国外齿轮精度标准及其保证体系

齿轮精度理论经历了几何学、运动学和动力学的演变,从而促成了齿轮精度标准的不断完善.20世纪90年代中期以前,虽然有"ISO1328-1975"齿轮精度标准,但不为主要工业国家采用,因而造成世界齿轮精度标准的不统一.1995年,融合ISO、AGMA和DIN标准精髓的"ISO1328-1:1995"的颁布,让世界齿轮行业拥有同一精度标准成为现实.十多年来,ISO推出了与齿轮精度相关的3个标准和5个技术文件,构成了渐开线圆柱齿轮精度标准及其执行保障的完整技术体系文件.美国等效采用了ISO标准,但处理方式值得借鉴.目前,ISO齿轮精度标准又进入了修订期.为确保齿轮量值传递,美国、欧洲和日本建立了各自独立完整的量值传递体系,每2～3年相互间要做齿轮样板比对实验.     

中国圆柱齿轮精度标准走向何方

圆柱齿轮的精度标准是决定齿轮质量水平和经济效益的关键。在国际上,随着WTO的发展,德国和美国的齿轮界对圆柱齿轮精度技术不再保密,直接参与修订ISO 1328：1975圆柱齿轮标准,经过十余年努力,ISO组织发布了ISO1328-1：1995《圆柱齿轮-ISO精度制第l部分：     

轿车传动器齿轮精度与剃齿工艺

齿轮是汽车上的重要零件，如何确定汽车齿轮精度以及采用何种工艺方法达到精度要求和使用要求，国内外的齿轮生产厂家有各种认识和做法。从齿轮精度角度看，世界各国有很多版本的标准，国际标准化组织也制定了国际标准，我国在2001年发布了等同采用ISO1328—1997的齿轮精度国家标准（GB／T10095—2001）。从齿轮设计和制造企业设计，制造工艺角度看，重点是正确理解2001标准，满足产品使用要求，     

ZL40/50装载机齿轮

ZL40-50装载机齿轮是该厂主导产品之一,该产品按与ISO1328—75国际通用标准等效的国际GB10095—88《渐开线圆柱齿轮精度》和JB/NQ40—87《拖拉机齿轮产品质量分等》组织生产,为厦门工程机械厂等主机配套,精度等级6～8级加工模数3～10.5(mm),产品符合图纸要求。生产工艺先进合理,产品具有精度高、噪音低、性能稳定、使用寿命长等特点。使用该产品组装的ZL40/50装载机1990年获机电部和省优质产品称号。产品部分销往美国、埃及、东南亚各国、国内外市场较畅销,价格合理,产品质量可靠。     

GB/T10095.1～10095.2—2001与等同采用的ISO1328-1∶1995、ISO1328-2∶1997之间的差异

为了进一步使标准适应产业发展和贸易需求,使标准进一步完善,本刊将继续就“齿轮精度标准”的学术问题展开讨论。本文为作者对等同采用的ISO1328-1和ISO1328-2标准的理解以及对GB/T10095．1-10095．2标准的一些看法。     

对ISO 1328-1:2013及ISO 1328-2:2020偏差允许值的探讨

第2版ISO 1328-2于2020年发布,该版调整了适用范围,同时修改了精度等级的评价体系,以区别于ISO 1328-1。为更好地理解和应用齿轮精度标准,从标准名称的变化、偏差允许值的计算规则变化入手,借助模数m_n、分度圆直径d等变量,分析了ISO 1328-1第1版与第2版中各偏差项的差异与因变量之间的相关关系;同时,分析对比了ISO 1328-2第1版与第2版在适用范围、公差分级、偏差项目、偏差允许值的确定方法等方面的差异。结果表明,新旧标准差异较大,须引起关注。     

圆柱齿轮国际精度新标准对齿轮强度计算的影响

圆柱齿轮国际精度新标准ISO 1328—1:2013(E)在其1995版老标准的基础上作了大量修订,为了明晰圆柱齿轮国际精度新标准对齿轮强度标准GB/T 3480—1997的影响,分析了齿轮强度计算与齿轮精度项目的关联,列表给出了与强度计算相关的齿轮单个齿距偏差、齿廓形状偏差的新老标准允许值,计算了2组实例(共4个齿轮)的强度计算中相关参数(动载系数、接触强度计算的齿向载荷分布系数、计算接触应力、接触强度的计算安全系数、计算齿根应力、弯曲强度的计算安全系数)的差异百分比。实例计算结果中,新老精度标准对强度计算中计算齿根应力的差异百分比,实例齿轮a为4.86%、齿轮b达14.12%。圆柱齿轮新老国际精度标准差异较大,相应改变了齿轮强度计算结果,须引起齿轮精度和强度标准使用者的重视。     

GB／T 10095．1～100952—2001与等同采用的ISO 1328—1：1995和DISO 1328—2：1997之间的差异

ISO 1328：1975《平行轴渐开线圆柱齿轮ISO精度制》早已作废并被ISO 1328—1：1995《圆柱齿轮ISO精度制第1部分：轮齿同侧齿面偏差的定义和允许值》和ISO 1328—2：1977《圆柱齿轮ISO精度制第2部分：径向偏差和不圆度误差的定义和允许值》所替代。然而时至今日，我国圆柱齿轮精度仍停留在等效采用ISO 1328：1975的GB／T 10095--1988《渐开线圆柱齿轮精度》的水平上。日本、英国、韩国等国家都以等同采用ISO 1328—1：1995和ISO 1328—2：1997方式修订了各自国家标准（JIS，BS，KSB）。     

精密、超精密圆柱渐开线齿轮的加工方法

超精密齿轮的制造质量反映出了一个国家制造业的发展水平。分析比较了锥形砂轮磨齿、蝶形砂轮磨齿、大平面砂轮磨齿、蜗杆砂轮磨齿和成形砂轮磨齿的工作原理及当前国内外精密、超精密圆柱渐开线齿轮的加工现状,探讨了ISO1328-1997标准中2级以上精度超精密齿轮的加工。并论证了国产大平面砂轮磨齿机Y7125由于具有结构简单、传动链刚度高、具有较高的磨齿精度以及较大的改装空间等优点,通过一系列的研究工作,有可能把它改装精化成磨削超精密圆柱渐开线齿轮的加工母机,实现2到1级精度超精密齿轮的加工。     

对一齿转角误差的分析

圆柱齿轮传动的使用质量(振动与噪音)和齿轮一齿范围内转角误差的形状与大小有着密切的关系。虽然近十几年来,在各国齿轮精度标准中,包括国际标准ISO 1328—1974 E都规定了一齿转角误差或类似一齿轮转角     

Rapid dynamics prediction of tool point for bi-rotary head five-axis machine tool

Receptance Coupling Substructure Analysis (RCSA), an effective approach to rapidly predict the tool point frequency response function (FRF), generally requires the response of spindle-machine assembly by experiments. This method is feasible for three-axis machine tool because the spindle and its posture are normally unchangeable. But in terms of five-axis milling, the spindle-machine assembly changes continuously. The purpose of this study is to propose new techniques to solve the constantly-changing assembly response in order that RCSA can be used for bi-rotary head five-axis machine tools. Based on receptance matrix determination in coupling direction and single degree of freedom coupling simplification, the swivel model for holder tip receptances is established for swivel motion. According to the concept of oriented frequency response function, the rotational model is derived to calculate the holder tip receptances with rotary motion. By combining the swivel model and the rotational model, the holder tip receptance of arbitrary posture can be calculated by three orthogonal postures. A five-axis machine tool with bi-rotary head is used to conduct FRF tests on different postures. Experimental results show that the models proposed can accurately predict tool point frequency response of any posture and large difference in FRFs among those postures of bi-rotary head is detected.     

数控机床参考点的设定

本文以数控车床为例介绍参考点设置的方法，供用户及同行参考。     

Geometric modeling of single point cutting tool surfaces

In this paper we have established a new three-dimensional standard to specify single point cutting tool geometry. The paper models a single point cutting tool in terms of biparametric surface patches. Six new angles, called grinding angles, are proposed to define the orientation of these surface patches. Forward and inverse mappings among grinding angles (α _i , β _i , γ _i ), conventional tool nomenclature (γ _y, γ _x, α _y, α _x , ..... ), and setting or swivel angles for grinding (θ _A , θ _B , θ _C ) are established. The benefits of the new paradigm include ease of finite element based engineering analysis, simulation, and programming of the CNC tool cutter and grinder for tool sharpening. The proposed methodology is illustrated with a few numerical examples.     

数控循环切削中刀具定位起始点的确定

重点介绍G71、G90、M98/M99这类有循环加工功能的指令格式、通过各参数含义的说明、循环路线的讲解,来说明循环起点在上述指令的确定方法,正确定位,避免打刀及空运行,对提高加工效率有一定的帮助。     

三支承车床主轴的刚度及参数优化

对三支承车床主轴从辅助支承发生作用的条件出发,假设3个支承在载荷作用下的变形呈线性关系,由此对辅助支承约束力求解,从而将超静定问题转化为静定问题,得到了主轴端部柔度(刚度的倒数)计算公式,然后根据主轴部件设计的需要,采用遗传算法对主支承跨距、辅助支承跨距和传动力作用位置等参数进行综合优化,对三支承结构的机床主轴设计有一定的参考意义。     

数控机床返回参考点故障诊断与维修

结合数控机床返回参考点的工作原理,对返回参考点过程中出现的故障现象进行系统分析,针对不同的故障原因,提出相应的诊断和维修方法.     

数控机床关键点设置的开发与应用

详细地阐述了在机床数控系统上关键点设置的三种方法,并开发了关键点设置的人机界面,分析了关键点设置的三种方法的利弊,最后提出并分析了关键点位置确认的两种方法.     

Generating efficient tool paths from point cloud data via machining area segmentation

This paper presents a method of generating efficient three-axis ball-end milling tool paths directly from point cloud data. The primary objective is to achieve high efficiency in the machining of free-form surface geometry having isolated complex machining area. The high machining efficiency is attained by segmenting the entire machining domain into distinct areas according to the geometric complexity of the data points and by using cutters of different sizes for the segmented machining areas. An iterative numerical procedure is derived to determine the critical complexity that separates the data points with higher complexity (the complex points) from those with lower complexity (the non-complex points). A larger and more efficient ball-end mill is used to machine the area defined by the non-complex points. The gouging condition of all the data points is then evaluated with respect to the given ball-end mill. The isolated complex machining area is established by enclosing both the complex points and the gouge points. The smaller and gouge-free ball-end mill for the isolated complex machining area is subsequently selected from the standard commercial cutter series. Implementation of the presented method clearly demonstrates the high efficiency of the generated tool paths.     

Polishing of single point diamond tool based on thermo-chemical reaction with copper

This paper describes a new polishing method for diamond cutting tools. The method is based on the principle of oxidization of copper and deoxidization of copper oxide by carbon. A diamond tool was brought into contact with a copper plate, heated in air to a range of 323–523 K. The depth of the removed layer of diamond increased almost linearly with contact time and reached approximately 7 nm after 6 h. In this erosion process, pre-existing microcracks on the diamond surface were reduced. In comparison with the mechanically polished tool, the thermo-chemically polished tool was highly resistant to chipping and yielded a significant rise in tool life.