基于最小误差算法的BGA图像分割

针对BGA封装元器件焊点的空洞缺陷难以用常规方法检测的问题,本文利用数字图像处理理论中的图像分割技术对基于X射线所采集的图像检测BGA元器件焊点在PCB板上所存在的空洞缺陷。针对一些经典分割算法的优缺点,本文提出一种首先将X射线图像根据其灰度特征,投影到不同的小区域然后在不同的小区域内使用最小误差算法相结合的方法,实现了焊点图像的分割检测,并给出了相关实验结果。实验结果表明本文的方法在分割检测BGA图像的空洞缺陷上是有效的。     

SMT焊点视觉获取及预处理系统的建立与应用

为研究检测SMT焊点的质量和可靠性的方法，建立了一套SMT焊点视觉获取及预处理系统。该系统由硬件检测装置和相关软件组成，具有视频采集、图像捕捉、图像保存、图像预处理以及图像特征参数分析的功能。该系统可以实时对SMT焊点进行视频采集，可以捕捉图像并进行图像预处理，能够获得SMT焊点三维重构所需的图像。通过对比各种图像滤波算法和增强算法，找到了适合SMT焊点图像的预处理算法。     

基于特征融合的PCB焊点图像增强

<正>在使用AOI(Automated Optical Inspection)进行PCB焊点检测时，常使用图像特征进行焊点分类。针对焊点区域暗、特征细节不明显问题，本文提出了一种基于邻域颜色变化矩阵的图像融合增强算法，提取图像的暗部，利用多尺度金字塔融合，对高对比度、高曝光和颜色增强的图像进行融合，实现焊点图像增强。实验结果表明，本文方法与其他几种主流的算法相比较，在评估指标和图像质量方面都取得了良好效果，为后续的焊点质量检测奠定了基础^[1-3]。随着现代微电子技术的不断发展，PCB电路板逐渐从传统的分立插件器件向小封装和高密度的表贴器件发展，元件尺寸和芯片管脚间距越来越小^[4]。     

SMT焊点X-Ray检测系统的设计

利用Visual C++ 6.0编程软件设计了一个X射线检测机图像检测系统.用腐蚀算法和中值滤波法滤掉X射线图像中的大量噪声,编制了对焊点出现桥接和漏焊等情况的分析软件,实时显示和放大焊点检测图像,并可报警.     

基于机器视觉的焊点检测算法研究

为了提高电路板焊点检测的准确率,提出了改进的K-近邻法。首先,采用工业相机采集图像并选取470个焊点作为训练样本,利用模板匹配法对图像中的焊点进行定位。然后根据特征分布直方图提取焊点的特征并绘制特征分布情况,选择能区分不同类别焊点的特征作为有效特征。最后,建立改进的K-近邻法焊点检测分类器,选取559个焊点作为测试样本对模型进行测试。实验结果表明改进的K-近邻算法检测的准确率96%以上,可以有效地提高检测效率。     

全自动LED引线键合机焊点快速定位方法的研究

提出了一种定位全自动LED引线键合机焊点位置的新方法。该方法先用图形处理器(graphic processing unit,GPU)对获取的LED微芯片图像进行基于均值查找的自适应窗口大小的中值滤波处理,再通过自适应阈值的图像分割算法确定微芯片的潜在区域,然后将所有潜在区域以位置关系分组存储,利用灰度基本对称特征筛选出每组中的最佳潜在区域,再对选定区域进行加权处理,最后计算质心以精确定位LED微芯片焊点位置。实验结果表明,该检测方法速度快、定位准,而且对LED微芯片形状的一致性无要求,更适合自动化操作,从而提高生产效率。     

贴片电阻焊点内部空洞缺陷自适应检测

贴片电阻在回流焊过程中,受工艺影响,焊点内部或多或少会存在空洞缺陷,空洞占比率过高会严重降低器件的可靠性。该文融合局部预拟合(LPF)活动轮廓模型和自适应圆形卷积核,提出一种贴片电阻焊点内部空洞缺陷自适应检测方法。首先,根据贴片电阻图像具有明暗两个明显区域的特点,通过求解区域平均灰度差异最大的优化问题将其自适应地分为较暗和较亮两个区域。然后,针对较暗区域中空洞与背景之间对比度低、空洞分布较稀疏、面积偏大等特点,采用局部预拟合活动轮廓模型进行空洞检测;针对较亮区域中空洞与背景之间差异明显、空洞分布密集、面积偏小等特点,提出一种自适应圆形卷积核检测空洞。最后,采用形状因子和平均灰度策略剔除误检测,实现贴片电阻焊点内部空洞精细检测。实验结果表明,该文算法相较于其他检测算法性能有明显的提升,平均Dice系数高达0.8846。     

基于深度学习的电子元件焊点缺陷检测方法

提出一种用于训练掩模区域卷积神经网络（Mask R-CNN）的半自动生成焊点图像掩模的方法。由于传统的通过人工标注获取掩模的方法费时费力,提出了一种简便快捷的基于GrabCut获取图像掩模的方法。该方法由两个阶段组成：第一阶段为基于GrabCut的焊点图像分割,输出像素级分割结果,从而获得所输入图像掩模;第二阶段实现基于Mask R-CNN的焊点表面缺陷检测方法,可以实现对缺陷的定位、分类和分割。试验结果证实了该方法的有效性,在保证Mask R-CNN方法检测精度的前提下,能快速、简单地获取训练Mask R-CNN所需的焊点掩模。     

三种分割算法在BGA焊点图像分割中的应用

x射线BGA焊点检测图像中,存在大量与检测无关的冗余信息。针对这一问题,从原理和应用效果上对三种基本阈值分割算法进行了对比分析并进行仿真实验。通过对三种分割算法的比较,得到了较为通用的算法,效果令人满意。     

基于微焦点X射线BGA焊点缺陷检测

BGA封装是是一种高集成的封装方式,其焊点缺陷会影响封装器件性能。为克服全局阈值分割、边缘检测方法对BGA焊点缺陷检测错误率较高的问题,本文提出采用Otsu阈值分割、轮廓提取、边界跟踪方法提取焊点轮廓,并用灰度形态学顶帽操作、直方图拉伸、Blob分析提取焊点气泡轮廓。通过分析BGA焊点缺陷类型及特征,提出基于焊点轮廓、气泡轮廓特征参数的焊点检测与分类算法。试验研究表明该算法较全局阈值、Canny算子焊点缺陷检测的准确率高,能够准确的完成焊点缺陷分类。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks