Synthesis and characterization of near monodisperse oligomeric polystyrenes

Oligomeric (<10³) polystyrenes have been synthesized on a practical scale by the use of secbutyllithium and triethylamine in cyclohexane. These samples were found to possess relatively narrow molecular weight distributions. The product analysis was accomplished by viscosity, vapour pressure osmometry, gel permeation chromatography and gas chromatography.     

CAE技术对塑料注射成型的可行性分析

本文具体分析了案例的成型参数、进浇、充模、冷却等情况及模流过程中可能出现的问题，并与实际成型的结果进行对比，验证了CAE技术分析的可行性。由此可知，CAE技术对塑料注射成型的工艺参数分析和模具设计有一定的理论指导作用，对提高产品的质量和生产率有一定的实际意义。     

The behavior of thermosetting compounds in injection molding cavities

The thermo-mechanical history of thermosetting compounds in injection molding cavities influences the ultimate properties of molded articles and affects both moldability and the productivity of the process. Mathematical modeling is an attractive approach for obtaining information regarding the thermo-mechanical history of the compound in the cavity. In order to obtain useful mathematical models of the thermoset injection molding process, it is necessary to have information regarding the kinetics and heats of reaction during cure; the rheological, thermal, and PVT properties of the thermosetting compound; and the variation of these properties with operating variables and the degree of cure. The paper outlines a model of the thermoset injection molding process in simple rectangular or semi-circular cavities. Methods are described for the experimental determination of the various physical and chemical properties of thermosets, which are required for modeling purposes. The results obtained in conjunction with the characterization of an epoxy system are illustrated. Finally, the paper demonstrates the results of mathematical modeling of the injection molding process for a commercial epoxy molding compound in a semi-circular cavity, and shows that reasonable agreement is obtained between model predictions and experimental data.     

Moldflow软件在气辅注射成型中的应用

介绍了在气辅注射成型中应用Moldflow软件的关键步骤,通过一个实例,分析了气体压力对气体穿透的影响。正确使用软件和合理利用分析结果,可以优化产品结构、减少试模次数,缩短产品周期,从而提高生产率,降价生产成本。     

Melt rheology of high impact polystyrenes at high shear stresses

A study of the theological properties of commercial polystyrenes, (PS), and high impact polystyrenes (HIPS), is made in the range of shear stresses of practical interest in industrial polymer processing. A general viscosity-shear rate-temperature relationship is defined for these products, with a power law exponent of n = 0.3 and an activation energy of 27 Kcal/mol. The fluid elasticity is studied in terms of steady state shear compliance. An expression relating shear compliance, viscosity and molecular weight distribution is obtained for HIPS. As in other two-phase systems, a decrease in elasticity with viscosity is observed.     

The injection molding behavior of thermoplastics in thin rectangular cavities

Two models are presented for simulating the injection molding of thermoplastics in thin, rectangular cavities. One is a much simplified bounded-radial-flow model that utilizes an existing numerical model for semi-circular cavities to adjust for the non-radial flow region bounded by the lateral walls. The other is a two-dimensional analysis which assumes that both viscosity and temperature change strongly across the narrow gap but vary weakly in the directions of flow. The latter analysis allows application of the potential theory and the determination of streamlines and progressing front shapes. Both models deal with a non-Newtonian viscosity with temperature variation. Comparisons between experimental and computational results are shown.     

橡胶注射成型机注射装置结构分析研究

主要介绍了橡胶注射成型机及其注射装置的发展情况,阐述了橡胶注射成型的特点以及注射装置设计要求,并对三种常用的注射装置的结构特点及应用作系统的分析比较.     

Rheological properties of phase transitions in polydisperse and monodisperse colloidal rod systems

Rheological modifiers are added to formulations to tune rheology, enable function and drive phase changes requiring an understanding of material structure and properties. We characterize two colloidal rod systems during phase transitions using multiple particle tracking microrheology, which measures the Brownian motion of probes embedded in a sample. These systems include a colloid (monodisperse polyamide or polydisperse hydrogenated castor oil), surfactant (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate [LAS]), and nonabsorbing polymer (polyethylene oxide [PEO]) which drives gelation by depletion interactions. Phase transitions are characterized at all concentrations using time-cure superposition. We determine that rheological evolution depends on LAS:colloid. The critical PEO concentration required to form a gel, c_c/c*, is independent of LAS:colloid, critical relaxation exponent, n, is dependent on LAS:colloid, and both are independent of colloid polydispersity. n indicates the material structure at the phase transition. At LAS:colloid > 16, the scaffold is a tightly associated network and at LAS:colloid = 16 a loosely associated network.     

计算机模拟技术在高分子材料注塑成型中的应用

以翘曲变形量为评价指标,采用Moldflow软件和正交试验法对高分子塑件注塑成型工艺参数进行优化,根据Taguchi指标权重计算结果,选取熔体温度、模具温度、注射时间为因素,建立3因素3水平正交试验,获得了注塑成型中的最优工艺参数.结果表明:最优工艺参数为模具温度240?℃,熔体温度32?℃,注射时间0.68?s,此条...     

微注塑成型过程塑料熔体流动的偏移行为

采用集成式热电偶传感器温度测量系统和可视化全息示踪技术, 对多型腔微注塑成型过程熔体流动前沿在型腔内的偏移现象进行观察和分析。结果表明, 当注射速度为140~220 mm·s^-1时, 主流道内的塑料熔体前沿呈“U型流”状态分布, 分流道内塑料熔体前沿向上侧偏移;当注射速度为10~70 mm·s^-1时, 主流道塑料熔体前沿呈“喷泉流”状态分布, 分流道熔体前沿向下侧偏移;当注射速度为80~120 mm·s^-1时, 主流道和分流道熔体前沿均没有明显的偏移。说明微注塑时注射速度不同, 产生的剪切热也不同, 熔体前沿偏移情况也不同。为此, 引入非平衡流动系数λ, 来判断熔体前沿的流动和偏移情况。     

An integrated experimental study of the injection molding behavior of some polyethylene resins

The present study reports on the results of an integrated experimental program to determine some of the important interactions between resin properties, moldability, and the microstructure and ultimate properties of molded articles. As part of the program, resins are characterized as to their rheological, thermal, and crystallization behavior. Then, the resins are injection molded in a laboratory machine employing simple, but highly instrumented molds in order to evaluate moldability and to produce moldings for testing and analysis. Microstructural analysis to determine morphology and orientation of the moldings is carried out utilizing polarized light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Finally, shrinkage and tensile properties of the moldings are determined experimentally. To illustrate the utility of the proposed techniques, results are reported for two polyethylene resins' that exhibit superficially similar properties but, according to tests, show significant differences in moldability and product properties.     

聚丙烯微阵列结构制品熔体充填行为

根据微阵列结构制品熔体的充填特性,设计直径为500 μm的微圆柱阵列结构制品模型,并加工注射成型模具,对微圆柱结构制品熔体的充填规律进行实验和模拟研究。结果表明:微结构制品熔体的充填过程和流动前沿形态的实验结果与模拟分析虽然在趋势上比较一致,但在微圆柱成型过程中,流动前沿的形成过程和充填高度的模拟变化规律与实验结果有一定偏差;实验还发现,前期充填阶段对微圆柱成型的贡献较小,微圆柱内流动前沿的形成受到熔体流动速度、微圆柱模壁、熔体流动惯性影响较大,熔体流经微圆柱结构时产生向上的流动涡流,流动前沿形状呈偏心椭球冠状并逐渐发展成球冠状。     

Simplified theory for linear rheology of monodisperse linear polymers

A new version of the tube theory based on the de Gennes–Doi–Edwards reptation concept (reported in Likhtman and McLeish's work published in 2002) is evaluated, modified to allow for simplified computations, and used to study the relationship between zero‐shear viscosity and molecular weight for monodisperse entangled linear homopolymers. The Likhtman–McLeish model combines self‐consistent theories for contour length fluctuations and constraint release with reptation theory for monodisperse linear polymers. Because of the nature of the Rubinstein and Colby approach used for the treatment of constraint release, the related term is probabilistic and requires stochastic simulations for the calculation of the relaxation modulus G(t). This makes the Likhtman–McLeish model computationally difficult to use. In this work we solve this problem by generating an approximate closed‐form solution for the stochastic term. Then analytical integration of the relaxation modulus function G(t) provides an expression for the zero‐shear viscosity (η₀). Results of the computations of the zero‐shear viscosity and of the slope of η₀ versus molecular weight are compared with available experimental data for monodisperse entangled linear polystyrene and polyethylene (hydrogenated polybutadiene). The model is a major improvement over previous theoretical models, even if there is still some disagreement between the predictions and experimental data of the slope of η₀ versus molecular weight. The possibility of inferring monomer chemistry–dependent parameters from the zero‐shear viscosity remains a difficult task because of the introduction of a constraint‐release parameter. Nevertheless, the model is a useful tool for the prediction of linear viscoelasticity data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 569–586, 2004     

微注塑成型充模流动中的对流换热行为

微注塑成型中,由于尺度效应,使聚合物熔体与微模具型腔壁面间的对流换热行为与常规注塑成型不同,其对流传热系数亦发生了明显变化。通过采用微型注塑机、温度传感器和微模具等组成的对流换热实验装置,对PP、POM和ABS聚合物熔体,以不同的注射速度填充厚度尺寸为0.510、0.420、0.325 mm,表面粗糙度分别为Ra0.062、0.393、0.695 μm微型腔时的模具温度分布进行测量,获得了模具的热通量,进而求得熔体与型腔壁面间的对流传热系数。结果表明,微尺度下实验聚合物熔体与型腔壁面间的对流传热系数,均随注射速度和型腔表面粗糙度值的增加以及型腔厚度尺寸的减小而明显增大;但聚合物材料性能不同时,其对流传热系数差别也较大。     

Quantitative study of shrinkage and warpage behavior for microcellular and conventional injection molding

This research investigated the effects of processing conditions on the shrinkage and warpage (S&W) behavior of a box‐shaped, polypropylene part using conventional and microcellular injection molding. Two sets of 2^6‐1 fractional factorial design of experiments (DOE) were employed to perform the experiments and proper statistical theory was used to analyze the data. After the injection molding process reached steady state, molded samples were collected and measured using an optical coordinate measuring machine (OCMM), which had been evaluated using a proper R&R (repeatability and reproducibility) measurement study. By analyzing the statistically significant main and two‐factor interaction effects, the results show that the supercritical fluid (SCF) content (nitrogen in this case, in terms of SCF dosage time) and the injection speed affect the S&W of microcellular injection molded parts the most, whereas pack/hold pressure and pack/hold time have the most significant effect on the S&W of conventional injection molded parts. Also, this study quantitatively showed that, within the processing range studied, a reduction in the S&W could be achieved with the microcellular injection molding process. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:1408–1418, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Glass transition behavior of hyper-branched polystyrenes

Hyper-branched polystyrenes (HBPS) were synthesized. The bulk glass transition temperature (T_g) measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for two kinds of HBPS with an equivalent M_w, which were fractionated from different lots, were different, being respectively higher and lower than that of the corresponding linear polystyrene (PS). Infrared spectroscopy revealed that the T_g of HBPS increased with an increasing extent of intramolecular cross-linking, or cyclization, in the molecule. The segmental dynamics of HBPS was examined by dynamic mechanical analysis. The relaxation temperature for the segmental motion in HBPS was consistent with the DSC results. The fragility index was always lower for HBPS than for the linear PS, regardless of its primary structure and chain end chemistry. This would indicate that the segmental motion for HBPS is less cooperative than that of the linear PS, probably due to a lack of intermolecular chain entanglements in HBPS.     

Experimental study and finite element analysis of the injection blow molding process

A finite element numerical analysis of preform inflation associated with the injection blow molding process has been developed using a neo-Hookean constitutive model. The analysis is capable of predicting final wall thickness distributions for axisymmetric mold geometries. Experimental studies were conducted on a Uniloy injection blow molding machine (Model 189-3 and Model 122). A twelve ounce (355 mL) cylindrical bottle mold was instrumented with contact sensors, thermocouples, and pressure transducers. Visualization studies of the inflation process were performed using specialized tooling and high-speed video cameras. The experimental studies provide justification for analyzing the deformation by means of a static elastic approach. The predicted wall thickness distribution is in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Nonuniformities in the temperature distribution in the preform were found to have the most significant impact on the inflation behavior and the resulting wall thickness.     

洗衣机面板注射成型CAE分析

应用Moldfolw Plastics Insight(MPI)软件的流动、冷却、翘曲变形模块对洗衣机用聚丙烯面板进行注射成型数值模拟,并对注射成型工艺条件进行了优化.优化后的聚丙烯注射成型工艺参数:熔体温度为240℃,模具温度为70℃,注射压力为32 MPa,保压压力为26 MPa,注射时间为5s,保压时间为30 s...