分置式斯特林制冷机排出器运动阻尼的在线辨识

依据伪随机相关分析方法对分置式斯林制冷机排出器的运动阻尼进行了在线辨识，提出了经过优化的辨识实验方案，辨识结果揭示了制冷机降温过程中排出器运动阻尼随制冷温度下降的重要变化特征。     

自由活塞式斯特林制冷机压缩活塞间隙密封泄漏的数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法,基于压力波和活塞位移波的简谐变化规律,对自由活塞式斯特林制冷机压缩活塞与气缸的间隙密封内氦气建立数值模型,模拟了间隙内氦气在不同工况下的层流流动。结果显示在一个周期内,流过间隙密封的气体体积净流量为0,质量净流量不为0,净流量方向从压缩腔流向背压腔,会造成活塞在工作中向压缩腔偏移。分析结果显示压力波和间隙宽度对泄漏量的影响较大,随充气压力、压比以及间隙的增大,泄漏量增加;活塞运动对其影响较小,当活塞位移波与压力波的相位差小于90°时,相位差增大,泄漏量增加,活塞频率增大,泄漏量增加。     

小孔型脉管制冷机动态特性的实验研究

本文建立了小孔型脉管制冷机实验台，通过测量制冷机中动态的压力、示功图、制冷温度和制冷量，研究了阀门开度对制冷过程的影响。多路旁通方案比常规小孔和双向进气方案获得更低的制冷温度，达到２３．８Ｋ，且Ｐ－Ｖ功最小。随着小孔开度增大，压缩腔和脉管中压力的相位差增大，压缩腔中压比增大，而脉管中压比减小，Ｐ－Ｖ功增大。双向进气阀和多路旁通阀开度的影响恰好与小孔的影响相反，有利于制冷过程。     

气动斯特林制冷机关键参数的模拟与实验

为了深入探索气动斯特林制冷机关键参数与制冷机性能的内在关联与规律,以振动力学为基础,通过数值模拟与实验研究得到了阻尼、刚度和制冷量、功耗、位移幅值与相位等参数的关系。研究结果表明,膨胀机阻尼降低了冷指的COP;弹簧刚度增大,导致位移相位增大,存在最优刚度使冷端的质量流滞后于压力波30°。     

冷却水温对大冷量斯特林制冷机性能的影响

对一台大冷量整体式斯特林制冷机开展了冷却水温影响的研究。充气压力1.85 MPa时,冷却水进水温度每升高5℃,77 K制冷量实验值减小约40 W,COP实验值降低约0.4%。77 K制冷温度下,压缩腔工质平均压力、制冷机输入功和水冷器换热量随冷却水温升高而增大。提高充气压力,发现冷却水温度变化对制冷性能的影响几乎不变。     

低温冰箱自由活塞式斯特林制冷机模拟与优化

自由活塞斯特林制冷机具有高效紧凑,适合中低温制冷等优点。对用于低温冰箱自由活塞式斯特林制冷机进行了一维建模,并实现整机性能的模拟与优化。在考虑各种空体积的情况下,模拟分析了压缩活塞PV功和相位角的变化对整机性能的影响,获得了制冷机运行的最佳相位。对比了环形回热器的填料及填充方式对自由活塞式斯特林制冷机的性能影响,及对应材料下回热器的轴向导热损失情况。模拟了制冷机性能随回热器空隙率和制冷温度的变化情况,计算分析了回热器内部的不可逆损失随空隙率的变化情况,并且获得了不同温度下的最佳空隙率。最后,为了获得好的制冷性能,优化不同制冷温度的回热器设计参数及膨胀活塞与气缸壁的密封间隙宽度。     

牛津型斯特林制冷机的动力特性分析

为了提高牛津型斯特林制冷机的制冷效率,提出了一种应用数值软件进行动力特性研究的方法。总结分析了压缩机、膨胀机的板弹簧刚度和活塞质量,充气压力,膨胀机位移相位角,膨胀机活塞行程以及制冷温度对制冷机动力特性的影响规律。优化了制冷机的动力系统,实验验证了该方法的可行性。研究结果表明,优化后制冷机的压缩机电机效率和整机效率均有所提高。     

直线压缩机喷射补气特性分析

本文针对直线压缩机的喷射补气特性开展研究,基于直线压缩机电磁学模型、动力学模型和小孔进气模型,建立了喷射补气式直线压缩机及压缩腔仿真模型并进行了实验验证,研究了补气压力和参数调节对压缩机运行参数的影响。结果表明：喷射补气使吸气阀滞后开启和提前关闭,低压吸气量减小,排气量增大。在吸气压力为62.5 kPa、排气压力为765 kPa条件下,补气压力为200 kPa时,吸气量降低61%,排气量提升50%;补气压力为400 kPa时,低压无吸气,排气量相比于200 kPa补气时提升60%。给定供电参数条件下,喷射补气使自由活塞行程、偏移量与余隙容积增大,固有频率有一定的提高;定余隙容积运行时,随着补气压力的提升,气体力等效刚度和等效阻尼均增大。固定频率下,行程增大时吸气量随之增大,而补气流量达一定值后基本保持不变;频率调节时,压缩机在固有频率附近吸、补气量存在最大值,驱动频率较高时补气对吸气量的降低影响减弱。     

一种气动弹簧内置结构的斯特林制冷机设计

设计了一台100 W/77 K的分置式大冷量斯特林制冷机,其中气动弹簧组内置于空心排出器中,缩小了膨胀机的轴向尺寸。热端膨胀腔与压缩腔之间通过辐射状分布的分离式"明渠"结构通气槽连通,降低了加工难度。压缩机为对置式双气浮活塞结构,最大输入功率2 kW。介绍了该制冷机的热力设计和动力设计,给出了参数设计结果,最后分析了压缩机各类损失对制冷效率的影响。模拟结果表明,在1 064 W的PV功下,制冷机77 K可以获得104 W制冷量,当压缩机效率大于85%,热端温度20℃时,电功消耗小于1 252 W,比卡诺效率大于23%。     

排出器等效机械阻尼对自由活塞斯特林制冷机性能影响的数值模拟

针对一台设计目标为300 W@80 K自由活塞斯特林制冷机,数值计算研究了排出器等效机械阻尼R_m对制冷机性能的影响及其作用机理。研究发现,R_m对制冷机的影响主要有两方面,一是直接影响排出器处的摩擦损失,导致制冷机性能变化;其次是改变了系统的声场分布,导致其他核心部件如回热器和换热器的损失变化。此外,制冷机入口声阻抗特性随之发生变化并进一步影响制冷机与压缩机的耦合性能。计算结果表明,维持制冷机输入声功1 363 W不变,当R_m由25 Ns/m增大至100 Ns/m时,制冷机制冷量由194.7 W降低至160.9 W,相对卡诺效率由38.9%降低至32.2%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...