An eigenvalue study of a viscous flow separated by mass addition

Summary Eigenvalue problem methods, developed for boundary-layer flow are used to consider the spatial stability of the viscous flow past a flat plate which has been separated by mass addition at the surface. A study is made of the rate of approach of a slightly disturbed initial profile to the interaction similarity solution found by Kassoy [1] and Klemp and Acrivos [2]. It is shown that eigenfunctions generated in the separated viscous layer (free shear layer) propagate into the inviscid rotational layer adjacent to the wall. Thus by the inherent interaction process involved, these disturbances affect the external flow as well. The results indicate a relatively slow rate of decay when compared to an attached boundary-layer flow on an impermeable surface.     

High frequency oscillating viscous flow over elliptic cylinder at incidence

Summary The problem of high frequency oscillating viscous flow over an elliptic cylinder at incidence is investigated. The method of matched inner-outer asymptotic expansion to second order is used to solve the governing equations. The steady and the unsteady modes of flow, related to the present work, are identified and separated. Both steady and unsteady drag and lift coefficients are presented and discussed. The effect of different parameters such as the Strouhal number, Reynolds number, focal length and angle of attack are explored.     

基于均相和分相流模型的干度计量方法

通过对气液两相流中均相流和分相流模型的分析,推导了一个双节流元件组合式的两相流干度测量公式,分析了公式的适用范围。设计了垂直上升孔板和垂直下降丘利管串联相组合的实验验证装置,并以空气和水为工质进行了实验研究。实验研究表明,在环状流区垂直下降丘利管的压降特性非常接近于均相流模型的计算结果,而垂直上升管内孔板的压降可用修正的均相流模型来计算。此方法在本次实验的干度范围内测量值均方根误差为7％。     

基于涡流发生器控制民机后体流动分离与减阻机理的实验研究

该文通过风洞测力、油流和PIV流动显示测量实验,研究了涡流发生器对民机后体流动分离控制及减阻机理。实验结果表明：涡流发生器的高度、安装角度和安装位置是影响后体流动分离控制的主要参数,前缘后掠角度和长度等参数的影响相对较小;负迎角时在靠近机身尾部位置布置涡流发生器的减阻效率较高;较佳的涡流发生器控制方案中,后体分离的油流聚集线明显后移,同时空间PIV测得的分离涡量明显变小,从机理上印证了测力结果。     

Oscillating cascade unsteady aerodynamics including separated flow effects

A mathematical model is developed to predict the effect of flow separation on the unsteady aerodynamic lift and moment acting on a two-dimensional flat plate cascade which is harmonically oscillating in a subsonic flow field. The unsteady flow is considered to be a small perturbation to the uniform steady flow, with the steady flow assumed to separate at a specified fixed position on the airfoil suction surface. This formulation does not require the difference in the upwash velocity across the airfoil in the separated flow region to be determined before calculating the unsteady pressure difference across the chordline of the airfoils, thereby eliminating the assumption that the upwash difference is zero at the trailing edge when the steady flow is separated. Results obtained demonstrate that although flow separation decreases bending mode stability, it does not result in bending mode flutter. However, flow separation can result in torsion mode flutter, with this instability being a function of the location of both the separation point and the elastic axis.     

绕大攻角翼型加速流动的数值模拟

采用有限体积法对绕30º大攻角NACA0015翼型的粘性不可压缩加速流动进行了二维数值模拟,计算了水道中以50mm/s²和100mm/s²两个加速度下绕翼型的非定常流动,最终稳定流速都为100mm/s,对应雷诺数为8000。通过计算给出了从静止到稳定流速的加速过程和完成加速后的详细瞬态流动结构和演化过程,并分析了加速度对流动结构的影响。计算结果表明启动过程绕大攻角翼型的加速流动结构复杂,该瞬态过程的流动分离现象也明显区别于稳态过程自生和自维持的分离流动,并且启动加速度大小对流动的分离、漩涡结构和强度等都有直接影响。     

A vortex method for separated flow around an airfoil with a detached spoiler

A discrete vortex method based on no-slip condition is developed for simulating unsteady separated flows around an airfoil with a detached spoiler. For flow separated at each sharp edge, such as the spoiler tips and the trailing edge of the airfoil, a vortex sheet is used to feed discrete vortices at each time step. The length, inclination and strength of each sheet is determined by the continuity equation, the momentum principle and a Kutta pressure condition such that the flow, net force and pressure difference across the vortex sheet are all zero. The separation on the airfoil upper surface is simulated by discrete vortices shed from a fixed separation point. The flow patterns behind a detached spoiler at different time steps are obtained and compared with those of the conventional spoiler. Reasonable agreements are found between the predicted pressure distributions and experimental measurements. The computed results show that base-venting changes the flow field around the spoiler and reduces the adverse effect in lift experienced by the airfoil when the spoiler undergoes a rapid deployment.     

Pinched flow fractionation: continuous size separation of particles utilizing a laminar flow profile in a pinched microchannel

A concept of "pinched flow fractionation" for the continuous size separation and analysis of particles in microfabricated devices has been proposed and demonstrated. In this method, particles suspended in liquid were continuously introduced into a microchannel having a pinched segment and were aligned to one sidewall in the pinched segment by another liquid flow without particles. The particles were then separated perpendicularly to the flow direction according to their sizes by the spreading flow profile inside the microchannel. Polymer microbeads were successfully separated, and the effects of the flow rate and channel shapes on the separation performance were examined. Also, separated particles were collected independently by making branches at the end of the pinched segment. Since this method utilizes only the laminar flow profile inside a microchannel, complicated outer field control could be eliminated, which is usually required for other kinds of particle separation methods such as field flow fractionation. Also, this method can be applied both for particle size analysis and for preparation of monodispersed particles, since separation can be rapidly and continuously performed.     

Surface vorticity modeling of flow around airfoils

A surface vorticity method based on the new Kutta condition has been developed for solving the steady flow around an airfoil and unsteady separated flow past airfoil with a spoiler. In a discussion of the Kutta condition, it is argued that the appropriate Kutta condition is required to obtain a satisfactory solution. In this paper, two new methods of satisfying the Kutta condition incorporated in the surface vorticity method are described. The first method, which is based on results from flow visualization, is to introduce an additional control point at a short distance downstream of the trailing edge. In order to account for the fact that the velocity above the trailing edge is different from that below as in the real flow, the second method is to add a finite segment of vortex sheet downstream of the trailing edge. The present Kutta conditions are incorporated into the surface vorticity method and extend to solve unsteady flow around an airfoil with a spoiler. The computational results are in reasonable agreement with other computation as well as experiments.     

Denoising quadrature Doppler signals from bi-directional flow using the wavelet frame

A novel approach was proposed to denoise quadrature Doppler signals from bi-directional blood flow using the wavelet frame and a soft-thresholding algorithm. A direction separation step was carried out first to avoid the phase distortion of quadrature Doppler signals, which is induced from the nonlinear, soft-thresholding processing. Then real parts of separated complex signals from the unidirectional flow were denoised independently. The quadrature Doppler signals from the bi-directional flow were reconstructed from the denoised separated signals. The approach has been applied to the simulated Doppler signals from a femoral artery. It is concluded from the experimental results that this method is practical for denoising quadrature Doppler signals.     

基于奇异值分解的水流量标准装置状态监测方法研究

提出了基于奇异值分解的流量计输出信号分离方法,对流量信号、流量波动信号和噪声进行分离,准确获得装置管路中不同频率的流量波动信号及流量波动相对幅度,实现装置状态监测。通过仿真实验准确分离出了不同频率的流量波动信号,而且即使噪声方差为1时的最大幅值误差也只有0.0681m³/h。最后通过实验分离得到:幅度分别为0.73%和0.25%的流量波动信号与管路中的水泵失稳和阀门摆动引起的流量波动频率一致。仿真与实验结果验证了所提方法的可行性。     

Complement activation by cellulose: investigation of the effects of time, area, flow rate, shear rate and temperature on C3a generation in vitro, using a parallel plate flow cell

The development and utilization of a parallel plate flow system to study the blood response to flat sheet biomaterials, is described. Unlike most other parallel plate flow systems, which have been used to study cellular interactions with biomaterials, the controlled flow test cell described below employs the test materials on both sides of the channel through which the blood flows. The flow cell is used to conduct an investigation into the in vitro generation of C3a by a regenerated cellulose membrane, Cuprophan. The effects of experimental variables such as temperature, blood flow rate, contact area and wall shear rate on C3a generation by Cuprophan were studied. The results show that C3a generation by Cuprophan is lower at 12 °C than at 22 °C, which is in turn lower than C3a generation at 37 °C. Furthermore, a decrease in contact area, and increase in wall shear rate and blood flow rate, can produce a decrease in C3a concentration.     

高雷诺数下错列双圆柱气动干扰的机理研究

为了进一步澄清小间距错列双圆柱的气动干扰机理,该文采用大涡模拟方法,在高雷诺数下（Re=1.4×10⁵）,研究了间距为2倍圆柱直径的错列双圆柱的气动性能和流场特性随风攻角的变化规律,分析了两个圆柱气动力系数相关性,探讨了下游圆柱气动力与流场结构的内在联系,对下游圆柱平均升力的流场机理提出了新的解释。研究表明,大涡模拟得到的结果与风洞试验值吻合良好;下游圆柱的气动性能、流场结构和两个圆柱气动力相关性均会随风攻角发生剧烈变化;风攻角在0°~10°时,下游圆柱受平均负阻力作用,其原因分别为两圆柱间的回流区和间隙流;风攻角在10°附近时,下游圆柱受很大平均升力作用,风压停滞点偏移、两圆柱间高速间隙流、下游圆柱间隙侧剪切层的提前分离和再附是平均升力出现的三个因素。     

Free flow electrophoresis device for continuous on-line separation in analytical systems. An application in biochemical detection

A free flow electrophoresis (FFE) device was developed for continuous electrophoretic separation of charged compounds and implemented in a continuous flow biochemical detection (BCD) system. These continuous separation characteristics make FFE well suitable for online implementation in a chromatographic or flow injection analysis system, in which an additional separation step of charged compounds is desired. In a heterogeneous biochemical flow assay for the determination of biotin, an analyte zone reacts with an excess of an affinity protein. Subsequently, the free binding sites of the affinity protein react with an excess of fluorescein-labeled ligand. Free and affinity protein-bound label are separated on the FFE device prior to fluorescence detection of the separated fractions. Biotin and streptavidin were chosen as, respectively, model ligand and affinity protein. Since all the compounds that are involved possess different electrophoretic properties, quantitative analysis is performed after completely separating the fluorescent affinity complex and labeled biotin in the FFE device within 2 min. Since the device is optically transparent, the separated zones can be detected in the separation compartment, using laser-induced fluorescence. The applicability of the BCD-FFE system in combination with a HPLC separation is demonstrated in the bioanalysis of biotin in human urine at the micromole per liter level.     

The use of the hybrid RANS/ILES approach for the investigation of three-dimensional separated turbulent flows in curvilinear diffusers

The hybrid RANS/ILES approach is used for the investigation of turbulent separated flow in curvilinear annular diffusers with the area ratio of 2.04 and 2.7. The effect of geometry on the loss of symmetry of flow in an axisymmetric annular diffuser is considered. The effect of pressure difference in the diffuser on the flow and on the characteristics of turbulence in this diffuser is investigated. The effect of nonuniform total pressure at the channel inlet on the distribution of parameters in the outlet section of the diffuser is determined. The loss of total pressure in diffusers is determined for all of the considered modes. The accuracy of the results is confirmed by comparison with the experimental data available for these diffusers.     

地震波斜入射下考虑局部地形影响和土结动力相互作用的多跨桥动力响应分析

不规则地形条件下斜入射地震波场求解难度较大,以往的方法在计算精度和适用范围方面仍有不足。该文结合解析推导和有限元模拟,提出了一种基于波场分离技术的不规则地形条件下地震波输入方法,将地震P波和SV波在不同边界下进行波场分离：垂直入射时在侧面边界上分离为自由波场和散射波场,底部边界上分离为入射波场和边界外行场;斜入射时将输入侧对面的边界改为分离成入射波场和边界外行场;并充分考虑局部地形条件的影响,还基于改进的波动方法以便捷地输入节点力。同时对比了多组不同地震入射角度下规则场地和不规则场地的振动反应。结果表明：该方法在多类地形条件下计算精度与效率均较高,适用范围广且易于推广至复杂场地条件,并发现地震波入射角度和局部场地条件对地表位移响应影响较大。该研究可为不规则地形条件下的振动响应分析提供有效的手段。     

基于递归图的两相流流动特性分析与流型识别

基于数字化电阻层析成像(ERT)系统采集的垂直管道气液两相流实验数据,通过计算不同时刻系统采集的数据均值,生成一维时间序列并进行相空间重构,绘制递归图。对绘制的递归图进行阈值分割,并分析了两相流流动特性。计算了不同流型对应无阈值递归图的图像信息熵范围：泡状流为0.570～0.660;泡状流到弹状流过渡流型为2.300～3.200;弹状流为3.650～4.100;段塞流为4.300～4.600;段塞流到混状流过渡流型为4.650～4.950。结果表明各流型递归图图像信息熵范围分隔明显,可有效识别这5种流型。     

Analytical prediction of pressure loss through a sudden-expansion in two-phase pneumatic conveying lines

Estimation of separation or minor pressure losses for pipe fittings of a pneumatic conveying system at design stage is critical as much as determination of frictional pressure losses through it. The flow in many pneumatic conveying systems is a two-phase flow; it is so complex and difficult to be investigated by experimental techniques. The static pressure recovery and the minor loss coefficient through an axis-symmetric, circular cross-section, sudden-expansion fitting of a horizontal pneumatic conveying line with air–solid particle flow are analytically studied. The theoretical models proposed in the literature are scarce, and do not confirm the experimental studies. The well-known homogeneous and separated flow models proposed in the literature are initially applied to the case by means of mass and momentum conservation laws. The predictions of both the models on the pressure recovery were compared with the experimental and the numerical data in the literature and a bad agreement was observed between them; therefore, a new original analytical model is proposed by the present study. The new model is called as the slip flow model, which takes into account the slip velocity between gas and solid phases evaluated by coupling the well-known separated flow model with the empirical slip ratio predictions in the literature. The predictions of the proposed slip flow model on both the pressure recovery and minor loss coefficient are found in good agreement with the corresponding data in the literature.     

聚合物注塑成型充模阶段流动取向分子机理研究

以聚碳酸酯(PC)为研究材料,基于分子动力学方法,对三维周期性边界条件下PC流动取向过程中分子链团迁移性能和形态演化进行了研究,与实验结果对比得到充模流动阶段聚合物分子链团的流动取向机制。分子链团均方位移表明流动取向过程实质上是分子链团的空间构象协调变形的结果,虽然随着剪切速率的增大,分子链团均方位移迅速增大、非键合能急剧减小,但分子链基本分子结构却仍然保持不变。同时,在取向过程中无规缠绕的分子链团一方面由于剪切拉伸作用沿流动方向排布,另一方面分子链团之间因发生解缠结而趋于相互分散。注塑实验结果表明,制品双折射率随注射速率的增加而增大,并沿流动方向递减,且取向方向上的拉伸性能随取向度的增加也有所提高,这与模拟结果中聚合物分子链取向机理一致。     

叶栅内非定常不可压流动的数值模拟

基于SMAC(Simplified Marker and Cell)方法推导出直接求解二维非定常、不可压N-S方程的隐式数值方法.求解的基本方程是任意曲线坐标系中以逆变速度为变量的N-S方程和椭圆型的压力Poisson方程.采用该方法,对二维叶栅非定常分离流场进行了数值模拟,叶栅表面压力的计算结果与试验结果相比比较吻合,从而验证了这种方法的可靠性.同时对叶栅非定常流场的流场结构和流动机理做了初步的探讨.在均匀来流和定常边界条件下,叶栅内部流动表现出强烈的非定常性;在小冲角和高雷诺数时,叶栅尾部产生类似卡门涡街的周期性流动.