飞翼无人机着陆过程中的抗侧风控制研究

飞翼布局无人机的无尾布局给横侧向的稳定与控制带来困难,尤其是下降阶段有侧风时的航迹控制.带侧滑保持航向和带偏流保持航向是常用的两种抗侧风策略,为解决稳定性控制,研究了两种策略的优缺点,并针对两种控制策略分别设计了横航向抗侧风控制器.结合飞翼布局无人机的特点,在着陆过程中的不同阶段选择不同的抗侧风策略,在进场和下滑初始阶段采用带偏流保持航向方式,在下滑到一定高度时转为带侧滑保持航向的控制策略.仿真结果表明,选择的控制策略以及设计的控制器合理、可行,满足飞翼无人机着陆阶段的抗侧风要求.     

伪逆法在无人机安全着陆控制中的应用

鉴于着陆控制律设计相对飞机普通模态控制律设计较复杂的情况,由于飞翼布局无人机着陆过程中出现左升降舵卡死。针对这一特定故障采用伪逆法进行了着陆控制律重构设计。充分利用伪逆法结构简单且无需改变原控制律的优点,在非线性建模中,由于飞翼布局无人机的特殊气动布局和结构特点,考虑了纵向与横侧向的耦合性。同时,利用Matlab/Simu-link仿真工具进行了线性仿真和非线性验证,仿真结果验证了无人机仍能够实现安全着陆,且重构设计方法简单有效。     

飞翼式UCAV着陆段纵向飞行控制律研究

针对飞翼式无人机着陆段的控制要求,需要精心设计纵向内回路控制律及着陆轨迹曲线,从而实现着陆轨迹的精确跟踪;采用线性矩阵不等式(LMI)方法设计了纵向姿态回路控制律,在设计过程中结合了线性二次型原理,并实现了区域极点配置、控制量约束等多目标控制;在此基础上,设计了着陆轨迹曲线并进行了非线性仿真试验;仿真结果表明,飞机着陆段性能达到了设计要求,并且优于常规的PID控制,从而验证了设计方案的可行性.     

飞机着陆全面控制的直接反馈线性化设计及仿真

应用直接反馈线性化的方法来设计非线性飞机模型自动着陆全面控制系统。首先以飞机原始非线性十二阶微分方程为对象,利用直接反馈线性化(DFL)理论对飞机原始非线性方程进行线性化,将原系统等效于一个六阶的线性系统。然后设计了自动着陆控制系统控制律,并进行了仿真,仿真结果满足飞机自动着陆各项指标要求,表明所设计的自动着陆控制系统具有较强的鲁棒性。     

菱形翼布局无人机自抗扰直接升力着陆控制

针对采用传统的着陆控制方法时,菱形翼布局无人机存在着陆俯仰姿态角为负,对无人机着陆不利的情况,提出一种采用直接升力进行着陆的控制方案,可以实现着陆轨迹与着陆姿态之间的解耦,使得无人机可以以较好的姿态进行着陆.采用自抗扰控制(ADRC)方法分别设计了无人机非线性直接升力控制律以及着陆轨迹跟踪控制律.仿真结果表明:采用ADRC设计的非线性直接升力控制律可以实现直接升力控制的3种模式,并且对气动参数摄动具有较强的鲁棒性;采用直接升力着陆控制方法可以使得无人机以有利的姿态进行着陆,同时在近地面突风作用下,无人机依然可以以较好的姿态进行着陆.     

基于特征结构配置的飞翼无人机纵向控制律设计与试飞验证

针对飞翼无人机的纵向、横侧向静稳定性较差,飞机纵向短周期模态稳定性不足等问题,以某小型飞翼无人机为对象,研究了特征结构配置方法,并提出了基于特征结构配置方法的前向增益型、误差积分型控制律设计方案;利用线性模型设计了该飞机的纵向控制律,通过非线性仿真分析、飞翼无人机的试飞验证了该控制方案的可行性与有效性;仿真及试飞结果表明:采用特征结构配置方法设计的飞行控制系统具有较好的控制效果,改善了飞翼飞机的飞行品质.     

基于干扰估计的非对称运动下飞机刹车系统模型预测控制

针对飞机在非对称运动下的双侧机轮协调控制问题, 提出一种基于滑模干扰估计的模型预测控制方法. 首先, 通过对飞机制动过程横纵方向力矩机理分析并分别考虑左右机轮对刹车性能的影响, 建立全面刻画系统动态的地面滑跑动力学模型. 在此基础上, 设计滑模观测器对侧风干扰进行实时估计, 利用补偿机制实现对侧风扰动的有效抑制. 此外, 提出基于前轮荷载状态门限特征和结合系数阈值范围特征的分析方法, 解决切换跑道环境辨识问题. 设计非线性模型预测算法, 实现飞机纵向防滑刹车和横向跑道纠偏的协调控制. 最后, 在侧风干扰、跑道切换以及不对称着陆等情况下进行仿真实验, 验证了所提出的控制策略能够有效提升刹车系统的防滑效率及纠偏性能.     

鲁棒控制在飞翼无人机控制律设计中的应用

与常规无人机相比,飞翼布局无人机有其特殊的操稳特性;为了保证飞翼布局无人机具有良好的操稳特性,飞行控制系统的控制性能和鲁棒性能要求更高;首先介绍了基于LMI的鲁棒H2/H∞控制理论,然后采用LMI工具箱设计了某型飞翼布局无人机纵向增稳控制系统的控制律,得到增稳后的无人机纵向模态特性,同时对升降舵操纵、风切变和测量噪声进行了动态特性仿真;结果表明,设计的控制律改善了飞机的动态特性,具有良好鲁棒性能和抑制外界干扰的能力.     

自抗扰实现飞翼布局无人机全包线飞行控制

本文以大展弦比飞翼布局无人机为研究对象,基于线性自抗扰控制(linear active disturbance rejection control,LADRC)理论设计了包含内环姿态控制和外环轨迹控制的全包线飞行控制器.在姿态控制中,提出一种抗时滞LADRC控制方法,可以有效解决控制延迟和执行机构动态特性引起的LADRC响应振荡;在轨迹控制中,考虑飞翼布局无人机的气动特性,分别设计了高度、航向、侧向偏离等常用飞行模态的跟踪控制器.仿真结果表明,在气动参数存在不确定性及强风干扰的全包线环境中连续飞行时,所设计的控制器具有较好的控制性能和较强的鲁棒特性.与常规全包线控制方案相比,本文设计的全包线飞行控制器待整定参数较少,参数整定过程相对简单,为进一步的工程应用提供了参考.     

现代军机着陆数学模型研究

对飞机着陆过程及运动特性进行了较为详细的研究,建立了飞机着陆滑行的全量非线性运动方程.由于没有对刚体运动模型和气动数据进行线性化处理,因此该模型比较准确地反应现代军机实际运动特性.在VC 编译环境下建立的仿真系统进行了仿真,结果表明模型可用.     

Optimization of airplane wing structures under landing loads

A methodology is presented for the optimum design of aircraft wing structures subjected to landing loads. The stresses developed in the wing during landing are computed by considering the interaction between the landing gear and the flexible airplane structure. The landing gear is assumed to have nonlinear characteristics typical of conventional gears, namely, velocity squared damping, polytropic air-compression springing and exponential tire force-deflection characteristics. The coupled nonlinear differential equations of motion that arise in the landing analysis are solved by using a step-by-step numerical integration technique. In order to find the behavior of the wing structure under landing loads and also to obtain a physical insight into the nature of the optimum solution, the design of the typical section (symmetric double-wedge airfoil) is studied by using a graphical procedure. Then a more realistic wing optimization problem is formulated as a constrained nonlinear programming problem based on finite element modeling. The optimum solutions are found by using the interior penalty function method. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to find the effect of changes in design variables about the optimum point on the various response parameters on the wing structure.     

基于扩张状态观测器的UCAV自适应滑模控制

针对固定翼UCAV（Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle）系统中存在的不确定性和外部扰动，设计了一种基于扩张状态观测器的自适应超扭曲滑模控制器用来抑制系统扰动，从而提高对于UCAV的控制性能。建立固定翼UCAV的六自由度非线性模型，针对姿态控制和速度控制分别设计扩张状态观测器对模型中难以精确测量的状态量和外部扰动进行估计，依据奇异摄动原理分别对姿态和速度设计自适应超扭曲滑模控制器，实现对UCAV的姿态和速度的跟踪控制。采用某型固定翼UCAV非线性模型对所设计的控制器进行仿真验证，并且与传统的自抗扰滑模控制方法进行了对比，仿真结果表明，基于扩张状态观测器的自适应超扭曲滑模控制器具有更小的超调量和稳态误差。     

单目变焦摄像机自运动的标定测量法

为了在单目摄像机变焦情况下测量其自运动参数,提出一种单目变焦摄像机自运动的参数标定测量法。在飞行平台着陆过程中,固连其上的单目俯视摄像机对包含已知世界坐标的特征点的静态着陆平面进行连续拍摄,该方法利用单帧图像可解算得到摄像机拍摄当时的等效焦距及其相对于着陆平面的6自由度位置,结合多帧信息即可对摄像机自运动的运动速度进行估计,进而转换为飞行平台的着陆运动参数。实验结果证明该方法可行有效。     

Decentralized nonlinear robust control of UAVs in close formation

This paper treats the design of a decentralized nonlinear robust control system for formation flying of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In close formation, it is assumed that vortex of any UAV affects the motion of all the UAVs behind it. The forces produced by these vortices are complex functions of relative position co‐ordinates of the UAVs. In this paper, these forces are treated as unknown functions, which cannot be parameterized. Since the system is not invertible in the wind axes system, a simplified co‐ordinate system obtained from the wind axes system for which the velocity roll (bank angle) is zero, is considered for the design of the control system. A nonlinear robust control system for the separation trajectory control of the wing aircraft in the simplified wind coordinate system is derived. Uncertain functions and unmeasured variables are estimated using a high‐gain observer for the synthesis of the control system. Each wing UAV synthesizes its control law using its own state variables and the relative position of the preceding UAV with respect to the wing UAV. Thus the control system is decentralized since each UAV has to communicate (depending on sensors for position measurement) with at most one (preceding) UAV, and no data transmission from the remaining vehicles is required. Simulation results for two UAVs are presented which show precise separation trajectory control of each wing UAV in spite of the presence of unknown and unstructured vortex forces, while the lead aircraft maneuvers. Furthermore, these results confirm that when the wing aircraft is positioned properly in the vortex of the lead aircraft, it experiences reduction in its required flight power. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于能量管理的飞翼飞行器迫降轨迹设计

针对飞翼类飞行器迫降轨迹设计问题,建立力学运动模型对无动力滑翔过程进行分析,采用满足始末端约束和飞行器性能约束的Dubins轨迹进行轨迹搜索,并提出根据迫降初始能量状态采用广义Dubins类型航线规划低能迫降轨迹和高能迫降轨迹。通过批量仿真验证了迫降飞行阶段分段管理和能量实时评估实现迫降轨迹设计的方法使飞行器精确回收到迫降点的同时兼具适应环境干扰的鲁棒性,对实际工程应用具有重要意义。     

Autonomous Adaptive Control System for Airplane Landing

The paper presents a new autonomous adaptive system for the control of airplanes during landing in longitudinal plane. For the first stage of landing in longitudinal plane, the main variables to be controlled are the glide slope angle and longitudinal velocity; during the second main stage of landing in longitudinal plane, the vertical velocity error and the airplane's longitudinal velocity are controlled. The new robust control architecture has linear subsystems, for which the relative degrees are calculated; the new architecture will also consists of a dynamic compensator, a linear observer, and two reference models, their design being accomplished with respect to the calculated relative degrees. The signal estimated by the observer is useful for training a neural network – an adaptive subsystem of the architecture that provides the adaptive component of the control law. In the case of actuators having nonlinear dynamics, pseudo control hedging blocks are used to cancel the adapting difficulties of the neural networks. The new adaptive architecture is software implemented and validated by complex numerical simulations.     

飞翼布局舰载无人机自主着舰技术研究

舰载无人机自主着舰是舰载机飞行过程中技术复杂、风险最大的环节之一。舰尾流等着舰环境以及甲板的运动是导致着舰产生严重偏差的主要原因。为了掌握环境对着舰过程的影响,需对舰尾流、甲板运动进行建模仿真,尽量真实地反映出理想着舰点的运动情况。在此基础上根据飞翼布局无人机的动力学特性和着舰的技术要求针对飞机纵向着舰设计出理想的下滑轨迹和纵向通道采用高度跟踪控制,横侧向通道采用侧向偏离控制,发动机通道采用基于迎角恒定的动力补偿控制的控制策略。最后结合舰载无人机动力学模型在舰尾流以及甲板运动仿真中实现垂直高度偏差在理想值正负0.78m内、水平位置误差在理想值正负6.1m内的精确着舰,并对方法进行评估验证。     

Landing Auto‐Pilots for Aircraft Motion in Longitudinal Plane using Adaptive Control Laws Based on Neural Networks and Dynamic Inversion

This paper presents two new automatic landing systems (ALSs) for aircraft motion in longitudinal plane; the model of the landing geometry determines the flight trajectory and the aircraft calculated altitude; the flight trajectory during landing consists of two parts: the glide slope and the flare. Both designed ALSs have an adaptive system (ACS) for the aircraft output's control; for the first ALS, the output vector consists of the flying altitude and the longitudinal velocity, while, for the second ALS, the output variables are the pitch angle and the longitudinal velocity of aircraft. The second variant of ALS also contains an altitude controller providing the calculated pitch angle. The calculated altitude (for the first ALS), the calculated pitch angle (for the second ALS), and the desired flight velocity are provided to the ACS by means of a block consisting of two reference models. ACS is based on the dynamic inversion concept and contains an adaptive controller which includes a linear dynamic compensator, a state observer, a neural network, and a Pseudo Control Hedging block. The paper is focused both on the design of the two ALSs and on their complex software implementation and validation.     

PID landing orbit motion controller for an indoor blimp robot

Blimp robots are attractive as indoor flying robots because they can float in the air, land safely with low energy, and stay in motion for a long time compared with other flying robots. However, controlling blimp robots is difficult because they have nonlinear characteristics, are influenced by air streams, and can easily be influenced by inertia. Therefore, a robust and adaptive control system is needed for blimp robots. The applied research that has studied the features of indoor flying robots in recent years has prospered. Operating an indoor blimp robot for a long time is difficult because the payload is small, multiple batteries cannot be stacked, and the design of a thruster that gives freedom to the entire blimp robot is difficult. Therefore, an autonomous charge that allows operation for a long time is needed. We have developed a method of landing with orbital control of the charge point that gives autonomy to a blimp robot. The possibility of landing with orbital control is shown. This work was presented in part at the 10th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, February 4–6, 2005 An erratum to this article is available at .