高效复合生物流化床反应器三相分离区污泥对处理效果的影响

对采用高效复合生物流化床反应器处理中高浓度废水进行了试验研究.研究表明,三相分离区形成稳定的污泥层,有利于进一步提高反应器对污水的净化效果:曝气区出水经三相分离区污泥层的接触吸附及截滤作用,可使出水中悬浮物被有效去除;硝态氮在此缺氧的污泥层中可利用剩余碳源进行反硝化,使总氮去除率得以显著提高;出水水流中的BOD5则在通过污泥层时被吸附和截滤后,在反硝化作用中被作为碳源利用而得到进一步去除.     

Purification of Polluted Source Water with Ozonoation and Biological Activated Carbon

In order to determine effective processes for purifying polluted source waters 1n Harbin City, various processes consisting of ozonation, sand filtration, and/or GAC filtration and adsorption, i.e., ozonation ( “O₃” Process), ozonatlon/sand filtration ( “O₃ + SF” Process), ozonation/biological activated carbon ( “O₃ + BAC” Process), ozonation/sand filtration/biological activated carbon ( “O₃ + SF + BAC” Process), and granular activated carbon (“GAC” Process) were tested In an 8 m³/d capacity pilot plant. In addition, a small plant of 500 L/d capacity was used to conduct comparative studies between the two processes “GAC” and “O₃ + BAC”, as well as two types of carbon.     

Initial Deposition of Colloidal Particles on a Rough Nanofiltration Membrane

The initial rate of colloid deposition onto semi‐permeable membranes is largely controlled by the coupled influence of permeation drag and particle‐membrane colloidal interactions. Recent studies show that the particle‐membrane interactions are subject to immense local variations due to the inherent morphological heterogeneity (roughness) of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. This experimental investigation reports the effect of membrane roughness on the initial deposition of polystyrene latex particles on a rough NF membrane during cross flow membrane filtration under different operating pressures and solution chemistries. Atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the roughness of the membrane and observe the structure of particle deposits. At the initial stages of fouling, the AFM images show that more particles preferentially accumulate near the “peaks” than in the “valleys” of the rough NF membrane surface.     

Purification of Calcium Oxide in Phosphogypsum Decomposition Residue Based on the Sucrose-CO2 Method

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a solid waste (by-product of the “wet process” phosphoric acid production) in phosphate fertilizer industry which is environmentally harmful. This paper studies purification of calcium oxide in the PG decomposition residue. The phase and the spectral signature of the purified sample were characterized and analyzed by XRD, SEM, and EDS. The experimental results indicate that impurities in the residue are effectively removed by sucrose solution. The reactions between calcium oxide and sucrose solution are well explained. In the purification process, soluble calcium sucrose is produced and almost all the impurities which are insoluble in sucrose solution are removed by filtration. Then the calcium carbonate synthesized by calcium sucrose and CO₂ is calcined at 1173.15 K for 2 hours and the optimum mass ratio of the decomposition residue and sucrose solution is 5:100. It was concluded that the content of calcium oxide in the calcined products increased to 98.15% and it also had a compact structure, well-proportioned surface, and higher whiteness.     

Shape memory gels made by the modulated gel technology

Shape memory gels based on interpenetrating only part of one gel network with another gel network have been synthesized. These gels consist of two parts: a control element, which is responsive to a designated environmental stimulus, and a nonresponsive substrate element. By designing the pattern in the gelation process, a variety of shapes are obtained including “spiral,” “square,” “fish,” “numbers,” “alphabets,” and “tube.” The change between two different shapes can be controlled by external stimuli such as temperature and is reversible. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 1173–1178, 1997     

造纸用防霉剂纸防一号抗菌性能测定

进行了纸防一号的室内抗菌实验，证明此防霉剂对造纸行业常见污染菌具有较好的抑制作用。     

Fouling of RO membranes in wastewater applications

Organic and inorganic fouling problems associated with reverse osmosis treatment of municipal wastewater were studied at the Advanced Wastewater Treatment facilities at Hoover Dam. This study indicated that the severity of organic fouling can be reduced by improving the quality of the RO feedwater; namely, by removal of food sources for bacterial growth including BOD, TOC, and ammonia. This, besides the normal secondary treatment, required lime softening and filtration. Lime softening and filtration alone, without secondary treatment, were not found to be effective. Chlorination is necessary to discourage bacterial and fungal growth. Where dechlorination is required to protect the membrane, in the case of polyamide membranes for example, sodium bisulfite was found to be superior to sodium thiosulfate. Use of ultraviolet radiation showed promise as an alternate to chlorination for RO feedwater disinfection. Inorganic fouling can be controlled by pretreatment processes including softening and removal of iron and manganese, and by reducing water recovery.     

肾综合征出血热灭活疫苗的纯化

目的为提高肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＰＳ）疫苗的免疫效果和减少副反应。方法用ＥＬＩＳＡ检测ＨＦＲＳ 病毒抗原的方法,比较疫苗原液通过不同孔径滤膜的浓缩效果;比较离子交换和凝胶过滤的纯化效果。结果用 孔径３０万相对分子质量滤膜浓缩时,过滤液中仍有部分病毒抗原检出,经１０万相对分子质量滤膜过滤后,过滤液 中检测不到病毒抗原;用 Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４ＦＦ凝胶柱层析浓缩时,经波长 ２８０ ｎｍ检测到 ３个吸收峰,其中仅在第 １峰中检 测到病毒抗原,收集第１峰,几乎回收全部病毒抗原,去除杂蛋白约９０％左右。结论本纯化方法适合于ＨＦＲＳ疫 苗的规模化生产。     

Microscale filtration via a multi-modal microfluidic flow control system

ABSTRACT

A new microscale filtration technique was developed to perform high-throughput (HT) studies of filtration performance by integrating a multi-channel microfluidic flow control (MMFC) system that can operate in either constant flux or constant transmembrane pressure (TMP) mode with a “stirred well filtration” module. With this approach, up to eight parallel microscale filtration experiments can be performed with direct real-time measurement of the resulting flux or required TMP. A series of proof-of-concept experiments were conducted to demonstrate the usefulness of this approach to study the filtration behavior of single protein solutions and separation of two binary mixture solutions: polymer–polymer and protein–polymer.     

Mesoscopic coarse‐grained simulations of hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (HCIC) for protein purification

Mesoscopic coarse‐grained simulations are adopted to investigate interfacial mechanisms of hydrophobic charged induction chromatography for protein purification by regulating pH. Simulations results indicate that: (i) lysozyme can be adsorbed mainly with “top end‐on” and “bottom end‐on” orientation on hydrophobic surfaces, dominated by the two hydrophobic regions located at both ends of lysozyme's long axis. Elution from the “top end‐on” orientation is more difficult than that from the “bottom end‐on” orientation; (ii) a higher ligand density can get a faster adsorption rate and stronger adsorption. Interestingly, the effect of ligand density on the desorption is mainly determined by the distribution probability of the positively charged groups of ligands; (iii) a higher ionic strength can lead to a wider orientation distribution, a stronger adsorption and a lower elution rate. This work might provide an efficient way to optimize the operating conditions and designing novel ligands. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2035–2047, 2015     

Tetrazine‐Responsive Self‐immolative Linkers

Molecules that undergo activation or modulation following the addition of benign external small‐molecule chemical stimuli have numerous applications. Here, we report the highly efficient “decaging” of a variety of moieties by activation of a “self‐immolative” linker, by application of water‐soluble and stable tetrazine, including the controlled delivery of doxorubicin in a cellular context.     

Investigation of the fundamental assumptions relating compression-permeability data with filtration

A recently reported investigation indicates several inaccuracies in the methodology of compression-permeability (C-P) testing which suggest that previously reported agreement between C-P and filtration data may be fortuitous. Until now, there has been no separate and direct confirmation of each of the two assumptions necessary to obtain a unique correspondence between C-P and filtration data. The first assumption that the specific filtration resistance is a function solely of cumulative-drag-stress is generally accepted. Direct proof requires that the parabolic filtration equation, which is derived primarily on this assumption, describes both incompressible and compressible cake behavior. Most materials produce compressible cakes and “a priori” screening to find an incompressible cake requires identification of a material (Geon) that produces a cake with a linear axial pressure distribution. Results show that the parabolic filtration equation fits both types of cake behavior but an equation based on constant filtration resistance describes only incompressible cake behavior. To engineering accuracy and for dilute slurries, the assumption is verified. The second assumption that the cumulative-drag-stress equals the cake pressure drop is a macroscopic force balance and experimental verification requires a filter chamber designed to measure both of these quantities. A theoretical development, based on integral averaging, and experimental results both indicate that the ratio of cumulative-drag-stress to cake pressure drop correlates extremely well with cake porosity. A unique one-to-one correspondence between C-P and filtration data is not possible without “a priori” knowledge of filter cake porosity. Previously reported agreement between C-P and filtration data can probably be attributed to the L/D dependence of C-P specific filtration resistances. Consequently, C-P data can be used as a research tool to simulate filtration data but predicted filtration times based solely on C-P data can be in considerable error.     

Long Contact Time Ozanation For Swimming Pool Water Treatment

The elimination of contaminants in pool water through the “ozone – activated carbon process” is done stepwise. Sieving, flocculation and filtration steps are followed by ozonation. According to the German standards for the Treatment of Swimming Pool Water, the toxic ozone has to be removed from the water by filtration through an activated carbon layer before the water is brought back into the swimming pool. The treatment step is followed by chlorination for disinfection. In the ozone process described and in most of its modifications the time available for the reaction of the ozone is very short, usually 1.5 up to 3 min. First results with ozonation of model compounds, such as urea, creatinine, amino acids, etc., have shown–that the reaction rates are rather slow. Consequently, a longer reaction time leads to an improved decontamination of the swimming pool water. The efficiency of the ozonation process with longer reaction times followed by slower filtration has been proven in a research project, e.g. by experiments with the so–called “Ozone Combi Block^R – Process”. The potassium permanganate consumption and the combined chlorine as well as the formation potential of haloforms can be reduced effectively by elongated contact timeof ozone.     

木薯酒精废液的达标处理研究

经过TLP-GXEM厌氧技术处理后的木薯酒精废液COD的质量浓度从22 000～35 000 mg/L降到2 000～3 000 mg/L,BOD5与COD的质量比约为0.6,生化性良好。再采用SBR工艺进行后续处理,在进水COD、BOD5的质量浓度分别为2 450、1 350 mg/L,色度为225倍时,出水COD、BOD5的质量浓度分别降为300～500、60￣90 mg/L,色度降为220倍左右。由于好氧出水的可生化性很差,选用活性炭吸附作为深度处理,可以使废水COD降为100 mg/L以下,活性炭对COD的去除率达到了85%,并且脱色效果明显,出水的色度为8倍左右,活性炭对色度去除率高达96.4%,两者均达到污水综合排放标准一级排放标准。     

Purification,Synthesis and Structural,Optical Characterizations of Silicon (Si) Nano-Particles from Bentonite Mineral: the Effect of Magnesium-Thermic Chemical Reduction

Silicon - In this paper, Silicon (Si) nanoparticles were synthesized using “magnesium-thermic chemical reduction” technique from bentonite mineral. At first, bentonite purification was...     

Kinetic characteristics of concentration and isolation of metal impurities from solutions and industrial wastewater by ion flotation

The process of isolation of ferrous and nonferrous metals from diluted solutions in the form of simple hydrated cations and anions of complexes, as well as the dispersed phase of hydroxides and poorly soluble sublates, respectively, in the modes of “foam fractionation” and ion (“foam”) flotation, is studied. The flotation rate constant and the concentration coefficient of metals upon ion flotation are ascertained to be several times higher than those upon foam fractionation. A technological scheme for finish purification of industrial wastewater by flotation is proposed. The prevented environmental and economic damage from the contamination of the environment by wastewater is calculated.     

Comments: Number of perceivable object color stimuli

M. Brill, in his comments “Maximum number of discriminable colors in a region of uniform color space,” offers a different calculation method from that used by R. G. Kuehni in “How many object colors can we distinguish?,” one based on close‐packing of just noticeable difference spheres. The number per just noticeable difference (JND) sphere is lower than that derived in Kuehni's study. Based on the resulting number of close‐packed JND spheres in the CIECAM02/D65 object color solid and Brill's described multiplier of 5.923 potential stimuli within a JND sphere, the resulting number of distinguishable color stimuli is 9.114 million. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 00, 000–000, 2016     

集散控制系统在空分工艺中的应用

山东新能滕州能源有限公司36万t/a甲醇项目配套建立了KDON42000/20000型空分设备,利用空气分离出氧、氮气供合成甲醇使用。空分采用先进的分子筛纯化器和增压透平膨胀机,整个工艺流程有空气过滤、压缩、预冷、纯化、膨胀制冷、储存等工序组成。测量控制系统选用Honeywell公司PKS系统,对各工艺参数以及振动,转速,位移等进行检测和联锁控制。系统运行安全、可靠、自动化程度高,达到了预期的目的。     

Ion‐plasma modification of polyvinylchloride microfiltration membranes

Here we present how the surface and some filtration properties of PVC microfiltration membranes are affected by controlled and well‐defined modification by ion‐plasma treatment in the kinetic region of the high voltage (HVGD) or normal glow discharge (NGD) in air. The surface energy and work of adhesion of the samples were calculated from the contact angle with both polar (H₂O) and nonpolar (CH₂I₂) liquid measurement data. The surface morphology was observed by SEM and the surface chemical composition was analyzed by ESCA. The trans‐membrane water flux, the average pore size, and the pore‐size distribution as well as the “bubble point” were used to control the effect of the ion‐plasma treatment on the filtration properties of the PVC microfiltration membranes. Two characteristic regions of the ion‐plasma treatment in air were found in our experiments where the surface properties and filtration characteristics of the membranes are extremely changed: at a pressure of 10–15 Pa in the region of the HVGD and at a pressure of 100–120 Pa in the region of the NGD. It was shown that the ion‐plasma treatment in air is an effective technological method for regulation of some important surface and filtration properties of PVC microfiltration membranes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2433–2440, 2003