Temperature sensitivity of coaxial probe complex permittivitymeasurements: experimental approach

An experimental investigation of the temperature sensitivity of the Teflon dielectric semirigid coaxial probe used in complex permittivity measurements is presented. Measurements are performed over the frequency range extending from 100 MHz to 26.5 GHz using 2.2 mm and 3.6 mm coaxial probes at a number of temperatures. An acute sensitivity of the probe-tip geometry to temperature is revealed, along with its effect on measured complex permittivity. Measurements are further complicated by the nonlinear thermal phase response of the probe, which results in the appearance of hysteresis in the measured complex permittivity during thermal cycling. The potential for removing these errors through temperature correction and the use of the thermally stable probes is discussed     

Input impedance of an overmoded coaxial line fed coaxial waveguide

A theoretical formulation for the input impedance of an overmoded coaxial probe fed coaxial waveguide has been derived in terms of the geometrical variables, the modal field solutions, and the probe excitation current distribution. The formulation includes higher order mode propagation, a variable probe length, and general coaxial terminations in the secondary waveguide. The model compares well with experimental data derived from a structure supporting three propagating modes.     

Small frequency agile antennas

Two small antennas loaded by varactor diodes and fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) and coaxial probe are presented. Varactor diodes made these antennas frequency agile. An important tuning frequency range of ~800 MHz was obtained and an application for different communication standards realised     

Analysis of dielectric-resonator antennas with emphasis onhemispherical structures

An overview is given for the development of dielectric-resonator antennas. A detailed analysis and study of the hemispherical structure, excited by a coaxial probe or a slot aperture, is then given, using the dyadic Green's functions pertaining to an electric-current source or a magnetic-current source, located in a dielectric sphere. The integral equation for a hemispherical dielectric-resonator antenna (DRA), excited by either a coaxial probe or a slot aperture, is obtained. The integral equation is solved using the method of moments. The antenna characteristics, such as input impedance, radiation patterns, directivity, and efficiency, are computed numerically, around the resonant frequency of the TE₁₁₁ mode (the HEM₁₁ mode for cylindrical coordinates). The computed input impedance is compared with numerical and experimental data available in the literature     

Input impedance of microstrip patch in the quasi-optical cavity resonator

The dyadic Green's function in an active loaded quasi-optical oscillator is presented. An expression is derived for the input impedance of a single microstrip patch cavity excited by a coaxial probe using the method of moment. Using the present formulation the input impedance of a rectangular microstrip patch is determined.     

电解质溶液复介电常数测量中气泡影响的分析

电解质溶液复介电常数的准确测量对于生物电磁学和微波化学等领域是至关重要的,简单而有效的测量方法就是使用开口同轴线。由于电化学反应,插入溶液的测量探头表面容易产生气泡,对测量结果产生影响。文中针对气泡的不同位置和大小对氯化钠溶液复介电常数测量的影响进行了数值分析,计算结果表明,电解质溶液复介电常数测量值的实部受气泡影响很小,而虚部受气泡的位置、大小和个数的影响。     

一种新型S波段宽带圆形贴片天线的设计

采用HFSS11电磁场仿真软件设计和仿真了一种工作于S波段的新型宽带圆形微带贴片天线。天线采用聚四氟乙烯和空气两层介质,通过同轴探针顶部加载圆形金属电容片来对辐射贴片进行耦合馈电,由此补偿探针引起的电感;同时,在圆形贴片上开圆弧形缝隙,以生成第二个谐振点,从而进一步增大带宽。结果表明,天线的阻抗带宽达到了38%（VSWR〈2）,并且在带宽内天线的辐射方向图基本保持稳定。     

Variational formulation of open-ended coaxial line in contact withlayered biological medium

An open-ended coaxial probe designed to measure layered biological media is analyzed with a new method. The probe is considered as an electrostatic circuit element whose capacitance is solved using a stationary functional. The fundamental transverse electric and magnetic field (TEM)-mode and the series of evanescent wavemodes in the coaxial cable are used as basis functions. The field outside the probe is solved using a Hankel transform. The capacitance is calculated for homogeneous materials and two-layer structures and the results are compared with values measured with a phantom model. The method can be easily extended for structures with an arbitrary number of layers. A practical approximation for two-layer cases, originally developed to take into account the effect of subcutaneous fat in skin measurements, is presented and its validity for different combinations of dielectric constants and the thickness of the first layer is demonstrated. The static approximation limits the frequency range, but it covers biological measurements up to 500 MHz. The developed method is accurate and easy to adopt in practice     

Open-ended metallized ceramic coaxial probe for high-temperaturedielectric properties measurements

A metallized ceramic coaxial probe has been developed for high temperature complex permittivity measurements. The probe is made of alumina and metallized with a 3.0-mil-thick layer of moly-manganese, and a 0.5-mil-thick protective coating of nickel plating. It is shown that based on carrying out the network analysis calibration procedure up to 1000°C, and on actual dielectric properties measurements, the probe provides accurate dielectric measurements over a broad frequency range (500 MHz to 3 GHz) and for temperatures up to 1000°C. An uncertainty analysis based on two different calibration techniques was also given to help quantify possible measurement errors     

同轴探针激励圆波导输入阻抗的研究

用等效电路的方法推导了圆波导内径向探针的输入阻抗表达式以及等效电路各参数的表达式，实验测量表明单个同轴探针与圆波导匹配良好。理论计算与实验测量吻合较好。     

On Solving TM0n Modal Excitation in a Ka-Band Overmoded Circular Waveguide by the Conservation of Complex Power Technique

To measure the radiation properties of relativistic diffraction generator (RDG) in Ka-band, a TM0n modal excitation model is established, which consists of an overmoded circular waveguide and a coaxial line feeding probe. Using the transverse E-field mode matching and the conservation of complex power technique (CCPT), we deduce the scattering matrix at coaxial line to coaxial line and coaxial line to circular waveguide junctions. Then using the overall cascaded junction scattering matrix, the numerical results for the reflection coefficient of the coaxial line and the power distribution of TM0n multi-modal are presented. The numerical results are in agreement with HFSS simulation results and experimental results. The analysis shows that by choosing the appropriate position of coaxial line probe, the power proportion of the device operating mode excited in circular waveguide could be the largest.     

On Solving TM0n Modal Excitation in a Ka-Band Overmoded Circular Waveguide by the Conservation of Complex Power Technique

To measure the radiation properties of relativistic diffraction generator (RDG) in Ka-band, a TM0n modal excitation model is established, which consists of an overmoded circular waveguide and a coaxial line feeding probe. Using the transverse E-field mode matching and the conservation of complex power technique (CCPT), we deduce the scattering matrix at coaxial line to coaxial line and coaxial line to circular waveguide junctions. Then using the overall cascaded junction scattering matrix, the numerical results for the reflection coefficient of the coaxial line and the power distribution of TM0n multi-modal are presented. The numerical results are in agreement with HFSS simulation results and experimental results. The analysis shows that by choosing the appropriate position of coaxial line probe, the power proportion of the device operating mode excited in circular waveguide could be the largest.     

A Multifilament Method-of-Moments Solution for the Input Impedance of a Probe-Excited Semi-Infinite Waveguide

The input impedance and surface currents of a probe-excited, short-circuited semi-infinite waveguide are determined by the method of moments. Expressions are given for the impressed electric field used to excite the probe from the coaxial source input using a semi-infinite-waveguide Green's function, and expressions are given for a free-space approximate impressed electric field which arises from the coaxial source input. The method-of-moments formulation used is based on a multifilament current approximation and solves for the surface currents of the probe as a function of probe angle around the probe. Comparison of theory and experiment is made.     

Resonant frequency of a tunable rectangular patch antenna

The uniform transmission-line model is applied to determine the resonant frequency of a coaxial probe fed rectangular patch antenna tuned by a number of passive metallic posts suitably placed within the antenna's boundary. An approximate expression is given for the resonant frequency as a function of the post location and number, and of the other characteristic parameters of the antenna. Theoretical results are compared with available measured values.     

Noninvasive electrical characterization of materials at microwavefrequencies using an open-ended coaxial line: test of an improvedcalibration technique

Dielectric measurements using a probe consisting of a coaxial transmission line with an open-circuit end placed against the sample are discussed. For the 2.99- or 3.6-mm (OD) probes considered, a simple lumped parameter model shows errors above 1 GHz that increase greatly with frequency. An approximate model based on measured probe impedances from 1 to 18 GHz with samples consisting of water, methanol, and dioxane-water mixtures is evaluated. This model is more accurate than the lumped-parameter model and is better suited for calibration of the automatic network analyzer (ANA). The errors introduced in dielectric measurements by the use of approximate models for the probe are discussed. The technique succeeds because of partial cancellation of errors in modeling the probe in ANA-based measurements     

Accurate characterization of planar printed antennas usingfinite-difference time-domain method

The finite-difference-time-domain method (FD-TD) is used to characterize complex planar printed antennas with various feed structures, which include coaxial probe feed, microstrip line feed, and aperture coupled feed structures. A coaxial probe model is developed by using a three-dimensional FD-TD technique. This model is shown to be an efficient and accurate tool for modeling coaxial line fed structures. A novel use of a dispersive absorbing boundary condition is presented for a printed antenna with a high dielectric constant. All the numerical results obtained by the FD-TD method are compared with experimental results, and the comparison shows excellent agreement over a wide frequency band     

Comparison of models for the probe inductance for a parallel-plate waveguide and a microstrip patch

Four different models for the probe inductance of a circular probe in an infinite parallel plate waveguide are studied. These models include a uniform-current model, a cosine-current model, a gap-voltage source model, and a coaxial-frill model. These different models treat the vertical variation of the fields within the substrate and the field of the coaxial feed with varying degrees of rigor. Numerical high frequency structure simulator data are also compared with the results of these models in order to draw reliable conclusions about the accuracy of these models as a function of the substrate thickness. A simple computer-aided design formula for the probe inductance of a coaxial feed probe for a rectangular microstrip patch antenna is also introduced.     

AN ANALYSIS ON INPUT IMPEDANCE OF A SINGLE MICROSTRIP PATCH IN THE QUASI-OPTICAL CAVITY

The electromagnetic field integral equation in the quasi-optical cavity is obtained using the dyadic Green's function. An expression is derived for the input impedance of a single microstrip patch cavity excited by a coaxial probe using moment method. The input impedance of a rectangular microstrip patch is discussed with this method. The result of this paper is similar to that of the microstrip antenna. This paper is of very important value for designing microstrip quasi-optical oscillator.     

准光腔单微带贴片输入阻抗的理论分析

本文利用并矢格林函数获得了准光腔中的电磁场积分方程。利用矩量法导出了被一个轴向电流源激励的单微带贴片腔的输入阻抗的计算公式。利用本方法对矩形微带贴片的输入阻抗进行了讨论。其结果与微带天线很类似。这对设计微带型准光振荡器有重要的参考价值。     

基于自由空间法的液体等效电参数测试系统的研究

自由空间法是一种非限制测试环境的测量方法,它能被应用于实验室测量或室外实地测量中。本文运用自由空间法测试水溶液的介电常数并将其与使用同轴探头法的测试结果进行比较,得出同轴探头法与自由空间法的测试结果基本吻合的结论,从而验证自由空间法的准确性和此测试系统的可行性。