RDX混合炸药的摩擦静电起电性能测定与分析

用斜槽法测量了RDX及RDX/Al混合物的摩擦产生静电积累量。研究表明,在1m不锈钢滑槽内滑行过程中,RDX得到电子,静电积累值与RDX质量成线性关系,静电积累值约为-3.0～-5.0μC.kg-1;RDX中加入铝粉后,静电的性质和积累量发生变化,静电积累量最大值由RDX粉体的-4.89μC.kg-1,变为RDX/Al粉体的1.19μC.kg-1,且随着铝粉的比例由20%提高到30%,RDX/Al混合粉体静电积累量由0.35～0.50μC.kg-1增加到0.70～1.20μC.kg-1;加入3%～8%的石油醚和乙酸乙酯后,RDX/Al炸药的静电积累值由0.50μC.kg-1提高到1.20～1.50μC.kg-1。     

RDX与Al混合体系的静电火花感度研究

为评价RDX与Al粉末在滚筒混合过程中的静电火花感度,采用尖端放电方法,测定RDX、RDX-Al混合物的静电火花感度,采用斜槽法测量了RDX、RDX-Al混合物的摩擦产生静电积累量.研究表明:RDX的不发生爆炸的最大静电火花能量为0.013 J,RDX-Al不发生爆炸的最大静电火花能量大于0.013 J;在1 m不锈钢滑槽内滑行过程中,RDX静电积累值的最大值约为-3.0～-5.0 μ/kg,此时能产生的最大火花能量为1.41×10~(-3) J,都小于RDX的不发生爆炸的最大静电火花能量0.013 J,发生50%爆炸所需的静电火花能量为0.288 J,发生100%爆炸所需的最小静电火花能量为0.577 J;RDX-Al静电积累量的最大值为1.20μC/kg,静电积累产生的电火花能量,不能直接引燃RDX-Al炸药粉末;加入3%～8%的石油醚和乙酸乙酯后,RDX-Al炸药静电积累值的最大值为1.50μC/kg,其可能产生的火花能量为1.23×10~(-4) J,此能量也小于石油醚和乙酸乙酯的最小点火能.     

RDX与A1混合体系的静电火花感度研究

为评价RDX与Al粉末在滚筒混合过程中的静电火花感度,采用尖端放电方法,测定RDX、RDX-A1混合物的静电火花感度,采用斜槽法测量了RDX、RDX-A1混合物的摩擦产生静电积累量。研究表明：RDX的不发生爆炸的最大静电火花能量为0.013 J,RDX-A1不发生爆炸的最大静电火花能量大于0.013 J;在1m不锈钢滑槽内滑行过程中,RDX静电积累值的最大值约为- 3.0—- 5.0 μC/kg,此时能产生的最大火花能量为1.41×10 -3 J,都小于RDX的不发生爆炸的最大静电火花能量0.013 J,发生50%爆炸所需的静电火花能量为0.288 J,发生100%爆炸所需的最小静电火花能量为0.577 J;RDX-Al瞥电积累量的最大值为1.20 μC/kg,静电积累产生的电火花能量,不能直接引燃RDX-A1炸药粉末;加入3%～8%的石油醚和乙酸乙酯后,RDX-A1炸药静电积累值的最大值为1. 50μC/kg,其可能产生的火花能量为1.23×10 -4 J,此能量也小于石油醚和乙酸乙酯的最小点火能。     

纳米Cu粉对HMX和RDX热分解的催化作用

采用DSC、PDSC、TG-DTG探讨了纳米金属Cu粉对HMX、RDX热分解的催化作用.结果表明,纳米Cu粉对HMX的固相分解和RDX液相分解的加速作用明显.随着纳米金属Cu粉含量的增加,HMX的固相分解逐渐提前,当HMX与纳米Cu粉的质量比为11时,HMX固相分解的开始温度提前25.5 ℃;常压下纳米金属Cu粉使RDX的液相分解的分解峰温从239.1 ℃提前到220.9 ℃.Cu粉的稀释和分散（或散热）作用使放热焓下降.     

火工药剂静电积累量的测试

为测试常见火工药剂的静电积累量,探讨测试过程中各种因素对静电积累量的影响。选取420~840 μm的石英砂为标准试样,在不同环境温湿度、滑槽材质、滑槽长度及倾斜角度、试样粒度和用量等条件下,对其静电积累量进行了测试。结果表明: 试样量越多,积累的电荷量越大; 静电积累量与环境温度和湿度有着良好的线性关系,温度越高静电积累量越大,湿度越大静电积累量越少; 静电积累量随粒度的增大而减小,可拟合成指数变化关系; 滑槽的材质,长度和倾斜角度对于静电积累量有着明显的影响。在此基础上,对斯蒂芬酸铅、叠氮化铅、苦味酸钾以及高氯酸碳酰肼系列火工药剂的电阻率与静电积累量进行了测试。表明,这几种火工药剂均属于高电阻率的物体; 在所测药剂中,斯蒂芬酸铅的静电积累量最高; 添加了晶型控制剂糊精与聚乙烯醇的叠氮化铅静电积累值明显小于纯叠氮化铅,糊精与聚乙烯醇可以作为良好的抗静电剂使用。      

斯蒂芬酸铅的静电危险性研究

为研究斯蒂芬酸铅(LTNR)的静电危险性,对其静电积累量和静电火花感度进行了全面的测试。选用不锈钢、铝、夹布胶木、导电胶皮和虫胶漆牛皮纸5 种滑槽,测试了不同滑槽长度和倾斜角度下LTNR 的下滑时间和静电积累量。计算出LTNR 与5 种滑槽的摩擦系数;研究了LTNR 的静电积累量随滑槽长度和倾斜角度的定量关系,分别拟合为线性方程和二次方程;研究了LTNR 的下滑速度和摩擦力对静电积累量的影响,并进行了二元线性回归,得出预估公式。此外,在不同的电容、电阻和极针间隙装置条件下,测试了LTNR 的静电火花感度。结果发现:测试条件对静电火花感度的测试结果影响较大,静电火花感度E50与极针间隙表现出正线性关系。     

RDX/HMX炸药晶体内部缺陷表征与冲击波感度研究

采用折光匹配显微观察(OMS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)表征、X射线小角散射(SAXS)、表观密度浮沉法(SFM)、微聚焦CT扫描等方法,研究了不同结晶品质RDX、HMX晶体缺陷。OMS观察结果表明,普通RDX/HMX较降感RDX/降感HMX(RS-RDX/RS-HMX)晶体含有更多的表面裂纹与内部孔洞;X射线小角散射与高精度CT扫描统计测试结果表明,RS-RDX/RS-HMX晶体内部也含有一定数量较小尺寸的缺陷,但较普通RDX/HMX晶体内部含较大尺寸缺陷数量少。冲击波感度实验结果表明,炸药晶体缺陷数量、尺寸对PBX冲击波感度有较大影响。     

含5-氨基四唑硝酸盐(5-ATEZN)推进剂的能量特性

利用最小自由能法,在标准条件(燃烧室压力pc:喷管出口处压力pe=70∶1)下,计算了含5-氨基-四唑硝酸盐(5-ATEZN)推进剂的能量特性。结果表明,5-ATEZN单元推进剂的比冲为2371.38 N·s·kg-1,与黑索今(RDX)及奥克托今(HMX)单元推进剂接近,且5-ATEZN的氧平衡(-10.8%)远高于RDX及HMX。用5-ATEZN取代粘合剂端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂中的高氯酸铵(AP)和RDX时,推进剂比冲和特征速度均降低;而用5-ATEZN取代GAP推进剂中的AP时,推进剂比冲和特征速度随5-ATEZN含量增多呈抛物线形变化,最高比冲可达2580.62 N·s·kg-1,与原配方相比提高17.93 N·s·kg-1。同时由于5-ATEZN不含氯元素,对降低推进剂的特征信号十分有利。因此,用5-ATEZN取代适量AP是实现GAP(聚叠氮缩水甘油醚)推进剂高能化和少烟化的一个可行途径。     

硝胺粒度及类型对BAMO-AMMO基ETPE发射药燃烧性能的影响

通过密闭爆发器实验研究了硝胺粒度及类型对BAMO-AMMO基发射药燃烧性能的影响规律。结果表明,在50～260MPa范围内,BAMO-AMMO基发射药燃速压力指数较高,约1.2;在75～175MPa和175～260MPa的压力区间,压力指数存在转折,从1.2下降到1;RDX粒度越大,BAMO-AMMO基发射药燃速和压力指数越大;通过RDX粒度的级配或两种氧化剂(RDX和HMX)混合使用可以提高BAMO-AMMO基发射药在中高压段(75～260MPa)的燃速,也可降低此压力范围内的燃速压力指数,但不显著;氧化剂类型(RDX,HMX)不同的BAMO-AMMO基发射药相比,以HMX为氧化剂的样品燃速较低,压力指数较高。     

含5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二氧二羟铵推进剂的能量特性计算

利用国军标方法 GJB/Z84-1996及CAD系统软件,在标准条件(pc/p0=70∶1)下计算了含5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二氧二羟铵(TKX-50)的复合改性双基(CMDB)推进剂、端羟聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂、硝酸酯增塑聚醚(NEPE)推进剂及聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)推进剂的能量特性。结果表明,TKX-50单元推进剂的理论比冲为2623.7 N·s·kg-1,比RDX单元推进剂的理论比冲高6.5 N·s·kg-1。TKX-50是CMDB推进剂中RDX的较好替代物。当TKX-50取代HTPB推进剂中的AP和GAP推进剂中的HMX和AP时,TKX-50基HTPB推进剂和TKX-50基GAP推进剂的理论比冲均存在能量的最优值。当TKX-50取代NEPE推进剂中的AP和HMX时,TKX-50基NEPE推进剂的理论比冲先增后降再增,最大增加20.4 N·s·kg-1。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.