Preparation and biological evaluation of hydroxyapatite-coated nickel-free high-nitrogen stainless steel

Calcium phosphate was formed on nickel-free high-nitrogen stainless steel (HNS) by chemical solution deposition. The calcium phosphate deposition was enhanced by glutamic acid covalently immobilized on the surface of HNS with trisuccinimidyl citrate as a linker. X-ray diffraction patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that the material deposited on glutamic acid-immobilized HNS within 24 h was low-crystallinity calcium-deficient carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite (HAp). The biological activity of the resulting HAp-coated HNS was investigated by using a human osteoblast-like MG-63 cell culture. The HAp-coated HNS stimulated the alkaline-phosphate activity of the MG-63 culture after 7 days. Therefore, HAp-coated HNS is suitable for orthopedic devices and soft tissue adhesion materials.     

Fretting fatigue behaviour of Ni-free high-nitrogen stainless steel in a simulated body fluid

Abstract

Fretting fatigue behaviour of Ni-free high-nitrogen steel (HNS) with a yield strength of about 800 MPa, which was prepared by nitrogen gas pressurized electroslag remelting, was studied in air and in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS(-)). For comparison, fretting fatigue behaviour of cold-rolled SUS316L steel (SUS316L(CR)) with similar yield strength was examined. The plain fatigue limit of HNS was slightly lower than that of SUS316L(CR) although the former had a higher tensile strength than the latter. The fretting fatigue limit of HNS was higher than that of SUS316L(CR) both in air and in PBS(-). A decrease in fatigue limit of HNS by fretting was significantly smaller than that of SUS316L(CR) in both environments, indicating that HNS has better fretting fatigue resistance than SUS316L(CR). The decrease in fatigue limit by fretting is discussed taking into account the effect of friction stress due to fretting and the additional influences of wear, tribocorrosion and plastic deformation in the fretted area.     

Nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for medical applications

Abstract

The adverse effects of nickel ions being released into the human body have prompted the development of high-nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for medical applications. Nitrogen not only replaces nickel for austenitic structure stability but also much improves steel properties. Here we review the harmful effects associated with nickel in medical stainless steels, the advantages of nitrogen in stainless steels, and emphatically, the development of high-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steels for medical applications. By combining the benefits of stable austenitic structure, high strength and good plasticity, better corrosion and wear resistances, and superior biocompatibility compared to the currently used 316L stainless steel, the newly developed high-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steel is a reliable substitute for the conventional medical stainless steels.     

Nanoindentation creep deformation behaviour of high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel

Nanoindentation tests of the high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel (HNS) were performed with peak load in a wide range of 100–600?mN to investigate the nanoindentation creep deformation behaviours. The results of the nanoindentation creep tests have demonstrated that the load plateaus, creep strain rate and creep stress of the cold-rolled HNS are larger and its creep stress exponent is smaller than the solution-treated HNS. The analysis reveals that the obvious creep deformation behaviour in the cold-rolled HNS arises from the rapidly relaxed dislocation structures in the initial transition regime, while the small creep deformation behaviour of the solution-treatedHNS is mainly attributed to that the stable dislocation structures for the intensive interactions between dislocations.     

医用高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢的制备与生物相容性研究

主要探讨不同含氮量的无镍奥氏体不锈钢材料对血管内皮细胞及血小板粘附的影响。通过溶血率和血小板粘附试验考察不同含氮量的无镍奥氏体不锈钢材料的血液相容性;通过MTT试验和细胞粘附试验考察不同含氮量的无镍奥氏体不锈钢材料的细胞相容性。结果表明不同含氮量的无镍奥氏体不锈钢材料的溶血率都低于国家标准的5%,对血小板粘附的影响不显著;粘附在高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢材料表面的血管内皮细胞数量均多于钛合金材料,且细胞生长状态良好;细胞毒性试验表明,不同含氮量的高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢材料和对照组钛合金材料对血管内皮细胞没有产生明显的毒副作用。     

医用不锈钢的研究与发展

不锈钢由于具有优异的力学性能、耐蚀性能和加工性能而被广泛应用于各种医疗器械及手术工具的制造。概述了医用不锈钢的特点和临床应用,以及存在的主要问题,并以高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢、不锈钢表面改性、抗菌不锈钢为重点,介绍了医用不锈钢近年来在国内外的主要研究进展。表明医用不锈钢的研究与发展,进一步提高或改善了不锈钢的生物安全性、力学性能、耐蚀性能,甚至带来了一些生物功能化,为医用不锈钢的临床应用带来了新的机遇。     

不锈钢表面阴极等离子体液相沉积氧化铝层

使用阴极等离子体液相沉积技术在不锈钢表面生成了厚度达40μm的氧化铝膜层,研究了电流密度对膜层的组成和结构影响,以及膜层的生长规律和形成过程.膜层由α-Al2O3和γ-Al2O3组成,随着电流密度的增大,α-Al2O3的含量逐渐增大,电流密度为8 A/dm2时达到86%.膜层的表面粗糙、多孔,随着电流密度的增大,表面颗粒状明显增多,微孔数减少;基体中的Fe没有进入膜层,从膜层内向外Al和O的含量逐渐下降.     

Graphene growth via carburization of stainless steel and application in energy storage

A modified version of the carburization process, a widely established technique used in the steel industry for case hardening of components, is used for the growth of graphene on stainless steel. Controlled growth of high-quality single- and few-layered graphene on stainless steel (SS) foils through a liquid-phase chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique is reported. Reversible Li intercalation in these graphene-on-SS structures is demonstrated, where graphene and SS act as electrode and current collector, respectively, providing very good electrical contact. Direct growth of an active electrode material, such as graphene, on current-collector substrates makes this a feasible and efficient process for developing thin-film battery devices.     

Effect of fabrication method on the structure and properties of a nanostructured nickel-free stainless steel

An ASTM F2581 nanostructured stainless steel was fabricated by two different powder metallurgy routes; Hot Powder Forging (HPF) and Binder Assisted Extrusion (BAE) methods. Their structure and mechanical properties were investigated and compared. In both fabrication methods, the alloy powder was made by using main alloying elements through mechanical alloying, along with the addition of a sintering aid. In the BAE method, a paste was prepared by mixing alloy powders with polymer followed by cold extrusion, polymer removal, and sintering. In the HPF method, the alloy powders were hot forged under high pressure. The structure and the size of the austenite crystallite of the samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FE-SEM, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was determined that the samples prepared by the HPF method are generally denser than those made via BAE. The porosities are smaller and almost uniform in size and morphology in the HPF method. Furthermore, microhardness and tensile tests were performed on the samples. The results show that the ductility of BAE samples is higher than the HPF samples. The fracture surface of the BAE sample has deeper dimples, indicating higher ductility for BAE samples. On the other hand, both the hardness and strength of HPF samples are higher than those of the BAE samples. The results show that both methods produced specimens with considerably higher strength and hardness than conventional 316L stainless steel.     

316不锈钢表面沉积厚类金刚石膜层的性能研究

采用脉冲辉光放电等离子体气相沉积法在316不锈钢表面沉积膜层较厚的类金刚石膜层。利用拉曼光谱仪(Raman)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、光学显微镜、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损实验机分别对膜层组成和微观结构及机械性能进行了表征。研究发现,通过脉冲辉光放电等离子体气相沉积法,在316不锈钢表面制备的类金刚石膜层光滑致密;Raman分析得到的ID/IG和IT/IG比值分别为0.72和0.22;FT-IR分析可知膜层含有较多的CHx组成的sp3键;摩擦磨损试验得到膜层的摩擦系数低至0.100,XPS分析膜层sp3含量高达60.7%和光学显微镜测量膜层的厚度达到7mm。由此可知沉积类金刚石膜层后,可以显著地改善316不锈钢表面的机械性能。     

Corrosion of a stainless steel handrail

AISI 304 and 304L stainless steels are “workhores” grades of austenitic stainless steel frequently used in architectural applications, as well as in cookware, appliances, and numerous other applications where resistance to corrosion is required. This paper examines a corrosion failure (the appearance of rustlike stains on the surface) of a 304 stainless steel handrail that appears to have occurred as a result of contamination during the fabrication process.     

多孔不锈钢材料的制备及孔隙控制

利用凝胶注模工艺结合微波烧结的方法制备孔隙可控的多孔不锈钢,实验研究了凝胶注模参数、微波烧结参数、粉末形状和粉末粒径等因素对孔隙结构的影响.研究表明:体积固相含量达56%,明胶和海藻酸钠含量分别为1%和0.8%,混合液p H值为7时,浆料流动性好,干燥后的坯体强度较高;烧结温度达1 200℃,保温时间为30 min,孔隙形貌较好;原料的粉末形状因子越大,粒径越小,则多孔不锈钢的孔径和孔隙率越小,分布越均匀;采用粒径35~60μm,形状因子0.85~1.0的粉末,制备出的多孔不锈钢孔隙率为20%~35%、孔径为10~30μm,接近现有透气模具钢水平.通过选取不同粉末形状因子和粒径的粉末,以及合理的凝胶注模和微波烧结工艺参数,可以准确控制多孔不锈钢材料的孔隙率与平均孔径.     

Effect of nitrogen on biocorrosion behavior of high nitrogen nickel-free stainless steel in different simulated body fluids

The aim of this research is to study the biocorrosion behavior of high nitrogen nickel-free stainless steel (HNS) with different nitrogen content, also with comparison to AISI 317L, in three different simulated body fluids. The comparison was focused on the influence of nitrogen in HNS and different protein solutions on the passive behavior using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and capacitance measurements (Mott-Schottky approach). The study revealed that HNS possessed thicker and more protective passive films with increase of nitrogen, which could improve the biocorrosion resistance and biocompatibility after implanted. The passive films behaved as n-type semiconductors and showed a decrease in donor density by nitrogen addition, thus indicating more beneficial for haemocompatibility. The electrochemical behavior recorded in the albumin and fibrinogen solutions revealed protein played an important role in the biocorrosion of HNS, which could result in the breakout of passive films and enhance the corrosion rate by means of chelation.     

高能球磨法制备不锈钢-TiC纳米复合粉末的研究

在真空条件下采用高能球磨法以不锈钢粉末、钛粉和碳粉为原料制备了不锈钢-TiC超细复合粉末.X射线、扫描电子显微镜、比表面积评价等分析技术被用来对球磨过程中粉末的微观状态进行了分析.结果表明,随着球磨时间的增加,不锈钢复合粉末逐渐细化,用X射线衍射方法计算的最终晶粒可达到20nm.同时,钛粉和碳粉在球磨过程中发生反应形成TiC,可获得纳米级的不锈钢-TiC复合粉末.     

Duplex surface treatment of stainless steel X12CrNi 18 8

Described technology of stainless steel duplex surface treatment is based on the plasma nitriding of the component in micropulse plasma and subsequent coating by Ni and composite Ni/diamond film. The formed duplex coating is characterized by very good mechanical properties, e.g., an excellent abrasion resistance, a low friction coefficient and a high hardness. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 129–132, January–February, 2008.     

高氮过饱和奥氏体表面改性层结构研究进展

本文针对氮过饱和奥氏体改性层结构本质的研究现状,归纳了近年来国内外相关研究,重点阐述和总结了高氮过饱和奥氏体层的相结构、微结构,以及有序化结构3个方面的相关研究,并对相关的研究成果和方向进行了总结和展望,指出氮过饱和奥氏体改性层的顺磁-铁磁转变机制,扩散层前沿的过渡层形成原因以及氮无序和有序的原子结构模型是尚未解决的问题,其可能成为未来重要的研究方向。     

Effect of cold deformation on corrosion fatigue behavior of nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel for coronary stent application

Due to the excellent mechanical properties, good corrosion resistance, high biocompatibility and nickel-free character, the high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel (HNASS) becomes an ideally alternative material for coronary stents. Stent implantation works in harsh blood environment after a balloon dilatation, i.e., the material is used in a corrosive environment with a permanent deformation. The present study attempts to investigate effects of pre-straining on high-cycle fatigue behavior and corrosion fatigue behavior of HNASS in Hank’s solution and the relevant mechanism for coronary stents application. It is found that higher pre-straining on HNASS results in higher strength and maintains almost same corrosion resistance. Fatigue limit of 0% HNASS is 550 MPa, while corrosion fatigue limit is 475 MPa. And improvement in fatigue limit of 20% and 35% pre-strained HNASS is in comparison with the 0% HNASS, while corrosion would undermine the fatigue behavior of HNASS. In a suitable range, the pre-straining had a beneficial effect on corrosion fatigue strength of HNASS, such as nearly 300 MPa improved with 20% cold deformation. This result provides a good reference for predicting the life of HNASS stent and as well its design.     

23Cr-14Ni高氮奥氏体不锈钢σ相析出行为EI北大核心CSCD

采用经验公式、热力学计算方法、Gleeble热/力模拟实验技术,结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜分析,研究了23Cr-14Ni高氮奥氏体不锈钢中σ相的析出行为。结果表明,23Cr-14Ni高氮奥氏体不锈钢中σ相可在960~1030℃析出,高于1050℃溶解。σ相析出具有异常快速的动力学特征,在经过1030℃保温1 min固溶处理后,σ相可直接从奥氏体晶界快速析出,析出先于碳氮化物相。σ相析出动力学行为及相对碳氮化物的析出次序和传统奥氏体不锈钢显著不同。铬、锰、钼元素含量较高且钼元素在晶界处偏聚提高了σ相平衡析出温度,是加速σ相析出的主要原因。     

Spectral-directional emittance of thermally oxidized 316 stainless steel

The spectral-directional emittance of thermally oxidized stainless steel is measured for angles from normal to grazing, wavelengths between 2 and 10m, and temperatures between 773 and 973 K. The oxide is grown by holding the steel substrate at a high temperature over a long period while exposed to normal atmospheric conditions, until the measured emissive power of the surface achieves an asymptotic level. It is found that the emittance decreases with angle away from the surface normal at the lower end of the measured spectral range and increases with angle at the higher end. The emittance decreases with wavelength, although there is evidence of a peak near 2 pill. The variation with temperature within the measured range is insignificant. Overall higher values for the oxidized steel are measured than those reported in previous work.