Effects of phospholipids on growth of Chinese hamster ovary cells in serum-free media

The effects of phosphatidic acid (PA) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) dispersed in serum-free media on the growth of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were investigated. After cells were incubated in serum-free media supplemented with PA or LPA for 3 d, the cellular growth was evaluated by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Supplementing PA from egg yolk lecithin to basal synthetic media such as alpha-MEM (minimum essential medium, alpha modification) markedly promoted the growth of CHO cells. PA from egg yolk lecithin also enhanced the cell growth in a serum-free medium containing insulin and transferring. When PA analogues with different acyl chains of C14-18 were compared, PA with unsaturated acyl chains, dioleoyl-PA (C18: 1), was most effective for stimulating the growth of CHO cells. Similar results were obtained when LPA was examined. These results suggest that PA and LPA, especially those with unsaturated acyl chains, are promising growth-promoting supplements for use as constituents in a low-protein serum-free medium.     

Comparative study on delivery of phosphatidic acid to serum-free culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells

Liposomes containing phosphatidic acid (PA) and inclusion complexes of PA with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CD) were compared with PA dispersion prepared with a nonionic surfactant, Tween 80, for their effect on the growth of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in serum-free culture. All of the types of PA preparation were capable of promoting cell growth to almost the same high extent, indicating that the efficacy of PA in stimulating cellular growth may not depend on the preparation method.     

Lysophosphatic acid modulates prostaglandin secretion in the bovine uterus

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) modulates prostaglandin (PG) synthesis via LPA receptor 3 (LPAR3) in the murine endometrium. The lack of functional LPAR3 in mice may lead to embryo mortality. In the present study, we examined the role of LPA in the bovine uterus. We confirmed that LPA is locally produced and released from the bovine endometrium. Moreover, there are enzymes involved in LPA synthesis (phospholipase (PL) D(2) and PLA2G1B) in the bovine endometrium during estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Expression of the receptor for LPA (LPAR1) was positively correlated with the expression of PGE(2) synthase (PGES) and negatively correlated with the expression of PGF(2alpha) synthase (aldose reductase with 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity - PGFS) during early pregnancy. In vivo LPA induced P4 and PGE(2) secretion was inhibited by LPAR1 antagonist (Ki16425). The overall results indicate that LPA is locally produced and released from the bovine endometrium. Moreover, LPAR1 gene expression in the endometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy indicates that LPA may play autocrine and/or paracrine roles in the bovine uterus. LPAR1 gene expression is positively correlated with the expression of the enzyme responsible for luteotropic PGE(2) production (PGES) in endometrium. In cow, LPA stimulates P4 and PGE(2) secretion. Thus, LPA in the bovine reproductive tract may indirectly (via endometrium) or directly support corpus luteum action via the increase of P4 synthesis and the increase of PGE(2)/PGF(2)(alpha) ratio. It suggests that LPA may serve as an important factor in the maintenance of early pregnancy in cow.     

Effect of 3 autumn pasture management strategies applied to 2 farm system intensities on the productivity of spring-calving,pasture-based dairy systems

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of altering autumn pasture availability and farm system intensity on the productivity of spring-calving dairy cows during autumn. A total of 144 Holstein-Friesian and Holstein-Friesian × Jersey crossbred dairy cows were randomly assigned to 2 whole farm system (FS) intensities and 3 autumn pasture availability (PA; measured above 3.5 cm) treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. The 2 farm systems consisted of a medium intensity (MI: 2.75 cows/ha, target postgrazing sward height of 4.0–4.5 cm) and high intensity system (HI: 3.25 cows/ha, target postgrazing sward height of 3.5–4.0 cm, + 1.8 kg of concentrate dry matter [(DM)/cow per day]. Within each farm system treatment, cows were further subdivided into 3 different PA management strategies: high PA (HPA), medium PA (MPA), and low PA (LPA). The experimental period lasted for 11 wk from September 1 to housing of all animals on November 20 (±2 d) over 3 yr (2017–2019, inclusive). To establish the different average pasture covers for each PA treatment during autumn and in particular at the end of the grazing season, grazing rotation length was extended by +13 and +7 d for HPA and MPA, respectively, beyond that required by LPA (37 d). There were no significant FS × PA interactions for any of the pasture, dry matter intake, or milk production and composition variables analyzed. There were also no differences in pregrazing sward characteristics or sward nutritive value between FS with the exception of daily herbage allowance, which was reduced for HI system (12.2 vs. 14.2 kg of DM/cow). Milk and milk solid yield were greater for HI groups (15.9 and 1.55 kg/cow per day, respectively) compared with MI (15.4 and 1.50 kg/cow per day, respectively). Mean paddock pregrazing herbage mass was significantly higher with increased PA ranging from a mean of 1,297 kg of DM/ha for LPA to 1,718 and 2,111 kg of DM/ha of available pasture for MPA and HPA, respectively. Despite large differences in pregrazing herbage mass, there was no difference in cumulative pasture production and only modest differences in grazing efficiency and sward nutritive value between PA treatments. On average, closing pasture covers were 420, 650, and 870 kg of DM/ha for LPA, MPA, and HPA, respectively, on December 1. In addition to maintaining similar grazing season lengths and achieving big differences in availability of pasture on farm into late autumn, PA treatment had no significant effect on dry matter intake, milk production, and body condition score during the study period. The results of this study indicate that greater cow performance and pasture utilization can be achieved through a greater daily concentrate allocation along with an increased stocking rate. Moreover, the potential to adapt grazing management practices to increase the average autumn pasture cover in intensive grazing systems is highlighted. In addition, a high dependence on high-quality grazed pasture during late autumn can be ensured without compromising grazing season length while also allowing additional pasture to be available for the subsequent spring.     

植酸优化黄酒生产工艺的研究

该文试验了植酸对黄酒糖化发酵菌种的影响及在除浊工艺上的应用。结果表明,植酸能促进菌种生长发酵,增加发酵产物,缩短发酵周期;植酸能改善黄酒质量,提高出酒率及原料利用率;植酸用于除浊的最佳浓度为0.04%,处理时间为24h,酒液清亮透明,黄酒的风味和感官均得到改善。     

The effects of spring feeding strategy on pasture productivity,sward quality,and animal performance within intensive pasture-based dairy systems

The objective of this research was to evaluate how different feeding strategies based on various pasture availability (PA) treatments within intensive seasonal production systems affected pasture production and utilization, sward quality, and the milk production, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) of dairy cows. The performance data were obtained from a 3-yr experiment conducted previously (2018–2020, inclusive). In total, records from 208 spring-calving dairy cows were available for analysis. The animals were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 PA grazing treatments in spring that varied in average pasture cover (measured as herbage mass available above 3.5 cm) that was established via different pasture management strategies in the previous autumn. Thus, the opening average pasture cover across all paddocks on February 1 was 1,100 kg of dry matter (DM)/ha for high pasture availability (HPA), 880 for medium pasture availability (MPA), and 650 for low pasture availability (LPA), respectively. The measurements were taken over an 8-wk period during the first grazing rotation in spring, commencing on February 16 (±2 d) and finishing when all paddocks were grazed once on April 12 (±5 d). Paddocks that were part of the HPA treatment showed the highest pregrazing herbage masses and pregrazing sward heights (1,645 kg of DM/ha and 8.2 cm, respectively) compared with MPA (1,412 kg of DM/ha and 7.5 cm, respectively) and LPA (1,170 kg of DM/ha and 6.9 cm, respectively). Owing to the differences in PA, daily herbage allowance was greatest for HPA (11.7 kg of DM/cow), intermediate for MPA (10.2 kg of DM/cow), and lowest for LPA (8.8 kg of DM/cow), with the remaining feed deficit composed of additional daily grass silage supplementation (0.8, 1.5, and 2.8 kg of DM/cow for HPA, MPA, and LPA, respectively), while the daily concentrate and daily total feed allowance were equal between treatments during spring (2.7 and 15.0 kg of DM/cow). Despite salient differences in fresh pasture used, complementing pasture intake with grass silage did not affect daily or cumulative milk, solids-corrected milk, fat, or protein yield or milk constituents. Similarly, BW and BCS were also unaffected by PA treatment. The results highlight the importance of high spring pasture utilization and grazing efficiency achievable with higher pregrazing herbage masses, which also allow larger animal intakes from grazed pasture as the cheapest feed source during spring. Moreover, targeting an adequate pasture supply at the commencement of calving increases the grazing days per hectare and lowers the requirement for supplementary feed on farm, particularly when facing increasing variability in climatic conditions.     

A new approach for the purification and characterisation of PA49.5, the main prebiotic of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris

The main autolysin PA49.5, an enzyme that hydrolyzes or destroys the components of a biological endogenous cell or a tissue, was purified 3045 times from the homogenate of a whole cell extract of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris ATCC 9596 (Mc5), with a recovery yield of 52%. The purification of the protein was carried out through a micro-purification technique using SDS-BigCHAP polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and concentrated with a Microcon-10 filtration system. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme confirmed the presence of only one band having a molecular weight of 49.5 kDa. In view of its insolubility, PA49.5 contained in the cell extract precipitate was solubilized in the presence of 0.1% (w/v) of BigCHAP, a non-ionic detergent. Higher concentrations of this detergent completely inhibited the activity of solubilized PA49.5 or prevented its solubilization. The optimal pH and temperature for PA49.5 enzymatic activity are 7.5 and 45 degrees C respectively. In addition 0.1% or less of PA49.5 significantly increased Mc5 lysis. We observed 55% more lysis with 0.25 mug of purified PA49.5 compared to the control. Gas chromatography analysis of the components of the crude cell extract, of the precipitate and of the supernatant indicates the presence of at least 6 fatty acids. The long-chained fatty acids (e.g. C18:0 and C18:3) detected represent 81.65% of the precipitate from which PA49.5 was purified. Of these two acids, the C18:0 (stearic acid) alone represents 47.40% of the precipitate. Mc5 releases proteins at the beginning (major peak) and at the end (moderate peak) of the exponential stage of growth. Analysis by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with Mc5 cell walls incorporated as the autolysin's substrate identified a band corresponding to PA49.5 in the second peak of protein secretion.     

Cell proliferation inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing properties of anacardic acid and lunasin in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells

The combination of two or more chemopreventive agents is currently being used to achieve greater inhibitory effects on breast cancer cells. Anacardic acid and lunasin are two plant-derived compounds that have been associated with anti-carcinogenic properties. These compounds show inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and inducing properties of apoptosis in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line. Both lunasin and anacardic acid exert their effects through the modulation of expression of several genes involved in cell cycle, apoptosis and signal transduction. Their combination arrests the cell cycle in S-phase and induces apoptosis at higher levels than that observed when each compound is used individually. This combination also promotes the inhibition of ERBB2, AKT1, JUN and RAF1 signalling gene expression, whose up-regulation has been reported as responsible for breast cancer cells growth and resistance to apoptosis. Our results introduce these two compounds as a promising strategy to prevent/treat breast cancer.     

植酸对刺梨果酒发酵作用及酵母菌生长影响研究

本文利用植酸作为发酵促进剂,应用于刺梨果酒发酵中,研究其对酵母菌的生长繁殖及刺梨酒发酵作用的影响,结果如下:(1)添加植酸能缩短发酵周期、降低刺梨果酒的残糖量,提高发酵的酒精度;(2)添加植酸能促进酵母菌的增殖,促进酵母细胞出芽,使其提前进入对数生长期;(3)植酸使酵母的耐酒精能力提高;(4)试验条件下植酸最佳添加量0.08%。     

巴氏醋杆菌TCA循环代谢对醋酸发酵的影响

巴氏醋杆菌是醋酸发酵常用微生物,通过添加醋酸、三羧酸(tricarboxylic acid,TCA)循环抑制剂和中间产物干扰TCA循环能量代谢,研究其对菌体生长和醋酸发酵的影响。研究结果发现,添加质量分数1%的醋酸,胞内TCA代谢关键酶的表达量出现上调,胞内ATP含量增加了125%,表明能够强化TCA循环能量代谢,促进菌体生长。添加TCA循环抑制剂抑制TCA循环能量代谢,巴氏醋杆菌菌体生长和产酸受到显著抑制,菌体生物量分别降低了90%和87%,产酸量分别降低了90%和94%。添加0.05%草酰乙酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸等TCA中间产物,巴氏醋杆菌胞内ATP含量分别提高了202%、185%和165%,表明添加草酰乙酸等中间物质能够显著提高TCA循环偶联呼吸链产能,发酵72 h时,菌体生物量分别提高了92%、106%和104%,菌体产酸量分别提高了30%、33%和31%。实验结果表明,TCA循环能量代谢对巴氏醋杆菌菌体生长和产酸产生显著影响,TCA能量代谢的强化对醋酸发酵产生正向作用。     

Increased anaplerosis of the tricarboxylic acid cycle decreased meal size and energy intake of cows in the postpartum period

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of anaplerosis of the tricarboxylic acid cycle on feeding behavior and energy intake of cows in the postpartum period. We infused propionic acid (PA) and glycerol (GL) continuously into the abomasum and hypothesized that PA will decrease meal size and energy intake compared with GL because PA enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle, likely stimulating oxidation of acetyl CoA and satiety compared with GL. Three experiments (Exp.) were conducted using 20 Holstein cows between 3 and 22 d postpartum (8 cows in Exp. 1 and 6 cows each for Exp. 2 and 3). Treatments were compared using isoenergetic (Exp. 1, 193 kcal/h) and isomolar (Exp. 2, ～0.5 mol/h) continuous infusions of PA (99.5%) and GL (99.7%) to the abomasum using a double crossover design with four 2-d infusion periods each, and 2 mol of PA or GL pulse-dosed to the abomasum using a crossover design (Exp. 3). Treatment sequences were assigned alternately to cows based upon date of parturition. Feeding behavior was recorded by a computerized data acquisition system for Exp. 1 and 2. Propionic acid decreased dry matter intake (DMI) compared with GL 16.7 and 23.4% in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. The decrease in DMI was because PA decreased meal size compared with GL by 12.6 and 15.3% in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Propionic acid decreased total metabolizable energy intake (diet plus treatment infusions) compared with GL for both experiments. Compared with PA, GL increased plasma glucose and insulin concentrations for Exp. 2 only. In Exp. 3, PA decreased hepatic acetyl CoA content 34%, whereas GL increased hepatic acetyl CoA content 32%, resulting in lower hepatic acetyl CoA content for PA compared with GL at 30 min (18.0 vs. 36.9 nmol/g), which persisted at 60 min after dosing (21.9 vs. 32.8 nmol/g). Consistent with our hypothesis, the obligatory anaplerotic metabolite PA decreased meal size, DMI, and total metabolizable energy intake compared with GL, likely because of differences in their hepatic metabolism.     

基于HPLC-MS脂质组学研究棕榈酸 对人正常肝细胞脂质代谢的影响

对棕榈酸（PA）处理的人源肝细胞中的脂质进行脂质组学分析,探讨PA对肝细胞脂质代谢的影响。采用基于HPLC-MS的脂质组学技术,识别和量化PA处理人正常肝细胞后改变的内源性脂质代谢产物,并利用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化。结果表明,通过脂质组学分析共检测到1 000多种脂质代谢物,又可细分为22种质类别,根据正交偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS-DA）显示有628种脂质代谢物含量存在显著差异。其中PA处理组中溶血磷脂酰胆碱（LPC）、磷脂酰肌醇（PI）、神经酰胺（Cer）、己糖神经酰胺（Hex1Cer）、鞘氨醇（SPH）、甘油二酯（DG）、甘油三酯（TG）、酰基肉碱（AcCa）和N-酰基乙醇胺（AEA）含量显著升高,鞘磷脂（SM）、二己糖神经酰胺（Hex2Cer）和胆固醇酯（ChE）含量显著下降。与对照组相比,PA处理组G0/G1期细胞比例下降,S期和G2/M期细胞比例上升,即细胞周期发生阻滞。综上,PA显著改变了肝细胞的脂质代谢谱,诱导细胞G2/M期阻滞。     

Ursolic acid,a naturally occurring triterpenoid,suppresses migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells by modulating c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase,Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling

Metastasis is one of the most important factors related to breast cancer therapeutic efficacy. Ursolic acid, a naturally occurring triterpenoid, has various anticancer activities. In this study, we first observed that ursolic acid exerted a dose‐ and time‐dependent inhibitory effect on the migration and invasion of highly metastatic breast MDAMB231 cells at non‐cytotoxic concentrations. This effect was associated with reduced activities of metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) and u‐PA, which correlated with enhanced expression of tissue inhibitor of MMP‐2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, respectively. Ursolic acid suppressed the phosphorylation of Jun N‐terminal kinase, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin, but had no effect on the phosphorylation of ERK and p38. Ursolic acid also strongly reduced the levels of NFκB p65, c‐Jun and c‐Fos proteins in the nucleus of MDAMB231 cells. A time‐dependent inhibition of the protein levels of Rho‐like GTPases, growth factor receptor‐bound protein 2, Ras and vascular endothelial growth factor in cytosol by ursolic acid treatment was also observed. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the anti‐invasive effects of ursolic acid on MDAMB231 cells might be through the inhibition of Jun N‐terminal kinase, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation and a reduction of the level of NFκB protein in the nucleus, ultimately leading to downregulation of MMP‐2 and u‐PA expression. These results suggest that ursolic acid has potential as a chemopreventive agent for metastatic breast cancer.     

植酸对黄酒酵母菌607生长和发酵性能影响的研究

添加植酸于黄酒酵母生长发酵基质中，研究植酸对黄酒酵母生长和发酵的影响，得出如下结论：(1)最适植酸添加浓度为0．10％，至主发酵结束，酒精度最大可提高13．16％；(2)植酸能促进黄酒酵母细胞增殖，使酵母提前进入对数生长期，提高出芽率，降低死亡率，并表现出较好的同步性，从而加快发酵速度；(3)植酸使黄酒酵母的耐酒精度从16％提高到20％；(4)黄酒醪中添加植酸，发酵周期缩短且各项理化指标均有较大改善，从而提高了黄酒产量和质量。     

Lipid metabolism in Fusarium oxysporum

Certain aspects of lipid metabolism in Fusarium oxysporum were studied using acetate-1-C¹⁴ and H₃P³²O₄ for incorporation of radioactivity into the fungal mycelium. During initial stages of growth of the organism (up to 1 h of incubation) the phospholipid fraction exhibited relatively higher specific activity values indicating its rapid rate of synthesis. Higher turnover rates were observed for phosphatidic acid (PA) and polyglycerophosphatides (PGP). It is postulated that PGP represents a labile pool where PA synthesised in excess of the metabolic needs of the cell is stored to be subsequently used during periods of intense phospholipid biosynthesis. In pulse and chase experiments, higher specific activities were observed for PA, PGP and cardiolipin (CL) fractions after 1-day chase on unlabelled media. Rapid turnover rates were observed for PA, PGP and cardiolipin (CL) fractions. It is suggested that these are involved in the growth of new cells and (or) in the cell repair processes. In cells grown both under normal and carbon-starvation conditions, the specific activity pattern of phosphatidyl choline (PC), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl glycerol (PE + PG measured collectively) was very similar indicating similarity in the metabolism of these two classes of phosphatides. Addition of sodium arsenite, alloxan, p. benzoquinone and citric acid in the incubation media was found to affect the synthesis of lipid classes in different ways. For example, among the polar lipids, PA, PC, PE + PG, CL and SGP + FFA fractions were inhibited by p.benzoquinone, while the incorporation of label from C¹⁴ was found to be stimulated into the phosphatidyl inositol fraction.     

Recovered Camellia oleifera lecithin by acid and enzymatic oil-degumming: chemical composition and emulsifying properties

In this study, the chemical composition and emulsifying properties of camellia lecithin recovered from crude camellia oil by both acid and enzymatic degumming were investigated. Camellia lecithin recovered from acid degumming (CLAD) mainly comprised phospholipids (PS, PI, PE and PA), whereas camellia lecithin recovered from enzymatic degumming (CLED) contained more lysophospholipids (LPI, LPE, LPA). The saturated fatty acids made up a large portion of total fatty acids in CLED compared to CLAD. CLED-stabilised emulsions tended to be more stable than CLAD-stabilised emulsions. Meanwhile, emulsions stabilised by CLED exhibited smaller particle size in agreement with their microstructures. Moreover, both CLED and CLAD-stabilised emulsions were sensitive to pH and ionic strength changes and provided smaller particle size and higher stability at pH = 7 and 1 mm NaCl concentration. These findings provide valuable information for potential applications of camellia lecithin with characteristic phospholipid composition as alternative o/w emulsifiers in food industry.     

Lysophospholipids improve skin moisturization by modulating of calcium-dependent cell differentiation pathway

Recent studies have demonstrated that lysophospholipids (LPL) play critical roles in several biological signal transduction pathways to maintain the homoeostasis of cells, tissues and organs. Among them, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been identified as a lipid mediator that induces morphological improvement in the epidermis in mice. In this study, we examined the effects of LPL (soybean-derived phospholipids modified with phospholipase A2 and C) compared with LPA. We initially examined the effects of LPA on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) focusing on the expression of profilaggrin and serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) mRNAs. LPA enhanced the expression of profilaggrin and SPT mRNAs via the modulation of Ca(2+) influx. Based on those results, the influence of LPL on NHEK was examined and was expanded to analyse the expression of two tight junction-related proteins, occludin and claudin-1. LPL had similar effects to increase profilaggrin and SPT mRNA expression and also stimulated the expression of occludin and claudin-1 at the mRNA and protein levels. In accordance with these results, LPL elicited significant improvements in surface water content in human skin. These findings indicate that LPL has the potential to strengthen the skin moisturizing capability by up-regulating the expression of mRNAs encoding components important to skin barrier function and skin hydration.     

水稻籽粒植酸含量的环境变异及其与矿质元素间关系

选用秀水110、协青早及其低植酸突变体(HIPj和HIPi)为材料,在浙江省的4个不同地点种植,对水稻籽粒中植酸含量的环境变异特征及其与矿质元素、粗蛋白含量的相关性进行了分析.结果表明,秀水110低植酸突变系(HIPj)和协青早低植酸突变系(HIPi)的植酸含量分别比其对照下降25.7%～61.9%和20.5%～51.0%,不同种植地点的降低幅度虽然有所差异,但总趋势是一致的,且两者相比,HIPj的植酸含量在不同种植地点的表现比HIPi稳定;与其相应的对照品种相比,两个低植酸突变系材料Cu含量有所增加,但籽粒中Fe和Na含量有不同程度降低,其他矿质元素的变化因籼粳类型而有所不同;供试4个基因型在不同地点间的植酸含量变化与矿质元素和蛋白含量间的相关系数均未达统计显著水平,这说明通过育种或栽培措施等方法,降低水稻籽粒中的植酸含量,可能并不会对稻米的其他营养品质状况产生较大影响.     

锦纶纤维酸性染料染色动力学对比研究

选用酸性蓝NHFS研究了3种锦纶纤维(生物基PA56、PA6和PA66)的染色动力学数据并进行了对比。通过测定上染速率曲线,计算出了扩散系数、染色速率常数及半染时间,探讨了锦纶56结构与染色性能的关系。结果表明:生物基锦纶56的扩散系数明显高于锦纶6和锦纶66,染色速率常数也明显高于锦纶6和锦纶66,半染时间最短;3种锦纶纤维在相同的染色温度下各自的半染时间染色后,锦纶56染色后的K/S值明显高于锦纶6、锦纶66。因此采用酸性蓝NHFS对锦纶56进行染色时,需要较短时间就可得到较深的颜色。