证实了该模型能较好地模拟带底水、油环的凝析气藏的开发过程,该模型与国外同类模型相比,输入参数较少,计算速度较快,拟组分划分比较灵活。同时,对我国华北油田苏桥凝析气田进行了实际模拟,并得出苏桥凝析气田采用干气回注开采时的最佳回注比为60%的结论。     

三维三相裂缝～孔隙模型在五百梯石炭系气藏中的应用

使用数值模拟的方法对气藏生产动态进行拟合并且在此基础上对气藏的生产动态进行预测是合理高效开发气田的重要手段。本以五百梯石炭气藏为例介绍了采用三维三相裂缝－孔隙黑油模型及商品化软件VIP在气藏数值模拟中的应用。     

基于地震的碳酸盐岩双重介质建模技术及应用

碳酸盐岩气藏裂缝孔隙型储层非均质性强,裂缝复杂,仅依靠井资料和随机模拟的三维地质建模无法准确描述储层以及裂缝特征,数值模拟历史拟合误差大,无法进行有效的流体动态分布预测。以土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸S气田群为例,提出基于地震的复杂碳酸盐岩双重介质建模技术,利用多级相控反演礁滩体内幕储层技术对基质模型进行约束,利用地震多属性融合裂缝预测技术对裂缝模型进行约束,精细表征了碳酸盐岩储层非均质性特征及裂缝分布特征,提高了复杂碳酸盐岩建模精度,提升了数值模拟预测的准确性。同时,利用双重介质模型和数值模拟对储层连通性开展了有效评价,准确判断了水源方向,为后期开发方案的制定提供了有效信息。     

牙哈凝析气田边水推进判断方法研究

牙哈凝析气田是目前国内已投入开发的规模最大的,具有边水的整装凝析气田.对于水侵凝析气藏,掌握了水侵特征才能有效改善气藏的开发条件.在现场应用中经常采用试井解释的方法研究边水推进的情况.但井底相态变化会影响到试井特征曲线,从而使边水推进的情况不易判断.文章使用现代试井解释方法,应用KAPPA公司的Saphir试井解释软件对牙哈凝析气田3口生产井历次压力恢复试井先进行了试井解释,然后建立三维数值模型,将试井解释成果与数值模拟研究成果相结合,综合判定牙哈凝析气田边水推进的情况.这对正确认识凝析气藏开发动态及水侵特征,加强动态监测技术研究,对凝析气藏进行有效开发起着重要的指导作用.     

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裂缝性凝析气藏油气渗流机理与常规凝析气藏不同，在循环注气开发过程中将表现出不同的开采特征，因而如何准确地描述裂缝性凝析气藏循环注气过程中 “裂缝—岩块”质量交换机理和岩块中的驱替效率，对于高效开发裂缝性凝析气藏具有一定的指导意义。文章利用多相多组分渗流理论，首次建立了考虑裂缝油气毛管力影响的裂缝性凝析气藏循环注气数学模型，利用该模型研究了裂缝性凝析气藏循环注气特征。结果表明，在利用气体驱替凝析油的过程中，毛管力表现出阻力作用；裂缝性凝析气藏循环注气开发时，凝析油采收率随注采比增加呈现先增后降的变化趋势，这与常规凝析气藏循环注气开发凝析油采收率变化趋势相异；采用较低的注采比更有利于提高裂缝性凝析气藏开发效果。     

毛管力曲线对气藏数值模拟计算的影响研究

油田现场一般不提供气水两相的毛管力曲线资料,需经推导来计算。这种推导出的毛管力曲线可靠性极差,在拟合时需要做很大调整。从岩石孔隙结构出发,分析了毛管力曲线对数值模拟储量计算的影响规律,并进一步研究了毛管力曲线对开发动态(包括采气速度和产水规律)的影响。研究结论认为,毛管力曲线的形式、气藏储量和开发动态特征是由岩石孔隙结构决定的。     

基于流固耦合的变质岩潜山裂缝型凝析气藏数值模拟研究

BZ气田为渤海最大的变质岩潜山凝析气田,具有储渗类型多样、特高含凝析油、应力敏感性强的特点,目前尚无类似开发实例。通过网格之间流体渗流的等效方式建立砂砾岩、半风化带、潜山内幕三类复杂储层并存的油藏模型,利用应力敏感实验获得BZ气田渗透率残余系数表达式,结合反凝析特征规律开展流体渗流-多孔介质变形动态耦合及评价。研究表明：多渗流系统精细表征及耦合是精细油藏数值模拟基础,流固耦合效应是影响开发效果影响的关键;考虑BZ气田裂缝发育,构造高部位注气易形成气顶驱,扩大波及体积;考虑反凝析特征,保持地层压力高于露点压力能最大限度降低凝析油的损失;按冬季供气需求阶段性循环注气有利于形成压力脉冲,扩大波及体积,提高凝析油采收率。研究成果对类似复杂裂缝性凝析气藏开发具有重要的指导意义。     

平湖凝析气藏跟踪模拟研究及应用

由于受到气藏投产初期基础资料少及不确定因素多等方面的限制,开展动态跟踪模拟研究对于提高气藏开发的研究与管理水平尤为重要.根据平湖凝析气藏动态跟踪研究与管理要求,结合数值模拟技术特点,建立了凝析气藏跟踪模拟技术流程.通过相态特征分析确定跟踪模拟的基础流体模型,并通过地质模型修正、动态历史拟合完善了跟踪模拟的综合预测模型.采取合理的方法确定了气藏开发调整措施.将跟踪模拟研究技术应用于平湖凝析气藏,使其连续8a保持平稳生产.结果表明,气藏动态跟踪模拟研究与开发实践相结合,是实现平湖气田高效开发的重要政策措施.     

Compositional upscaling in fractured reservoirs during gas recycling

Compositional simulation of fractured reservoirs with explicit fracture representation is computationally prohibitive. This paper studies the upscaling of component transport by the alpha factor method that can be used in single-porosity, coarse-grid models to make compositional simulation feasible at the reservoir scale. Primary production of a gas-condensate reservoir followed by lean gas recycling is considered. A reservoir segment with a single fracture is modeled by 2D and 3D fine-grid compositional simulation. Alpha factors are computed and the effect of fracture orientation, gravity, capillary pressure, and diffusion on alpha factors are studied. Results show that horizontal fractures have lower alpha factors than vertical fractures. Down dip injection, capillary pressure and diffusion increase alpha factors. Alpha factors calculated from three-dimensional models are larger than those calculated with two-dimensional models. Use of alpha factors in coarse-grid 3D models reduces computational time by factors of thousands (over fine-grid models) and makes full-field compositional simulation a practical tool for reservoir engineers.     

裂缝-孔洞型凝析气藏不同开发方式的长岩心实验

柴达木盆地塔中Ⅰ号气田裂缝-孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层表现出“双孔双渗”特征,凝析油反蒸发机理不同于砂岩凝析气藏,国内外对如何提高裂缝-孔洞型凝析气藏采收率的研究还比较少。为此,首先取得无裂缝的碳酸盐岩岩心进行孔隙度和渗透率测试（平均孔隙度6.5%,平均渗透率1 mD）,然后进行造缝（裂缝渗透率5~10 mD）,并将岩心组合成长岩心（105.8 cm）,最后采用塔中Ⅰ号气田凝析气（凝析油含量533 g/m³）进行了注气、吞吐和脉冲注气实验,优选出提高凝析油采收率的开发方式。实验结果表明：露点压力以上注气凝析油采收率最高,其次是最大凝析油饱和度下注气或脉冲注气;与低渗透砂岩凝析气藏不一样,注气吞吐提高凝析油采收率效果最差。该实验对裂缝-孔洞型储层高含凝析油型的凝析气藏的合理开发提供了技术支撑。     

Investigating the Effect of Capillary Number on Performance Prediction of an Iranian Fractured Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Gas condensate reservoirs are one of the most complicated reservoirs in which the special thermodynamic behavior of reservoir fluid leads to condensate buildup instead of gas expansion, when the reservoir pressure drops below dew point pressure. To justify the phase behavior of such reservoirs, several models have been proposed. One of the models is a capillary number model that has a considerable effect on the shape of relative permeability curves. Taking account of capillary number is shown to improve the performance prediction of gas condensate reservoirs that otherwise is poorly predicted. In pressures below dew point pressure, velocity and surface tension between gas and oil increases more rapidly in the vicinity of the well compared with other parts of the reservoir, which results in condensate saturation reduction and gas relative permeability improvement. The authors model a fractured gas condensate reservoir with and without taking capillary number into consideration; the performance prediction results are compared to the actual results. The model with capillary number included is shown to be able to predict the performance with a greater accuracy than the case without capillary number.     

The Effect of Water Vaporization on the Well Productivity of Gas Condensate Reservoirs

Well productivity is a crucial concern in predicting the performance of many gas condensate reservoirs. Accurate forecasting of gas-condensate well productivity usually requires fine-grid simulation to model the formation of the liquid bank and to account for high-velocity phenomena and changes in relative permeability at high capillary numbers. At early stages of production, the pressure drop in the near-wellbore region builds up the molar content of water in gas. This, in turn, results in water vaporization, and hence a drop in the connate water saturation. When water vaporization occurs, pores that were formerly filled by connate water now becomes occupied by gas and condensate only. This causes a change in gas and condensate saturations near the wellbore that can affect the well productivity. No lucid numerical simulation approach considering this effect is suggested in the literature. The authors investigated the effects of water vaporization on the near-wellbore region by compositional simulator of GEM. Enhancement of gas well productivity is observed.     

含水凝析气相态特征及非平衡压降过程产液特征

气态水的存在对凝析气藏相态特征的影响不容忽视,常规的相态测试过程无法模拟含水凝析气田开发过程中近井带的非平衡压降过程的实际产液特征。利用PVT筒开展了含气态水凝析油气体系相态特征实验,研究了气态水对凝析气相态特征的影响,并通过缩短凝析气体系定容衰竭过程的平衡时间,模拟含水凝析气田开发过程近井带的非平衡压降衰竭过程,对比分析了非平衡压降过程含水凝析气体系中凝析油、水的抽提蒸发效应。结果表明,气态水的存在引起了凝析油气体系中重质含量的增加,导致露点压力升高,反凝析提前,最大反凝析压力提高,反凝析液量增加。含水凝析油气体系在非平衡压降衰竭过程中,由于气液相体系未达平衡,导致液相滞后析出并随气相运动一起被采出,造成凝析油采出程度和产水量提高,且非平衡压降速度越大,凝析油采出程度越高。因此,凝析气田近井带的非平衡压降有利于凝析油的开采并缓解液锁的发生。     

压裂气井水锁伤害解除的数值模型研究

低渗透凝析气藏一般需要实施水力压裂措施后才能进行有效地开发，但大量室内实验和现场实践表明，压裂过程中往往会产生压裂工作液对储层的伤害，特别是在低渗透常压或异常低压油气藏中，压降常常与毛细管力在数量级上大小相当，故在进行一些修井作业及水力压裂后会出现气藏产量递减的现象。在低渗透凝析气藏压裂过程中,压裂液沿裂缝壁面进入气藏后将会产生气水两相流动，改变原始含气饱和度，毛细管压力使得流体流动阻力增加及压裂后返排困难，如果气层压力不能克服升高的毛细管力，就会使压裂液无法排出，出现严重的水锁效应。利用气体饱和水后的蒸发作用解除水锁伤害的机理，建立了压裂气藏水锁伤害模型，并选取岩样进行了研究，结果认为蒸发速度越大，温度越高，渗透率越大，压降越大水锁伤害解除得就越快，压裂气井中的水基流体的滤失会对压裂气井产能造成严重伤害。     

异常高压凝析气藏的压降特征

异常高压凝析气藏具有储层物性变化幅度大和反凝析的特点，压降曲线特征比较复杂。在考虑储层孔隙及地层水压缩系数随压力变化大的特点基础上，基于储层流体摩尔守恒建立了异常高压凝析气藏的物质平衡方程，同时研究了岩石和地层水膨胀以及反凝析现象等对凝析气藏压降曲线的影响。通过实验实测数据和计算结果对比，表明该方程较好地反应了异常高压凝析气藏的特点，可以用于气藏的储量计算和动态预测。     

The solubility of gas components and its importance in gas-condensate reservoir development

The authors investigated the solubility of the gas components in the natural gas-condensate systems and its importance in gas-condensate reservoir development. Also, they discuss some fundamental aspects of preferable methods for recovering trapped retrograde condensate in the formation that is left after primary production. Based on the obtained results from the constant composition expansion test of seven different gas-condensate systems provided a greater understanding of the occurrences and interchanges between liquid and gas phases in the recombined reservoir fluids. The correlation between amount of the dissolved gas in the liquid phase, the volume of vaporized condensate in the gas phase and retrograde condensation pressure was investigated. Analysis of this data identified that increasing dissolved gas in the liquid phase, increases vaporized condensate even in the same thermobaric condition and decreases the retrograde condensation pressure of the gas-condensate systems. It was determined that the solubility of gas components in the fluid should be considered when projecting the gas-condensate reservoirs development. As, improving the solubility of gas components in the condensate decreases the system fog up and retrograde condensation pressures and improves stability of aerosol condition of gas-condensate fluid, it influences on the reservoir condensate bearing to be increased. Therefore, injected gas for gas cycling or revaporization of accumulated condensate from the core can be controlled for the purpose of increasing its solubility and condensate bearing capability.     

Dealing With the Challenges of the Rate-Dependent Skin Phenomenon in a Gas Condensate Reservoir: A Simulation Approach

Abstract

Skin is one of the most challenging problems in oil and gas production, resulting in a reduction in reservoir deliverability. Mechanical skin is introduced to the pay zone during the drilling and completion phase, while rate-dependent skin comes into play as production starts, and is caused by infracting basic Darcy assumptions in a gas reservoir. Dissimilar to conventional gas reservoirs, the formation of condensate jots in a gas condensate reservoir when the bottomhole pressure drops below the dew point causes higher skin, which imposes a greater pressure drop. The authors investigated dependency of skin to flow rate in gas condensate reservoirs through a simulation approach. A radial synthetic reservoir compositional model was developed by using rock and fluid properties and well data based on information from a real gas condensate field in south Iran. A well test analysis was utilized to verify the validity and accuracy of the model. Due to heterogeneity existence in particular field, the authors tried to consider different reservoir and wellbore characteristics in reservoir simulation models. A wide range of rock permeabilities and mechanical skins were examined in different irreducible water saturations. Moreover, all the scenarios were run in two different initial reservoir pressures individually. The result of numerous simulations showed a similarity between the trends of rate-dependent skin versus flow rate for the entire tested model. It was also illustrated that in low-permeable gas condensate reservoirs, the existence of mechanical skin leads to inefficient production. Because mitigation of some kind of mechanical skin types are not efficient, the same simulation study should be performed before starting the drilling operation in a gas condensate reservoir to assess the effect of mechanical skin.