平纹编织碳纤维增韧碳化硅复合材料的力学性能及损伤演化

通过平纹编织碳纤维增韧碳化硅复合材料的拉伸、压缩和剪切的单向与循环加–卸载实验,分别研究了材料在拉伸载荷、压缩载荷和剪切载荷作用下的力学性能和损伤演化过程。结果表明:在压缩载荷作用下,材料的压缩性能下降很小,基体开裂,纤维界面脱粘和纤维束断裂为主要的失效机理;材料在拉伸和剪切载荷作用下,损伤演化过程有所区别。材料拉伸损伤演化经历损伤初始阶段、损伤加速阶段和损伤减缓阶段,为韧性断裂,损伤破坏主要表现为:基体开裂、横向纤维束开裂,界面层脱粘、层间剥离和纤维断裂;在剪切载荷作用下,经历损伤加速阶段和损伤减缓阶段,基体开裂、界面层脱粘和纤维断裂为主要的损伤机理,试样最后在最窄截面位置形成平断面。基于实验研究结果,采用回归分析方法,分别给出了材料在拉伸载荷和剪切载荷作用下损伤演化方程式。     

三维针刺碳纤维增强SiC复合材料在加载-卸载下的拉伸行为

对T300碳纤维增强三维针刺碳纤维增强SiC(C/SiC)复合材料(纤维体积含量为30%)的单调和加载-卸载拉伸载荷下的拉伸行为进行了研究.结果表明:T300碳纤维增强三维针刺C/SiC复合材料的拉伸强度和断裂应变分别为129.6MPa和0.61%.单调和加载-卸载拉伸应力-应变曲线均为非线性变化,主要是复合材料中裂纹的扩展,界面相脱黏和滑移,以及纤维的逐步断裂和拔出所致,使得复合材料在拉伸载荷下呈非脆性破坏.卸载应力水平对卸载后的残余应变和再加载模量有较大影响.卸载应力小于80 MPa时,随着卸载应力的增加,残余应变线性增加,模量线性降低:卸载应力高于80MPa时,二者随着卸载应力的增加而呈二次函数快速变化.     

化学气相渗透2.5维C/SiC复合材料的拉伸性能

采用等温减压化学气相浸渗(isothermal low-pressure chemical vapor infiltration,ILCVI)工艺制备了在厚度方向上具有纤维增强的2.5维(2.5 dimensional,2.5D)碳纤维增强碳化硅多层陶瓷基复合材料,从而使一端封口的防热结构部件的制备成为可能.ILCVI致密化后,复合材料的密度、孔隙率分别为1.95～2.1 g/cm3和16.5%～18%.沿经纱和纬纱两个方向对2.5D C/SiC复合材料进行室温拉伸实验.结果表明:复合材料在纵向和横向的拉伸应力-应变均表现为明显的非线性行为.复合材料具有较高的面内拉伸性能,纵横向的拉伸强度分别为326MPa和145MPa,断裂应变分别为0.697%和0.705%.复合材料的拉伸断裂为典型的韧性断裂,经纱和纬纱的断裂都表现为纤维的多级台阶式断裂以及纤维的大量拔出.     

2D-SiC/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的拉伸本构模型研究

通过单向拉伸试验,研究了2D-SiC/SiC复合材料的应力-应变行为.结果表明,材料单向拉伸应力-应变曲线表现出明显的双线性特征,且线弹性段较长.通过试件断口照片,分析了2D-SiC/SiC复合材料单向拉伸破坏机理和损伤模式.基于对损伤过程的假设,建立了二维连续纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料的双线性本构模型,并将其应用于2D-SiC/SiC复合材料的应力-应变曲线模拟,模拟结果与试验值吻合很好.同时,分析计算表明,2D-SiC/SiC复合材料的单轴拉伸行为主要由纵向纤维柬决定,横向纤维对材料的整体模量和强度贡献很小.     

二维机织碳纤维/碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料损伤分析

利用声发射技术全程监测二维机织C／SiC复合材料拉伸实验,通过声发射多参数分析法和断口显微观察,结合材料拉伸应力-变曲线,分析了二维机织C／SiC复合材料拉伸损伤演化过程和损伤机理。结果表明：材料拉伸损伤演化经历3个阶段：第一阶段为无损伤阶段,材料无损伤发生;第二阶段为损伤初始阶段．损伤主要为微裂纹开裂．并且微裂纹开裂基本上均匀发生在样品工作段;第三阶段为损伤加速阶段,损伤主要为宏观基体、界面开裂和纤维束断裂．井且集中发生在断口区域。损伤第二阶段与第三阶段的转换点在拉伸强度的76％左右,转换点的确定对二维机织C／SiC复合材料工程应用有重要意义。     

三维编织Cf/SiC复合材料的拉伸破坏行为

通过三维编织碳纤维(carbon fiber，Cf)／SiC复合材料样品单向拉伸以及单向拉伸加卸载实验．结合样品断口观察．从宏观上分析了三维编织Cf／SiC复合材料单向拉伸时的力学响应，为进一步描述三维编织Cf／SiC复合材料力学行为奠定了实验基础。实验结果表明：三维编织Cf／SiC复合材料单向拉伸时，卸载模量衰减与应力呈线性关系，残余应变的增加与应力呈二次函数关系。微裂纹主要在编织节点处萌生，沿纤维束界面扩展，最终在编织节点处汇合，导致样品发生破坏。     

单向碳/碳复合材料高温拉伸行为失效机理研究

碳/碳复合材料是一种耐高温、耐摩擦的新型复合材料。为了研究碳/碳复合材料在高温环境拉伸载荷作用下的损伤和失效机理,针对有、无抗氧化涂层(以下简称"涂层")[0]_(16)单向板碳/碳复合材料,开展了700℃下轴向拉伸测试,并对相应试验件的断口进行了SEM显微观测分析。拉伸试验结果表明:有涂层单向碳/碳复合材料在700℃下的应力-应变曲线呈线性,相比于室温,700℃下有涂层单向碳/碳复合材料的拉伸强度和弹性模量均得到了强化;无涂层单向碳/碳复合材料在700℃下的应力-应变曲线呈高度非线性,相应的力学性能下降明显。显微观测结果表明:试验700℃下有涂层单向碳/碳复合材料纤维束损伤形式为纤维束内纤维拉伸破坏、基体开裂和纤维拔出破坏;无涂层单向碳/碳复合材料纤维束断口变细且呈散状分布。     

基体韧性和铺层方式对角层混杂纤维复合材料拉伸性能的影响

本文研究了基体韧性和铺层方式对± 4 5°铺层的玻璃纤维、碳纤维及其混杂纤维复合材料拉伸断裂性能和损伤行为的影响。实验结果表明 ,采用混杂纤维有利于提高复合材料的拉伸强度和断裂应变 ,呈正的混杂效应 ;基体韧性的增加可以改善纤维复合材料的抗损伤能力     

二维三轴编织复合材料的开孔静力学性能及失效行为

为考察典型二维三轴编织复合材料(2DTBC)在开孔条件下的静力学性能及失效机理，采用机器人辅助二维三轴编织及真空树脂灌注工艺成型制备了2DTBC试样，并分别考察了其在开孔拉伸(OHT)、开孔压缩(OHC)、单钉单剪(SBS)及单钉双剪(SBD)四种典型开孔静力测试下的力学响应及失效行为。结果表明：较传统层合板而言，2DTBC的开孔性能保持率显著提高，轴向及横向开孔拉伸强度保持率分别达到94.77%和96.88%，轴向及横向开孔压缩强度保持率分别达到93.25%和82.74%。OHT试样的失效模式表现为纤维束断裂、纤维束拉拔损伤、基体破坏和界面分层损伤。OHC试样的失效模式表现为纤维束屈曲失效、分层损伤和基体破坏。SBS及SBD试样的失效模式主要表现为螺钉连接处的分层、纤维束开裂及基体破坏，且试样在达到载荷峰值后没有立即失效，表现出了较好的能量吸收能力。     

基于深度学习的平纹Cf/SiC复合材料原位拉伸损伤演化与断裂分析

为揭示平纹C_f/SiC复合材料的拉伸损伤演化及失效机理,开展了X射线CT原位拉伸试验,获得材料的三维重构图像,利用深度学习的图像分割方法,准确识别出拉伸裂纹并实现其三维可视化。分析了平纹C_f/SiC复合材料损伤演化与失效机理,基于裂纹的三维可视化结果对材料损伤进行了定量表征。结果表明:平纹C_f/SiC复合材料的拉伸力学行为呈现非线性,拉伸过程中主要出现基体开裂、界面脱黏、纤维断裂及纤维拔出等损伤;初始缺陷易引起材料损伤,孔隙多的部位裂纹数量也多;纤维束外基体裂纹可扩展至纤维束内部,并发生裂纹偏转。基于深度学习的智能图像分割方法为定量评估陶瓷基复合材料损伤演化与失效机理提供了有效分析手段。     

Constitutive model and failure criterion for orthotropic ceramic matrix composites under macroscopic plane stress

To predict the nonlinear stress-strain behavior and the rupture strength of orthotropic ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) under macroscopic plane stress, a concise damage-based mechanical theory including a new constitutive model and two kinds of failure criteria was developed in the framework of continuum damage mechanics (CDM). The damage constitutive model was established using strain partitioning and damage decoupling methods. Meanwhile, the failure criteria were formulated in terms of damage energy release rate (DERR) in order to correlate the failure property of CMCs with damage driving forces, and the maximum DERR criterion and the interactive DERR criterion were suggested simultaneously. For the sake of model evaluation, the theory was applied to a typical CMC with damageable and nonlinear behavior, that is, 2D-C/SiC. The damage evolution law, strain response and rupture strength under incremental cyclic tension along both on-axis and off-axis directions were completely investigated. Comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental data illustrates that the newly developed mechanical theory is potential to give reasonable and accurate results of both stress-strain response and failure property for orthotropic CMCs.     

Mechanical response and crack propagation of oil well cement under dynamic and static loads

The dynamic mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of three types of oil well cement with different formulations were investigated using a Φ50?mm split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and quasi-static mechanical tests were conducted with a hydraulic universal testing machine. The stress-strain diagram, time-stress diagram, total energy absorption diagram, and the dynamic growth factor (DIF) under different strain rates were obtained. The crack propagation process of the oil well cement under dynamic loading is evaluated using high-speed photography to determine the fracture mechanism. The test results show that the strength of the cement increases under a dynamic impact. The compressive strength of the pure cement increases from 37?MPa to 184.80?MPa under static loading. However, the peak stress of the cement stone strengthened with cellulose fiber is lower under a dynamic load than a static load. Under dynamic loading, the absorption energy is higher for the pure cement stone than for the cement stone reinforced with whiskers and cellulose. Furthermore, the crack initiation, crack propagation, and fracture characteristics of the oil well cement are different under dynamic and static loads. Under a static load, the rupture of the cement is the result of the propagation of the tensile cracks. Under dynamic loading, there are fewer micro cracks on the cement surface and a composite fracture results from tensile and shear cracks.     

In-situ tensile damage and fracture behavior of PIP SiC/SiC minicomposites at room temperature

In-situ tensile damage and fracture behavior of original SiC fiber bundles, processed and uncoated SiC fiber bundles, SiC fiber bundle with PyC interphase, SiC/SiC minicomposites without/with PyC interphase are analyzed. Relationships between load-displacement curves, stress-strain curves, and micro damage mechanisms are established. A micromechanical approach is developed to predict the stress-strain curves of SiC/SiC minicomposites for different damage stages. Experimental tensile stress-strain curves of two different SiC fiber reinforced SiC matrix without/with interphase are predicted. Evolution of composite’s tangent modulus, interface debonding fraction, and broken fiber fraction with increasing applied stress is analyzed. For the BX™ and Cansas-3303™ SiC/SiC minicomposite with interphase, the composite’s tangent modulus decreased with applied stress especially approaching tensile fracture; the interface debonding fraction increased with applied stress, and the composite’s tensile fracture occurred with partial interface debonding; and the broken fiber fraction increased with applied stress, and most of fiber’s failure occurred approaching final tensile fracture.     

Tensile Creep and Creep-Strain Recovery Behavior of Silicon Carbide Fiber/Calcium Aluminosilicate Matrix Ceramic Composites

The tensile creep and creep strain recovery behavior of 0° and 0°/90° Nicalon-fiber/calcium aluminosilicate matrix composites was investigated at 1200°C in high-purity argon. For the 0° composite, the 100-h creep rate ranged from approximately 4.6 × 10⁻⁹ s⁻¹ at 60 MPa to 2.2 × 10⁻⁸ s⁻¹ at 200 MPa. At 60 MPa, the creep rate of the 0°/90° composite was approximately the same as that found for the 0° composite, even though the 0°/90° composite had only one-half the number of fibers in the loading direction. Upon unloading, the composites exhibited viscous strain recovery. For a loading history involving 100 h of creep at 60 MPa, followed by 100 h of recovery at 2 MPa, approximately 27% of the prior creep strain was recovered for the 0° composite and 49% for the 0°/90° composite. At low stresses (60 and 120 MPa), cavities formed in the matrix, but there was no significant fiber or matrix damage. For moderate stresses (200 MPa), periodic fiber rupture occurred. At high stresses (250 MPa), matrix fracture and rupture of the highly stressed bridging fibers limited the creep life to under 70 min.     

Effect of Loading Rate on the Monotonic Tensile Behavior of a Continuous-Fiber-Reinforced Glass-Ceramic Matrix Composite

The stress-strain behavior of a continuous-fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite has been measured over a wide range of loading rates (0.01 to 500 MPa/s). It was found that the loading rate has a strong effect on almost every feature of the stress-strain curve: The proportionality stress, the composite strength and failure strain increase with increasing loading rate. The microstructural damage varies also with the loading rate; with increasing loading rate, the average matrix crack spacing increases and the average fiber pullout length decreases. Using simple models, it is suggested that these phenomena are caused partly by time-dependent matrix cracking (due to stress corrosion) and partly by an increasing interfacial shear stress with loading rate.     

Quasi-static and dynamic compressive fracture behavior of carbon/carbon composites

To understand the dynamic compressive fracture behavior of carbon/carbon composites, their compressive behavior was investigated at a strain rate of 500/s using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar. Quasi-static compressive tests were conducted on a universal test machine and compared with those at high strain rate. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the compressive fracture surfaces. The results show that the compressive strength and stiffness are increased at high strain rate. Fiber failure under quasi-static compressive loading is characterized by fiber bundle debonding, breakage and pull-out, while the fiber failure under dynamic compressive loading is characterized by multiple splitting without extensive debonding.     

Effect of multiple loading sequence on time-dependent stress rupture of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites

In this paper, the effect of multiple loading sequence on time-dependent stress rupture of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) at intermediate temperatures in oxidative environment is investigated. Considering multiple damage mechanisms, a micromechanical constitutive model for time-dependent stress rupture is developed to determine damage evolution of matrix crack spacing, interface debonding and oxidation length, and fiber failure probability under single and multiple loading sequences. The relationships between multiple loading sequence, composite strain evolution, time, matrix cracking, interface debonding and oxidation, and fiber fracture are established. The effects of fiber volume, matrix crack spacing, interface shear stress in the slip and oxidation region, and environment temperature on the stress/time-dependent strain, interface debonding and oxidation fraction, and fiber broken fraction of SiC/SiC composite are analyzed. The experimental stress rupture of SiC/SiC composite under single and multiple loading sequences at 950°C in air atmosphere is predicted. Compared with single loading stress, multiple loading sequence affects the interface debonding and oxidation fraction in the debonding region, leading to the higher fiber broken fraction and shorter stress-rupture lifetime.     

High-Temperature Tensile Behavior of a Boron Nitride-Coated Silicon Carbide-Fiber Glass-Ceramic Composite

Tensile properties of a cross-ply glass-ceramic composite were investigated by conducting fracture, creep, and fatigue experiments at both room temperature and high temperatures in air. The composite consisted of a barium magnesium aluminosilicate (BMAS) glass-ceramic matrix reinforced with SiC fibers with a SiC/BN coating. The material exhibited retention of most tensile properties up to 1200°C. Monotonic tensile fracture tests produced ultimate strengths of 230–300 MPa with failure strains of ∼1%, and no degradation in ultimate strength was observed at 1100° and 1200°C. In creep experiments at 1100°C, nominal steady-state creep rates in the 10⁻⁹ s⁻¹ range were established after a period of transient creep. Tensile stress rupture experiments at 1100° and 1200°C lasted longer than one year at stress levels above the corresponding proportional limit stresses for those temperatures. Tensile fatigue experiments were conducted in which the maximum applied stress was slightly greater than the proportional limit stress of the matrix, and, in these experiments, the composite survived 10⁵ cycles without fracture at temperatures up to 1200°C. Microscopic damage mechanisms were investigated by TEM, and microstructural observations of tested samples were correlated with the mechanical response. The SiC/ BN fiber coatings effectively inhibited diffusion and reaction at the interface during high-temperature testing. The BN layer also provided a weak interfacial bond that resulted in damage-tolerant fracture behavior. However, oxidation of near-surface SiC fibers occurred during prolonged exposure at high temperatures, and limited oxidation at fiber interfaces was observed when samples were dynamically loaded above the proportional limit stress, creating micro-cracks along which oxygen could diffuse into the interior of the composite.     

Low-Temperature Processing of Ceramic Woven Fabric/Ceramic Matrix Composites

Two-dimensional Al₂O₃ and SiC woven laminate composites, and oxide and nonoxide monolithic ceramics with 5 to 10 wt% of polycarbosilane binder, were consolidated up to 75% of TD (theoretical density) at 1150°C by the multiple impregnations of a polycarbosilane solution. The processing conditions were optimized without causing fiber damage. The near-net-shape composite fabricated by this process showed high reproducibility in terms of relative density and flexural strength. The mechanical properties were characterized by flexural testing with strain gauges. All of the woven laminate composites exhibited good composite-type fracture behavior, e.g., load-carrying capacity following maximum load. The room-temperature flexural strength and first-matrix cracking stress of SiC fabric/SiC composite with 73% TD were about 300 and 77 MPa, respectively.     

Role of Intergranular Damage-Induced Decrease in Young's Modulus in the Nonlinear Deformation and Fracture of an Alumina at Elevated Temperatures

The effect of the time-dependent decrease in Young's modulus due to damage accumulation by pore growth and intergranular cracking on the stress-strain behavior of a coarse-grained polycrystalline alumina deformed under conditions of displacement control at elevated temperatures was investigated. Considerable nonlinearity in stress-strain behavior, which increased with decreasing strain rate, was noted. At the higher strain rates, the failure stress was found to be independent of strain rate, thought to be due to a strain-rate-dependent fracture toughness due to the growth of microcracks at the tip of the failure-initiating macrocrack, which offsets the expected strain-rate sensitivity due to the growth of a single macrocrack only. Pore growth and intergranular cracking, accompanied by major reduction in Young's modulus by as much as a factor of 5, was most pronounced at the intermediate values of strain rate. This decrease in Young's modulus, under conditions of displacement-controlled loading, results in a decrease in stress, referred to as strain softening, which contributed to the observed nonlinear deformation. This conclusion was confirmed by a theoretical analysis, which showed that in addition to diffusional creep, time-dependent decreases in Young's modulus (elastic creep) by crack growth can make significant contributions to nonlinear deformation.