基于DLL的GOTHIC 8.0程序氢气复合器模拟方法研究

非能动氢气复合器已广泛应用于核电厂氢气威胁的缓解和消除。本文通过对GOTHIC 8.0程序进行二次开发,采用外部动态链接库（DLL）编译、调用的方式,精确模拟了非能动氢气复合器的实际消氢能力,进而将采用该方法计算得到的消氢结果分别与公式计算、MAAP5程序算例计算结果进行比较,结果符合度高,验证了该方法的合理性。本文提供的模拟方法不仅为安全壳氢气风险缓解分析提供了新方法,也为GOTHIC程序开发提供了新思路。     

基于HYDRAGON程序对安全壳壁面水蒸气冷凝现象的数值模拟

为模拟核电厂严重事故下安全壳内水蒸气的壁面冷凝现象,在安全壳氢气分析专用计算流体力学(CFD)程序HYDRAGON中加入壁面冷凝模型。该模型根据传质传热类比原理建立,为Navier-Stokes方程组提供相关的边界条件、质量源项和能量源项。为验证程序和模型的有效性,从公开发表的文献中选取TOSQAN实验作为测试算例,并与模拟结果进行比较。研究显示,该冷凝模型的计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。对计算结果的分析,也说明了壁面冷凝现象所产生的作用:一方面,壁面冷凝减少了体系中的水蒸气含量,抑制了安全壳内压力的升高,同时也使不可凝气体(如氢气)的比例上升;另一方面,因冷凝现象而引起的壁面附近对流换热也加强了体系内气体的流动,这将不利于在安全壳顶部形成稳定的氢气分层,从而降低氢气爆炸风险。     

GASFLOW程序以及COM3D程序在反应堆氢气行为分析上的应用

反应堆在事故情况下的氢气风险一直是反应堆安全研究中非常重要的内容。利用氢气风险管理程序GASFLOW计算了反应堆一回路破口事故后安全壳内的氢气分布,对计算结果进行分析。在GASFLOW计算结果的基础上,应用COM3D程序模拟氢气燃烧和爆炸,研究了氢气浓度以及点火位置对火焰扩散的影响。     

严重事故下安全壳内氢气行为与风险分析

福岛事故后的核电厂安全审评过程中,国家核安全局对于严重事故下的氢气安全问题提出了更高的要求,从满足当前高标准的氢气安全要求的角度出发,有必要对安全壳内氢气行为开展更为细致深入的研究,开展氢气的三维分析,为集总参数程序的分析结果提供有益补充。本文采用一体化严重事故分析程序和流体力学程序对国产先进压水堆核电厂进行系统建模,选取大破口触发的严重事故序列,对严重事故工况下的氢气行为及氢气控制系统性能进行分析评价。首先采用一体化严重事故分析程序计算氢气产生源项、氢气产生速率和安全壳内氢气浓度分布等,评价安全壳隔间内的氢气风险。并采用计算流体力学程序,进一步对安全壳内重要隔间的氢气分布进行三维分析,研究安全壳内氢气和水蒸汽的行为,获得重要隔间内的流场、温度场、压力场、氢气分布及浓度变化等计算结果。CFD程序在计算气体分布方面要比集总参数程序更加精确和详细,通过更精细地模拟安全壳内的氢气行为,可以为集总参数程序的计算结果提供补充,为氢气控制系统的设计优化和严重事故氢气风险管理等提供有力的支持。     

局部空间内氢气爆炸程序开发及应用

针对反应堆安全壳或厂房局部空间内氢气爆炸过程,利用Fortran 90语言开发了氢气爆炸数值分析程序。采用单步反应模拟氢气与空气的化学反应,采用5阶精度的WENO求解对流项,时间步进采用3阶精度的龙格-库塔方法,对局部二维空间内氢气/空气/水蒸气预混气的爆炸过程进行了数值模拟。采用开发的程序计算了两种典型的激波管问题以验证程序的准确性,并用该程序分析了带隔间的沸水反应堆厂房局部空间内的氢气爆炸过程。计算结果表明：爆炸过程中最大的压力峰值来源于冲击波与反射波之间的碰撞,最大的冲击波压力和温度高达7.5 MPa和3 245 K。由此可得,安全壳内的氢气爆炸过程可能会威胁到安全壳的完整性,导致放射性物质释放。     

大型干式安全壳消氢系统的初步设计

以岭澳核电站为分析对象,利用MELCOR和TONUS(CEA)程序进行分析计算,给出了初步的消氢系统设计方案,对不同核电站的消氢系统设计方案进行了对比和讨论.结果表明:安全壳内安装33个FR750型或者17个左右的FR1500型氢气复合器可以满足氢气控制要求.     

安全壳内氢气燃烧特性数值研究

本文基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法,采用涡耗散概念(EDC)模型耦合P1辐射模型,对德国开展的ThAI-HD12氢气燃烧实验进行了数值模拟验证,与实验符合良好.同时通过修正反应机理,获得了更符合实验的结果.通过改变点火位置、氢气浓度,计算得到安全壳内压力、温度等的变化,结果表明:在安全壳空间内,浮力对氢气燃烧火焰传播影...     

大亚湾和岭澳核电站安全壳氢气风险及消氢措施有效性分析

使用MAAP程序计算大亚湾和岭澳核电站严重事故条件下安全壳内的相关质能释放和氢气源项;利用TONUS程序建立安全壳集总参数模型,计算分析氢气在安全壳内的分布情况;结合非能动氢复合器消氢性能、现场条件和氢气分布情况,提出氢复合器布置方案;借助TONUS和GASFLOW程序,分别使用集总参数法和CFD法,验证消氢方案的有效性。验证结果表明,安全壳内氢气浓度满足相关法规要求。     

严重事故缓解措施对全厂断电(SBO)事故进程影响分析

应用新版的MELCOR程序,以600 MW机组为对象,进行了SBO严重事故进程研究,在严重事故计算分析中比较了稳压器功能延伸、非能动氢气复合等缓解措施(3个方案)对严重事故进程和现象的影响.对堆芯熔融过程中包壳和燃料栅元的径向和轴向分段失效模式进行了模拟;计算了熔融堆芯和堆坑混凝土的相互作用(MCCI)引起的堆坑径向和轴向熔蚀的情况;对事故中后期可燃气体的产生、分布及非能动氢气复合系统在安全壳中对氢气的复合效应进行了评价和分析.分析结果表明,事故下稳压器延伸功能的及时投入,可使堆芯整体坍塌失效及压力容器熔穿均延后了近5 h,同时也降低了通过蒸汽发生器(SG)U型管向二次侧及环境早期释放放射性的风险.方案3_C表明10台氢气复合器在24 h内有效地复合了667 kg氢气,安全壳大空间最大氢气摩尔浓度为3.12%,安全壳内压力约为0.4 MPa.     

GOTHIC程序预测氢气燃烧过程的实验验证

核电厂发生严重事故时，产生的氢气如果发生燃烧或爆炸，将给安全壳的完整性带来严重威胁。最近，有人尝试使用GOTHIC-3D程序对氢气浓度分布和燃烧过程进行分析计算。但由于GOTHIC程序的局限，计算结果并不能被完全采纳。 在SNU（汉城国家大学，Seoul National University）的研究中，利用预混合氢气的燃烧实验对GOTHIC程序进行了验证。实验容器为一2D矩形容器，可用容积约24L。实验中使用氢气容积浓度为10％的氢气空气混合气体，并分别在容器顶部的中央和角落放置了点火器。实验采用了2种边界条件：底部全开和底部半开。使用GOTHIC程序的集总参数模型和机械燃烧模型模拟SNU实验。集总参数法较好地模拟了燃烧的时间，但得不到其他的局部信息；而机械燃烧模型的模拟结果与实验并不相符。GOTHIC程序模拟的燃烧时间远比实验结果要长，火焰蔓延的过程也与实验结果不同。对GOTHIC程序模型的分析也表明，GOTHIC程序在计算氢气燃烧过程时，有一定的局限性。     

Simulation of the distribution of flow and phases in vertical and horizontal bundles using the ASSERT-4 subchannel code

ASSERT-4 is a subchannel code based on the non-equilibrium equations of two-fluid flow. The paper briefly describes the equations and constitutive models used in the code, and reviews a number of validation exercises in which code results were compared to measurements in vertical and horizontal two-phase flows.     

铀氢锆堆物理计算及燃料管理软件包

建立了一套铀氢锆堆物计算软件包，首先考虑氢化锆中的热化特殊性，按ＷＭＳ格式制作 了氢化锆 氢的６９群群常数并入ＷＩＭＳ－Ｄ／４数据库中，形成了ＷＩＭＳ－Ｎ１库和ＷＩＭＳ－Ｎ２库；应用ＷＩＭＳ－Ｎ２库和国际通用的ＷＩＭＳ－Ｄ／４程序包计算了铀氢锆堆各类栅元的群常数，应用差分程序ＣＩＴＡＴＩＯＮ和六角形节块和ＳＩＸＴＵＳ进行扩散计算，同时在ＳＩＸＴＵＳ－２程序的基础上编制了燃料管理程序和ＸＰＲ－ＩＣＦ     

The status of the general radiation transport code MCBEND

MCBEND is an established Monte Carlo code in the fields of shielding, dosimetry and general radiation transport. The development of the code is continuing within a partnership between Serco Assurance and BNFL and this paper reviews the current status of the code and describes some recent developments, including a point energy adjoint facility and automatic generation of a splitting mesh for variance reduction.     

Calculation of fuel burnup and radionuclide inventory in the Syrian miniature neutron source reactor using the GETERA code

Calculations of the fuel burnup and radionuclide inventory in the Syrian miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR) after 10 years (the reactor core expected life) of the reactor operation time are presented in this paper using the GETERA code. The code is used to calculate the fuel group constants and the infinite multiplication factor versus the reactor operating time for 10, 20, and 30 kW operating power levels. The amounts of uranium burntup and plutonium produced in the reactor core, the concentrations and radionuclides of the most important fission products and actinide radionuclides accumulated in the reactor core, and the total radioactivity of the reactor core were calculated using the GETERA code as well. It is found that the GETERA code is better than the WIMSD4 code for the fuel burnup calculation in the MNSR reactor since it is newer, has a bigger library of isotopes, and is more accurate.     

A simple novel and fast computational model for the LIVE-L4

The LIVE-L4 test was conducted to investigate the transient and steady state behavior of the molten pool and the crust influenced by different heat generation rates. The main purpose of this work is to develop a simple novel model of the LIVE code to calculate the entire process of the LIVE-L4 test after the melt of KNO₃–NaNO₃ poured into the test vessel. The LIVE code is a transient code and can be used as a fast computational program to calculate the LIVE tests. Natural convection heat transfer in the melt pool, crust behavior, heat conduction in the vessel wall, and radiative heat transfer were all considered in the model of the LIVE code.In the LIVE code, Asfia–Dhir correlations were used to calculate average and local heat transfer coefficients in the melt pool. With the assumption of no considering the composition change of local melt at melt/crust interface, many important parameters, including the melt pool temperature, heat flux distribution along the vessel wall, the thickness of the crust in steady state, and crust growth rate during the test, were calculated and compared with the LIVE-L4 experimental data.The melt pool Nu calculated by the LIVE code is larger than experimental data due to the use of Asfia–Dhir correlation in the LIVE code, which caused the average heat flux through the vessel wall larger than experiment data except the heating phase of 5 kW. It is attributed that the temperature difference between the melt pool temperature and the interface temperature at melt/crust measured in the test is larger than that calculated by the LIVE code due to the constant interface temperature at melt/crust of 284 °C used in the LIVE code. Crust growth rate calculated by the LIVE code was consistent well with the experiment data. Calculation results indicated that the LIVE code could generally predict the main parameters of the melt and crust well during the LIVE-L4 test.     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of the Beam Space Charge on the Acceptance of a Storage Ring

A model based on the assumption that there exists a stationary particle distribution in the space of invariants is used to investigate numerically the effect of the space charge of a beam in storage rings. The model is used to develop a computer code that makes it possible to use a personal computer to investigate the dependence of the acceptance on the beam current, betatron frequency, and other machine parameters. The structure of the code and the results obtained using it for the ACR storage ring (RIKEN, Japan) and the accelerator-storage system at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics are described. The computational results show that this computer code is an effective tool for calculating and optimizing the parameters of high-current storage rings.     

Experimental validation of the helical steam generator model in the TASS/SMR code

The transients and setpoint simulation/system-integrated modular reactor (TASS/SMR) code has been used to identify the safety margin of a 65-MWt advanced integral reactor and to evaluate its design performance. Although, the code has been verified by using simplified and analytical problems as well as a reliable system code, its validation has not been fully established. This paper deals with a validation of the TASS/SMR code by using two kinds of separate effect tests related to heat transfer at a helically coiled steam generator. The heat transfer experiments were performed by using a full-scale prototype of the steam generator cassette of the advanced integral reactor and a scaled-down steam generator cassette. Analytical results show that the TASS/SMR code predicts the thermal hydraulic parameters, including the system pressure and fluid temperature at the primary and secondary sides of the steam generator cassette, and the heat transfer rate through the steam generator cassette well. The validation results in this study show that the TASS/SMR code is applicable for heat transfer calculations related to the helically coiled steam generator of the advanced integral reactor.     

REA analysis of the Iranian VVER-1000 core by modification of PRORIA code for annular pellets

The PRORIA code and its recent modifications are described here. The PRORIA code analyzes the transient response of the core against the reactivity increase caused by the control rod rapid withdrawal. The code solves and analyzes neutronic and thermal–hydraulic equations simultaneously. The code is designed for western PWR-type reactor performance. The equations representing thermal–hydraulic and neutronic should be modified to use the code to analyze VVER-1000 reactor core transients, because The VVER-1000 reactor fuel has a central hole in the fuel pellet. In a cylindrical solid fuel pellet, operation of an oxide fuel material at high temperature alters its morphology and the inner region is restructured to form a void at the center surrounded by a dense fuel region. Most of the restructuring occurs within the first few days of operation with slow changes afterward. Hence, the effects of a central hole in mathematical equations and in the transient are investigated. After the code modification, three accident scenarios with control rod ejection are simulated. The results are in good agreement with those reported in the plant’s FSAR. The results show that the peak fuel temperature in the hot fuel pin is lower than what the original code predicts by 150–500 °C. Furthermore, the Doppler reactivity effect, when the fuel pellet has a central hole, is higher than the solid fuel pellet.     

On the automated assessment of nuclear reactor systems code accuracy

An automated code assessment program (ACAP) has been developed to provide quantitative comparisons between nuclear reactor systems (NRS) code results and experimental measurements. The tool provides a suite of metrics for quality of fit to specific data sets, and the means to produce one or more figures of merit (FOM) for a code, based on weighted averages of results from the batch execution of a large number of code–experiment and code–code data comparisons. Accordingly, this tool has the potential to significantly streamline the verification and validation (V and V) processes in NRS code development environments which are characterized by rapidly evolving software, many contributing developers and a large and growing body of validation data. In this paper, a survey of data conditioning and analysis techniques is summarized which focuses on their relevance to NRS code accuracy assessment. A number of methods are considered for their applicability to the automated assessment of the accuracy of NRS code simulations. A variety of data types and computational modeling methods are considered from a spectrum of mathematical and engineering disciplines. The goal of the survey was to identify needs, issues and techniques to be considered in the development of an automated code assessment procedure, to be used in United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) advanced thermal–hydraulic T/H code consolidation efforts. The ACAP software was designed based in large measure on the findings of this survey. An overview of this tool is summarized and several NRS data applications are provided. The paper is organized as follows: The motivation for this work is first provided by background discussion that summarizes the relevance of this subject matter to the nuclear reactor industry. Next, the spectrum of NRS data types are classified into categories, in order to provide a basis for assessing individual comparison methods. Then, a summary of the survey is provided, where each of the relevant issues and techniques considered are addressed. Several of the methods have been coded and/or applied to relevant NRS code–data comparisons and these demonstration calculations are included. Next, an overview of the basic design, structure and operational mechanics of ACAP is provided. Then, a summary of the data pre-processing, data analysis and FOM assembly processing elements of the software is included. Lastly, a number of NRS sample applications are presented which illustrate the functionality of the code and its ability to provide objective accuracy measures.