Die Zusammensetzung tierischer Organ- und Depotfette in Abhängigkeit von der Fütterung II Gas-chromatographische Analyse der Fettsäuren von Kälber- und Rinderfetten

The Composition of Lipids of Animal Organ and Depot Fats in Relation to Feed II: Gas-chromatographic Analysis of Fatty Acids of Calves and Cattle Fats In the milk as well as in the fats of calves and cattle 81 fatty acids were found. The composition of fatty acids of the depot and organ fats of cattle — in winter with stall-feeding and in summer with pasture-feeding — were compared with the winter and summer milk fats. The differences between the fats from the same parts of calves and cattle are discussed.     

Die Zusammensetzung tierischer Organ- und Depotfette in Abhängigkeit von der Fütterung III: Gas-chromatographische Analyse von Kälberfetten nach definierter Fütterung

The Composition of Animal Organ and Depot Fats in Relation to Feed III: Gas-chromatographic Analysis of Fats from Calves after Definite Feed Within the scope of the feeding experiments, which had been carried out for explaining the accumulation of trans fatty acids in animal organs, we studied the composition of mixed fatty acids of heart, kidney and liver as well as that of the corresponding depot fats with the help of gas-chromatography. The fatty acid composition of the separated neutral fat and phosphatide fractions of the organ fats are discussed.     

Der Einfluß der Fütterung und Haltung auf die Qualitätsmerkmale von Nahrungsmitteln tierischer Herkunft

Influence of Feeding and Management on Quality Characteristics of Feed of Animal Origin Food of animal origin are milk and eggs as well as meat products, which are special parts of the carcass. Besides water which is the main component in most of these products, protein and fat are very important contents. The content of these main components could be influenced by regulation of the daily feed intake. For milk-composition also the type of diets, More roughages or more concentrates, is important. But these effects are also dependent on species of animals, breed and sex. Feeding systems do not affect the composition of these contents in eggs burs the weight of eggs, Which is also an important characteristic of quality.     

Die Fettreifbildung von Schokolade in Abhängigkeit von der verfahrenstechnischen Durchführung der Vor- und Erstarrungskristallisation

Dependence of Bloom-Formation in Chocolate from Technical Operation of Pre-Crystallization and Solidification The undesired bloom-formation in chocolate is caused by post-crystallization of cocoa fat during storage. Experiments were carried out systematically in order to reveal, in what manner the bloom-formation is dependent on pre-crystallization and solidification operations. It was found that chocolate is more resistent to bloom-formation, higher the amount of fat that crystallizes out during pre-crystallization. Increased stability of strongly pre-crystallized chocolate with respect to bloom-formation is due to transformation of cocoa fat into a stable crystalline state, already during pre-crystallization and solidification.     

Eigenschaften von gelösten und gequollenen Polymethylmethacrylaten in Abhängigkeit von der Struktur

The stereocomplex formation, which is observed after mixing of stereoregular samples of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in various solvents was studied by dielectric and viscosimetric measurements. By means of X-ray wide angle diffraction measurements of mixtures of stereoregular polymers freed from solvent it was found that the stereocomplex consists of crystalline regions. From viscosity measurements of solutions of various tacticity in comparison with swelling properties of crosslinked PMMA it is concluded that the association of isotactic and syndiotactic sequences, which is considered to be the reason for stereocomplex formation, also exists in solutions and gels of atactic PMMA. From the temperature dependence of the reduced specific viscosity, the complex dielectric constant, and the swelling we deduce that the association in microcrystalline regions leads to formation of physical crosslinks, which melt in a certain temperature range. The properties of dilute solutions prepared from mixtures of isotactic and syndiotactic PMMA and toluene can be interpreted by intermolecular association mainly. The anomalies observed in very dilute solutions are explained by intramolecular association. The properties of solutions in which association occurs are dependent on their preliminary thermal treatment and their previous history.     

Beeinflussung der Waschintensität (WI) in Abhängigkeit von Chemie und Mechanik

Influence of Chemical and Mechanical Factors on the Intensity of Washing Mutual effects of the two significant chemical and mechanical factors that influence the removal of dirt could be studied by treating the fabric in specific manner using a roller-type washing machine, which was developed in author's institute, and a device for measuring the working force. The tests revealed distinctly that intensity of washing is preferably promoted under the action of a solution of washing agent when fibres within the thread are displaced as widely as possible. When the aforesaid conditions are fulfilled, dirt substances from fabrics are suitably dispersed and suspended, which result in optimum washing action.     

Festigkeitsuntersuchungen von Agglomeraten in Abhängigkeit der Herstellungsparameter in Intensivmischern

Granules of ceramic materials are differently stressed by the processes during pelletizing in high shear mixers. This has a major influence on the resulting agglomerate size distribution. The paper presents the results of different mixing tools and impeller speed on the agglomerate strength. Therefor agglomerates have been compounded under certain conditions. Subsequently, their strength has been determined with a single particle breakage equipment.     

Die Ausnutzung von Gesamtfettsäuren und Calcium von gesunden Säuglingen im 1. Lebensvierteljahr in Abhängigkeit vom Fettsäuren-Gehalt und von der Fettsäuren-Zusammensetzung in Milchmischungen

Utilization of Mixed Fatty Acids and Calcium by Healthy Sucklings in the First Quarter Year of Their Life in Relation to the Fatty Acid Content and the Fatty Acid Composition of the Milk Mixtures The daily utilization of calcium and mixed fatty acids by 43 healthy sucklings from 4^th till 90^th day of their life is reported. The sucklings received the usual cow milk mixtures with different fat contents and varying fatty acid compositions. It is shown that the calcium utilization by the new-borns and young sucklings is, even on feeding with mother's milk, lower than in the later infant age. Furthermore, a statistically proved relationship is shown to exist between the level of fat content as well as the fatty acid spectrum of the feed and the calcium utilization.     

Abhängigkeit der thermomechanischen Eigenschaften von vernetzten Methacrylpolymeren von deren Zusammensetzung

The thermomechanical behaviour of crosslinked polymers containing two types of segments: a) monodispersed on the length L₁ (polymethylenglycolphthalate with a side group ? CH₂OR in the ethylene glycol units) and b) polydispersed on the length L?₂ (polymethacrylate and polyacrylonitrile) has been investigated. It was shown that at L₁ = const. the thermomechanical properties of polymers do not depend linearly on L?₂. Polymers with polymethacrylate segments are transparent and homogeneous at arbitrary compositions. Polymers with polyacrylonitrile segments are transparent and homogeneous at a content of acrylonitril units below 60%. After thermal treatment between 200 and 250°C they become paramagnetic, undergo additional crosslinking and improve their heat- and thermostability as a result of chemical changes involving the nitrile groups.     

Abhängigkeit der UV-Absorption binärer Styrol-Copolymerisate von der Länge der Styrolsequenzen

The UV-spectrometer is proposed in the literature as a second detector for gel permeation chromatography, independent of the usual differential refractometer. The intention is to get information on the variation of the chemical composition of styrene copolymers with molecular weight. The present paper disproves the usual assumption that UV-absorption of styrene copolymers is depending only on the concentration of phenyl rings. However, the absorption also depends on the length of the styrene sequences and therefore mostly on the monomer ratio in the copolymer. The UV-spectra of binary styrene copolymers with ecrylonitrile, maleic anhydride and butadiene were measured at different monomer ratios. From the measurements we calculated the molar absorption coefficient of the phenyl ring for different absorption bands. In comparison with homopolystyrene it is shown that both the position and the absorption coefficient of the bands can depend on the sequence length distribution of the copolymers. We suggest this to be caused by dispersion interactions between neighbouring phenyl rings. Consequences for the use of a UV-spectrometer as a detector for gel permeation chromatography are discussed.