龙滩水电站左岸地下厂房蜗壳二期混凝土施工

对蜗壳二期混凝土施工工艺流程,蜗壳支墩顶部、座环和基础环底部、蜗壳底部混凝土浇筑,蜗壳二期混凝土回填灌浆施工方法以及施工计划和工期进行了探讨,决定采用蜗壳二期混凝土分层分块薄层浇筑方案,并较好的解决了蜗壳位移,变形问题,浇筑完成后基本无脱空现象。     

水电站垫层蜗壳结构研究和应用的现状和发展

结合我国水电站垫层蜗壳结构工程应用的发展近况,介绍了近年来垫层蜗壳结构设计理念的转变,指出了直埋-垫层组合方案将成为未来水电站蜗壳埋设方式选择的发展趋势。总结了垫层蜗壳结构研究发展中取得的两个重要进展——钢蜗壳与外围混凝土联合受力、钢蜗壳与外围混凝土之间滑动摩擦,指出考虑垫层材料的非线性力学性能将是垫层蜗壳结构研究的发展趋势。分别阐述了垫层材料属性和空间属性对蜗壳结构受力特性的影响,在此基础上,归纳了垫层蜗壳结构研究存在的问题,最终提出未来的垫层蜗壳结构研究应强调"控制"的研究理念,视垫层为"控制工具",以全新的视角看待垫层的作用,探求控制蜗壳结构受力特性的理论与方法。     

河床式水电站混凝土蜗壳防渗措施研究

混凝土蜗壳结构在运行中承受复杂荷载作用时容易开裂,由于裂缝的产生,蜗壳防渗设计是一个需要重点关注的问题。鉴于混凝土蜗壳在中低水头甚至高水头电站中将得到更多的应用,而目前对混凝土蜗壳防渗问题的研究还不充分,结合某河床式水电站工程实际,运用三维非线性有限元方法对混凝土蜗壳的多种防渗方案进行了研究。研究表明:高强混凝土、钢纤维混凝土和环氧砂浆方案能解决混凝土蜗壳结构的限裂问题,但实践中有较大的局限性,而在蜗壳混凝土内表面设钢衬以及预应力加固方案的防渗效果较好,建议在实际工程中优先采用。     

巨型水轮发电机组蜗壳焊接的一种新方法

针对大型水电站巨型机组金属蜗壳传统焊接工艺存在的问题,探索蜗壳焊接新工序。通过在溪洛渡水电站右岸电站蜗壳焊接试验基础上,提出了一种蜗壳焊接新方法,优化了焊接工序,改善了工作环境和保证了焊接质量的稳定,同时将传统工艺与新工艺的蜗壳焊缝进行现场应力试验对比,说明了新方法在质量上是可靠的。     

桐柏抽水蓄能电站座环、蜗壳的安装

介绍了桐柏抽水蓄能电站水泵/水轮机解决座环、蜗壳的安装,包括座环、蜗壳的拼装、焊接、吊装、安装调整及蜗壳水压试验,安装中出现的问题和解决问题的办法。     

三峡电站保温保压浇蜗壳二期混凝土装置设计

要使三峡电站在一年四季各种水头(水温)下运行时,既要使蜗壳外缘与外围混凝土紧贴,又要使蜗壳外围混凝土受力适中,尽量减少钢筋配置,便于混凝土浇筑,保证施工质量.经过大量的分析研究,提出用保温保压的办法浇筑蜗壳二期混凝土,即浇筑混凝土时的蜗壳中心平面保压水头控制在70±1 m,水温控制在16～22℃,于是提出了在冬季浇筑蜗壳外围混凝土时,蜗壳内的压力水需要加温,夏季浇筑蜗壳外围混凝土时蜗壳内的压力水需要降温的问题.介绍了左岸电站充水保温保压浇筑蜗壳外围混凝土的升温装置和降温装置系统设计中几个主要技术问题,推导了传热计算公式,在此基础上提出加温、降温装置的设计,实际运行验证了本设计是正确的.     

水电站垫层蜗壳结构研究和应用的现状和发展

结合我国水电站垫层蜗壳结构工程应用的发展近况，介绍了近年来垫层蜗壳结构设计理念的转变，指出了直埋-垫层组合方案将成为未来水电站蜗壳埋设方式选择的发展趋势。总结了垫层蜗壳结构研究发展中取得的两个重要进展——钢蜗壳与外围混凝土联合受力、钢蜗壳与外围混凝土之间滑动摩擦，指出考虑垫层材料的非线性力学性能将是垫层蜗壳结构研究的发展趋势。分别阐述了垫层材料属性和空间属性对蜗壳结构受力特性的影响，在此基础上归纳了垫层蜗壳结构研究存在的问题，最终提出未来的垫层蜗壳结构研究应强调“控制”的研究理念，视垫层为“控制工具”，以全新的视角看待垫层的作用，探求控制蜗壳结构受力特性的理论与方法。     

基于Revit二次开发的水轮机蜗壳自动建模方法研究

为解决水轮机蜗壳建模过程繁琐和流道参数获取困难的问题,基于Revit软件二次开发,通过Revit API工具包、WinForm开发界面、C#编程语言、蜗壳水力设计理论和蜗壳放样路径公式推导,设计了一款金属蜗壳自动建模插件.运行结果表明:插件可视化程度高,操作方便,能有效提高蜗壳的建模效率,也为流道参数的获取和水力分析提...     

蜗壳单向可重复灌浆系统在亭子口电站灌浆中的应用

亭子口水电站蜗壳材质为高强钢,设计要求不容许在蜗壳上开孔。厂房工程采用单向可重复灌浆系统进行蜗壳接触灌浆,解决了高强钢衬不能开孔、一次性灌浆不足以灌满的问题,保证了蜗壳接触灌浆的施工质量。     

三峡水轮机蜗壳充水加压过程应力分析

三峡部分水轮机蜗壳采用充水保压方式埋设。为了了解蜗壳在充水加压过程中的运行状况,以及蜗壳内水压力对蜗壳运行情况的影响,采取在蜗壳上安装钢板应力计监测的方法进行试验和分析研究。通过对蜗壳在充水加压过程中的应力进行监测分析,得出了蜗壳在所试验内水压力条件下能安全运行的结论,并总结出了蜗壳所受应力与蜗壳内水压力的对应变化关系和规律。该成果为后续类似机组蜗壳的安全施工和调试、安全运行提供了依据,也为以后类似机组蜗壳的设计、施工和运行管理提供了一定的参考。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。